FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

School of Petroleum Engineering

PTRL 2018

INTRODUCTION TO PETROPHYSICS

COURSE OUTLINE

SESSION 2, 2015

Main Topics PTRL2018

A) Reservoir rock properties

B) Well log analysis -2013

1

Teaching Staff

Ryan Armstrong, School of Petroleum Engineering, Tyree Energy Building, Room 243

email: ryan.armstrong@unsw.edu.au

Office Hours: Wednesday from 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm and Thursday from 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm.

The lecturer can be contacted during office hours.

It is strongly recommended that you check the course eLearning (Moodle) site DAILY so as not to miss important announcements concerning lectures, assignments, marks, events and other related matters. The lecture slides will be posted on the Friday prior to Monday and Tuesday lecture.

Course Details

Units of Credit: 6 Hours per week: 7

Course Objectives

To acquire a BASIC knowledge of the fundamentals of well log and core analysis interpretation leading to the integration of well data and the evaluation of reservoirs.

Expectations

It is expected that every student will be able to do a simple reservoir evaluation working with log and core data.

This is a prerequisite for PTRL3023 (taught in Year 3), which will enable students to do such evaluations in complex reservoirs.

The PTRL2018 lecture comprises 2 modules:

A) Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties: porosity, permeability, fluid saturations, Darcy’s law, permeability (coefficients and measurement), electrical and acoustic properties of reservoir rocks, basic rock typing, interpretation of fluid content data, surface tension, capillary pressure saturation relationship, and rock mechanical properties.

B) Well Log Analysis: fundamentals of petrophysics and interrelation between petrophysical parameters, borehole environment, invasion profiles and invasion characteristics, hydrocarbon mobility, acquisition of petrophysical data, presentation of petrophysical data, measurement of natural gamma rays, formation waters, importance of formation water characteristics, the SP curve, well-site log evaluation, formation resisitivities, shallow and deep resistivity measuring devices, porosity related measurements with well logs in clean and shaly sands, sonic (Acoustic), formation density and neutron logs, practical work with well log, and core analysis.S2-2013 3

Assessment

Mid-Term Exam The exam will be given during the normal

lecture or tutorial time slot.

Assignments are given periodically (approximately every other week) and the due data will be announced when the assignment is given. Assignment Submissions will NOT be accepted after the due date.

Participation is evaluated by in-class quizzes, practice problems, and/or small group assignments that will be given at random during lecture and/or tutorial. These will be assessed on a pass/fail criteria and count towards your participation score.

VERY IMPORTANT NOTICE

You must attend a minimum of 80% of all lectures/tutorials in order to be admitted to the final exam of this course

A Research Project is required for post-graduate students. The research must be an up-to-date review on a petrophysical technique by giving a presentation during tutorial/lecture. This is a group project of 3-5 students per group. More details will be given to the post-graduates during week 2/3.

The Final Examination will be given outside of the normal lecture schedule. More details will be provided towards the end of the semester.

Task Due Date

Week Due

Marks

Mid-Term Exam TBD TBD 25%

Assignments TBD TBD 10%

Participation TBD TBD 10%

Final Exam TBD TBD 30%

Post-Graduate Project* TBD TBD 25% PG

Petrophysics Laboratory TBD TBD 25% (0% - pg)

*pg, post- graduate students only.

IMPORTANT NOTICE

If you do not attend the midterm and/or the final exam on the date and time assigned for the exam, justified or not justified, you will have to present an ORAL exam, instead, in front of two members of the academic staff. The same rule will apply if you are allowed to re-sit the exam in case of failure in the first attempt.

Course Schedule

Week

Tutorial–Mon (12–2 pm) Lecture – Tues (4–6 pm)

Location: Macauley Theatre Location: Colombo A

1

27 July

NO Tutorial

28 July

Rock Properties: Porosity, Gas permeability, Liquid permeability

2

3 August

Rock Properties: Darcy’s law

4 August

Rock Properties: Kozeny Correlation

3

10 August

Rock Properties: Kozeny Correlation

11 August

Fluid‐Rock Properties: Saturation and wettability, Surface and interfacial tension, Electrical resistivity

4

17 August

Interfacial tension: capillary rise and electrical resistivity

18 August

Capillary pressure, Relative permeability

5

24 August

Relative Permeability: Steady State Measurements

25 August

Rock mechanics, compressibility (overburden, effective, and pore pressure).

6 31 August 1 September

Fundamentals of petrophysics, borehole environment, Interrelation between petrophysical parameters. Acquisition and presentation of petrophyscial data.

Invasion profiles and invasion characteristics

7

7 September

Exam Review

8 September

Mid-Term Exam

8

14 September

Invasion profiles: deep versus shallow invasion and drilling mud

15 September

Well site log evaluation, Measurement of Formation Resistivities.

9

21 September

Cross-plots and resistivity logs

22 September

Formation watersThe self-potential (SP) curve. Measurement of natural gamma rays

-

28 September

Mid-Semester Break

29 September

Mid-Semester Break

10

5 October

Public Holiday

6 October

Sonic (Acoustic) logsFormation Density logsNeutron logs

11

12 October

Usage of SP and gamma ray

13 October

Post-Graduate Presentations (4X)

logs in formation evaluation

12

19 October

Usage of Sonic and Neutron logs in formation evaluation

20 October

Post-Graduate Presentations (4X)

RESOURCES FOR STUDENTS

Moodle eLearning site

Moodle is the web-based learning environment at UNSW. Course notes will be

made available on the Moodle eLearning course site. The Moodle eLearning site

for this course is the medium for all communications to students. Supplemental

reading material will also be provided through the Moodle eLearning site.

Textbooks/Recommended Reading

Ellis, D, Well Logging for Earth Scientists, 1987. Bateman, R, Open Hole Log Analysis, 1985. Desbrandes, R, Encyclopedia of Well Logging, 1985. Serra, O, Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation, 1984. Bateman, R, Log Quality Control, 1984.

Dewan, J, Essentials of Modern Open Hole Logging, 1983. Pirson, S, Geologic Well Log Analysis. Helander, D, Fundamentals of Formation Evaluation, 1983. Hilchie, D, Applied Open Hole Log Operations, 1982. Hilchie, D, Advanced Log Interpretation, 1982.

Wyllie, M R, Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation, 1963. Ahmed, T H, Reservoir Engineering Handbook, Gulf Publishing, 2001.

Discipline-specific WWW Resources

www.appea.com.au

www.pesa.com.au www.spe.org www.api.org

(The Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association)

(The Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia) (Society of Petroleum Engineers) (American Petroleum Institute – For Petroleum Standards)

Students seeking resources can also obtain assistance from the UNSW Library. One starting point for assistance is:

info.library.unsw.edu.au/web/services/services.html

COURSE EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT

The presentation of this course is under continual improvement, so your feedback is highly appreciated. We want your suggestions of what is good and should be retained, and what is not so good and should be improved (with ideas on how to do it). In addition to the standard UNSW Course and Teaching Evaluation and Improvement (CATEI) surveys we will be asking for your feedback in other ways during your studies.

ACADEMIC HONESTY AND PLAGIARISM

According to the UNSW website www.lc.unsw.edu.au/plagiarism Plagiarism is taking the ideas or

words of others and passing them off as your own. Plagiarism is a

type of intellectual theft.

Plagiarism happens for a number of reasons—one is because some students decide consciously to gain credit for the work of others. However, most incidents of plagiarism are not a matter of deliberate cheating but of underdeveloped academic skills.

This course will be an important opportunity for you to develop skills in writing and referencing your sources so that you avoid plagiarism. Look at the website above for help, or see the resources available through The Learning Centre.

A standard UNSW statement on plagiarism is given below.

What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarism is the presentation of the thoughts or work of another as one’s own. Examples include:

1. Direct duplication of the thoughts or work of another, including by copying material, ideas or concepts from a book, article, report or other written document (whether published or unpublished), composition, artwork, design, drawing, circuitry, computer program or software, web site, Internet, other electronic resource, or another person’s assignment without appropriate acknowledgement;

2. Paraphrasing another person’s work with very minor changes keeping the meaning, form and/or progression of ideas of the original;

3. Piecing together sections of the work of others into a new whole;

4. Presenting an assessment item as independent work when it has been produced in whole or part in collusion with other people, for example, another student or a tutor; and

5. Claiming credit for a proportion a work contributed to a group assessment item that is greater than that actually contributed

For the purposes of this policy, submitting an assessment item that has already been submitted for academic credit elsewhere may be considered plagiarism.

Knowingly permitting your work to be copied by another student may also be considered to be plagiarism.

Note that an assessment item produced in oral, not written, form, or involving live presentation, may similarly contain plagiarized material.

The inclusion of the thoughts or work of another with attribution appropriate to the academic discipline does not amount to plagiarism.

The Learning Centre website is main repository for resources for staff and students on plagiarism and academic honesty. These resources can be located via:

www.lc.unsw.edu.au/plagiarism

The Learning Centre also provides substantial educational written materials, workshops, and tutorials to aid students, for example, in:

1. Correct referencing practices;

2. Paraphrasing, summarizing, essay writing, and time management;

3. Appropriate use of, and attribution for, a range of materials including text, images, formulae and concepts.

Individual assistance is available on request from The Learning

Centre.

Students are also reminded that careful time management is an important part of study and one of the identified causes of plagiarism is poor time management. Students should allow sufficient time for research, drafting, and the proper referencing of sources in preparing all assessment items.

ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

Expectations of students

Students are expected to attend all classes including any lectures, tutorials, laboratories, etc., that have been timetabled for the course. We expect University commitments to take precedence over regular work activities, holidays, etc. A minimum of 80% attendance is required for lectures and/or tutorials and/or labs. The non-compliance with this requirement may disqualify a student from sitting for the final exam.

UNSW has rules for computer use, for example: for email and online discussion forums. You will have to agree to them when you first access the UNSW network.

We expect everyone – staff and students – to treat each other with respect.

Procedures for submission of assignments

All written work submitted for assessment must have a School of Petroleum Engineering Assessment Cover Sheet attached. The Plagiarism Compliance Statement on this cover sheet must be signed by the student submitting the work. Any work submitted without the signed cover sheet will not be marked. In cases where a cover sheet is

provided after work has been submitted, a late penalty may be applied. Assessment Cover Sheets are available on the counter outside the School Office (Room 115) and can also be downloaded from the School’s website.

Occupational Health and Safety

Like the wider community, UNSW has strict policies and expectations regarding Occupational Health and Safety. You should read these. They may be accessed on:

www.riskman.unsw.edu.au/ohs/ohs.shtml

Advice concerning illness or misadventure

If you believe that your performance in one of the assessment components for the course has been significantly affected by illness or other unexpected circumstance, then you should make an application for special consideration as soon as possible after the event by visiting UNSW Student Central.

Applying for special consideration does not mean that you will be granted additional assessment or that you will be awarded an amended result. The latter will be granted at the discretion of teaching staff and will be considered only in exceptional circumstances. The timing of any additional assessment is entirely at the discretion of teaching staff.

For additional clarification:

Students who do not attend a written examination will fail unless they have a valid doctor’s certificate proving that they are ill at the time of the examination.

1. Students who attend a written examination, but who fall ill during the examination will be assessed on the examination paper they submit unless they have a valid

doctor’s certificate proving that they are ill at the time of that examination.

2. In the case of illness, the doctor’s certificate must be handed to theStudent Centre and copied to the course authority no later than 3 days after the date of the written examination.

3. If a student can prove illness with a doctor’s certificate, in extreme cases only the course authority might give special consideration and arrange another examination before the following UNSW semester. In such cases, the course authority will arrange an ORAL examination attended by 2 academics. Whether or not the course authority arranges another examination and the form and timing of such an arrangement are entirely at the discretion of the course authority, whose decision is final.

4. The School keeps a register of special consideration applications .The history of a student’s previous applications for special consideration is taken into account when considering each case.

5. If special consideration is granted, the course authority will assess a student based on the final examination and not any previous examination paper that the student might have submitted (see 2 above).

Equity and diversity

Students who have a disability which requires adjustment to their teaching or learning environment are encouraged to discuss their study needs either prior to or at the commencement of their course with the Course Coordinator or with the Equity Officer (Disability) in the Equity and

Diversity Unit. The Equity Officer can be contacted on: 9385 4734 or at www.equity.unsw.edu.au/disabil.html Issues may include access to materials, signers or note-takers, and the provision of services and additional exam and assessment arrangements. Early notification of requirements for these services is essential to enable any necessary adjustments to be made.

S2-2013 12