Ptolemais in Arabia and Expeditions of Anaxicrates and Dionysios

Michael D. Bulharin

BULLETIN OF MIHO MUSEUM Volume 11 (2011)

Ptolemais in Arabia and Expeditions of Anaxicrates and Dionysios

Michael D. Bulhar in*

T h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e M I H O - M u s e u r . r . r i s r i c h i n

p ieces o f He l len is t i c a r t . One o f thc n tos t bcaut i fu l

ob jec ts i s scu lp tu re o l -c lL lee l t Ars inoe l l c l f the 2 t id

quar te r o f the 3rd cer r t . B .C. Ars inoe l l (d iec l in Ju ly

270 B.C. ) rvas daughtcl of Ptolenrr I ancl Berenice

I . She was marr ied wi th Ly's intachr"rs. r i i th Ptolenry

Keraunos and Pto le rny I l Ph i lade lphos . One o f the

cities in the Fayyfin-r oasis Kpoxodsiit ' tv nti],rq (OEg

Sdt; was renamed flro),epui: Euepyetrg and later on

was g iven a name a f ie r Ars inoe I I by P to lenry I I

P l r i ladc lphos .

The cu l t o f P to le rny I So ter and the Pto lc rna ic

d y n a s t y i n g e n e r a l w a s i n i t i a t e d b y P t o l e m y I I i n

2 8 0 A . D . ' H o r u . v e r . e v e n c a r l i e r . o n e o l . t h e n r o s t

character ist ic f -catures of th is cLr l t fbLrrrdat ion of

the new c i t ies (a lso c l ranne ls ' y . nanrec l a f ie r the

dynast ic name or renarning of thc elder set t lements

- w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y P t o l e m l , l h i r n s e l f . T h e

m a j o r i t y o f t h e c i t i e s r v i t h d y n a s r i c l ' l a n t e w e r e

fbunded under Ptolerny I I ; the lbundat ion of onc (or

t w o ) f a l l s i n t h e r e i g n o f P t o l e r l y I . A m o n g t h e

m o s t i m p o r t a n t c i t i e s , b e s i d e s f l r o ) " e p r o i g E u

e p y f r r q . w h i c h h a s r e c e i v e d i t s n a m e L l n d e r

P t o l e n ' r y I I I E u e r g e t e s , o n e m a y m e n t i o n t h e

fb l low ing ones :

fI t o )" e p u'i q n'E p pr cr I o u o r fI r o ]. e pr u'i -c r i1 _c

OrlBui8oq (Ptol . Geogr. IV. 5. 66) was founded by

P t o l e r n y I o n t h e l e f i b a n k o f N i l e i n r h e U p p e r

Egypt on the s i te of Egypt ian v i l lage Psoi ( r r rodern

Girgeh). The reasons of g iv ing such a name remain

unclear. f l ro)"eproi 'c 11 'Eppruiou

an autonomous

community and the only foundat ion of Ptolemy I in

E g y p t b e c a m e c a p i t a l o f T h r n i t e d r s t r i c t . T h e

fbundation of f lro).eprcr' ic 1 'Epproiou

under Ptolemy

I i s a wc l l es tab l i shed lac t ' i

* \ loscos ' . l tuss ian . \cec lcmr- o i Sc icnce s

A f l to) ,epoiq u 'as tbLrnded b1, also in Cvrenaica

d i r e c t l y n o r t h o f a n c i e n t B a r c a . I t r i a s P r o b a b l r

establ ished by Ptolemy. l . hou'erer. i t coLr lc ' l a lso bc-

fbunded by Ptolemy t l l . '

A n o t h e r f l t o ) , e p r u i , q \ \ ' a s e s t a b l i s l , e c ' l i n

P a m p h y l i a ( S t r a b o X I V . 1 . 2 ) b v P t o l e n r r I I

between r iver Melas and Coracesiunr ' . '

f l r o ) " e p r c r t q o o p F o : ( t h e H a r b o r ) n t o d e r n

al-Lahr-rn \ \ , 'as an i rnportarr t port in Arsinoi t ic r . lo lne

at the exit f i 'om Fairyr-1m on the placc of OEg llr-\\ l '

on the le f i bank o f Bahr Yussuf - . r i herc the la t te r

b e n t t o u , a r d l a k e M o e r i s . T h e c i t r , , r e c e i r c d i t s

Ptolemaic name also l iom Ptoleml ' l l . '

f l to)"epraTq ( ; iodoqopoa - "Rose-br inging" in 3

Macc. 7 . 1 l ) in Phoen ic ia recc i r ed i t s nanre f l ' onr

Pto lenry I I (285 246) . Ear l ie r i r r ias ca l led 'Ar r l o r

Ar r1 . Th is Greek l tame renders i t s O ld Semi t i c and

E g y p t i a n n a l n e s ' A k k o ( i n t h e A r . n a r n a l e t t e r s -

akka : Assyr . Ak-ku-u : OE-e . 'a -ka)

: ' '

f l ro) ,eprui ' ,c r t i , l r ' 0qpdrr ' . This "Ptolenrais of the

H u n t e r s " i s d c s c r i b e d i n s e v e r a l s o u r c c s b y '

" P e r i p l u s o f t h e E r y t h l a c a n S e a " ( 3 . l : l 4 4 . l .

l 9 ) , P l i n y t h e E l d e r ( 6 . 1 6 8 . I 7 l ) a n d P o m p c - r n i u s

Mela ( l l l . 80 . 5 ) . As Ar thern idoros repor ts . the c i t l '

was fbunded by Eudemos afier the order of Ptolerl l '

I I Ph i fade lphos"128312-216 B.C. ) in270 269 B.C.

(Strabo. XVI. 4. 7) fbr the faci l i tat ing of the hunt on

the elephants. I t a lso funct ioned as a pot of t radc.

Th e fb I I o w i n g i d e n t i fi cat i or-r s o f fl to ),e prcri' _; tcin'

0 r l p d r v h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d : M a r s a A q i q ' " 1 n e a r

modern Suak i i ' l i s land ar -R ih in the de l ta o f Tokar

r iue l . ' i n De i rJ t 'o r Tr i r rkakat r ] '

Character ist ic is the fb l lowin_e sentence: "Assez

p a r a d o x a l e m e n t . n o u s n e s a v o n s r i e n . n i p a r l e s

s o u r c e s d c r i t e s , n i p a r l ' a r c h e o l o g i e . d ' u n c

P t o l c r r i a i s i n A r a b i a a n c l [ : x p e d i t t o n s o l - A n a r i c l a t e s a n c l f ) i o n v s i o s

Bu lha r in , ' BTJLLETIN OF MIHO MUSEUM Vo lu rne I I (201 l )

prdsence romaine dans les escales de la mer Rouge

p l u s d l o i g n e e s q u e s i g n a l e n t l e P d r i p l e d e l a m e r

Ery th ree e t la Geograph ic de Pto l6mee. I l es t v ra i

q u e I ' o n n ' a j a m a i s p u l o c a l i s e r P t o l e m a i s d e s

C h a s s e s , l a p l u s c d l e b r c d ' e n t r e e l l e s , s i n o n t r d s

vaguement au sud de Port-Soudan, dans la region de

Tokar ou dans ce l le d 'Aq iq , non lo in de l 'ac tue l le

f iontrdre entre Soudan et I 'Erythr. :e". ' ' '

This l is t can be completed.

P t o l e m y i n h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e w o r l d r n a p

( " l n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o G . o g t u p , h , y " ) h a s c e r t a i n

Orc).r1pro0 r6pl1 (87 " 00'E,; l4" 00'N ;69 in VI.L

l0 ) Accord ing to the read ing o f one o f thc manu-

scr ipts, th is place bore another name Oro).) 'q) 'd . '

The latter name perf-ectly corresponds to the modem

name Sa la la ( 17 ' 0 l '19" N: 54 ' 05 '43" E , ) . wh ich is

central c i ty of pufbr ( 'Urnan). I t is located on the

Pto le rny 's map to the West f io rn Moo lu ) ' tpn1v .

wh ich a lso conf i rms ident i f i ca t ion o f Ord) ' ) "q ) ' c r

wi th Salala, though render ing of thc Arab ernphat ic

s th rough the Greek 0 i s qu i te unusua l . F rom the

other side one rnay find rerrdering of ernphatic d in

through 0 in the name Mdpt0o (Ptol . Geogr. 122 in

V1.7 .20) < a l - 'A rTd. Though no t a t the beg inn ing

of the word emphat ic consonant was also rendered

through sp i ran t 0 . However . as I .M. Dyakonof f - ,

p o i n t s o u t . " 2 , s a n d u s u a l l y s a r e f i i c a t i v e p h o -

ner les of the same ktnd as explosive d, t and t in the

l i v ing Sen- r i t i c languages" ' l 'So , i t i s qu i te poss ib le

that the Arab phoneme s in the name of $alala was

pronounced as t or d and could be consequent ly ren-

dered into Greek through 0.

T h e f o r m e r o f t h e b o t h n a m e s ( O t o ) " r 1 F o e )

f i n d s n o p a r a l l e l o n c L l r r e n t m a p o f S o u t h

E , a s t A r a b i a . l t s e e r l s t h a t t h e n a m e

@ t o ) , r 1 p c r O c o u l d b e r e g a r d e d a s G r e e k r e f l e c -

t i o n o f t h e S o u t h A r a b i a n r e n d e r i n g o f t h e

nan ' re f l ro ) "epLu iq : f l to ) ,epo ' iq > ASA *TLMYT

> Oto) ,qproO.

It is noteworthy that the Creek narle flto)'epui

oq was rendered in the sarte way in t l ie unique Mi-

n a e a n i n s c r i p t r o n R E S 3 4 2 1 1 3 - M 3 3 8 / 3 a s

TLMYT from E,gypt. l t was composed in the days

o f P t o l e r n y . s o n o f P t o l e m y ( b y w m h y / t l m y ! /

bn / t lmy l ) and in the 22nd year o f k ing Pto le rny

(!nyl w' 5ry/ktlmyl/m lkn).

Th is inscr ip t ion is da ted a t 264" "o1 261 B.C. .

263 or 224 8.ct ." ,224 B.c: t , ' 125-124 or. less prob-

ab le .93-92 B.C: ' '

We may see in P to le rny . son 01 'P to lemr . r i h t r

ruled at least 22 years, the fb l lo iv ing k ings of 'Hcl le-

n is t i c E ,gyp t : P to lemy I I Ph i lade lphos (285- l8 i

coregent; 282-246 king): Ptolerny I l l Eucrgc-te:

(246-221); Ptolemy V Epiphanes (210-20.1 corc-

gent , 204-191 k ing under the pa t ronage o1 ' thc

ministers Sosobios and Agathocles, 197 etr tht 'ot lc-

rnent in Mernph is accord ing to Egypt ian c t ts t t r r t . t s .

180 - poisoned); Ptolen-ry VI Phi lornetor ( I S0 I -6

king under the patronage of the mothcr C' leopl l t ra

l . 1 7 6 - 1 7 0 u n d e r t h a t o f E u l a i o s a n c l L c r r a i o s .

170-145 independent ru le ) : P to le tn r ' \ ' l l l I - ,L rc r ' -

g e t e s I I P h y s c o n ( 1 4 4 I l 6 l r i t h c t t t h t ' o l t c t l r c r l t l l l

Memphis ) ; P to lcn ,y X I I Theos Ph i lopator Ph i lade l -

phos Neos D ionysos Au le tes (80 .1g ! '1 io r t a : k i r lg

o f Egypt . 16-51 k i r tg n i th cn thr t )ncr lcn t i r r . \ l c r -

andr ia) .

So. the Minaean inscr ipt ior t i t t t lLrcst io l t ct lLr ld bc

dated a t 261.225, 149, 123 or 5 - i t l . ( ' . Thc beg in-

n ing o f the era o f P to lemy V Ep ipha l tc5 lL r l l s on the

y e a r o f h i s e n t h r o n e m e n t i n N 4 e r t t p h i i - . l l ' s o . l t e

ru led independent ly on ly l7 ycars . hc docs no t f i t

the requirements. Ptolemy X Aleranc' ler I I 1- l 88).

whose person was bror-rght into disci tssiort br C'hr.

Rob in t l 'has a lso to be erc luded f l ' t - r t l th i : l i : t : h is

re ign in lac t began in 107 B.C. Pa laeographr o l ' thc

inscr ip t ion supposes the ear l ies t o f the t i . t te i . the t r

the Minaean inscr ipt ion RES 3421 : Nl - l iE is to be

d a t e d a t 2 6 l B . C . r n t h e r e i s n o f P t o l c n r r I l P h i l a -

delphos.

Both read ings in P to lemy 's " ln t rodLrc t i t t t l i t l t t l

Geography" Oru)"r1paO and Orcr)').q)'o sceltt to har e

appeared independently frorn cach other artd retlcct

the acquaintance of the Greek inforrnarr ts of Ptol-

erny wi th ancient port of Salala under t l te t tat t re o1-

Otu)"r1pro0. rvhich in f-act can go back to flto)'epof;.

The place u' i th the name Sal l la ( lvhich n 'as retained

and rendercd as Otd) "4) " ) "u ) was g iven the name

f l t o ) . e p r c r t q , w h i c h w a s a d o p t e d b y t h e

1 1 0

B u l h a r i n i B U L L E T I N O F M I H O M U S E U M V o l u m e l l ( l 0 l l )

local populat ion as *TLMYJ. which was rendered

by the later infbrmants of Ptolemy as Oro)"qprcrO.

T h e a d o p t i o n o f t h e n a m e o f P t o l e m y i n t h e

A r a b i a n P e n i n s u l a w o u l d n o t s c c m u n i q u e .

Y e t W . W . T a r n h a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e n a m e

Tulmay o f two L ihyan i te k ings goes back to the

narne flto),cproiogr.'

The fo l low ing ques t ion is : nho cou ld g ive the

name f l to ) ,epro ig to the por t on the shore o f the

Frank incense-bear ing Land ' l I s i t poss ib le tha t the

Greeks in pre-Roman per iod at ta ined the Southcrn

shore of modern 'Uman, i f the r ise of Egypt ian far-

d is tance t rade w i th Ind ia th rough Arab ia f 'a l l s , as

Strabo reportst l 'on the be,einnine of the last quarter

o f the ls t cen t . A .D.? Is the o ld conc lL rs ion o f W.W.

Tarn that Greek world had no real idea ol-ent i re of

t h e S o u t h E a s t e r n p a r t o f A r a b i a p r i o r t o t h e l s t

cent. B.C., correct and that the idea o c i rcumnaviga-

t ion around Arab ia dur ing the re ign o f P to lemy I Il 9 )

was "absurd" '/

The presence of certain Minaean in Egypt of the

f i rst hal f of the 3rd cent. B.C. rnakes i t possible that

ear l ier South Arabian traders \ \ 'ere also coming to

Egypt and possible infbrmed the learnt mi l ieu there

o f the geography o f the i r homeland. Hou 'ever th is

suppos i t ion can no t be proved. Presence o f a Mi -

n a e a n t r a d e r . i n v o l v e d i n t h e i n c e n s e t r a d e a 1 l ,

around the ancient Near E,ast" in the Mediterranean

is no t surpr is ing . Surpr is ing wou ld be presence in

Egypt of someone from ancient Dui l r . Moreover,

the inscr ipt ion M 338 is in al l probabi l i ty the eldest

o f the Minaean inscr ip t ions , wh ich repor to , f the

direct t rade connect ions wi th Mediterraneai i ' . So.

we should rather th ink that the infbnnat ion about

possible presence of f l to)"eprot_c in Arabia was not

brought by South Arab ian t raders to Egypt , bu t

w a s g a i n e d b y t h e G r e e k s e a - e x p l o r e r s o r s e a -

traders.

The ear l iest at tempt to sai l around Arabia was

undertaken by Alexander the Great, who, as Arr ian

infbrmed in his Anabasis, sent three expedi t ions to

f ind the sea-way to the Arabs . However a l l th ree

f a i l e d - n e i t h e r c i r c u m n a v i g a t i o n w a s a c c o m -

p l i shed, nor South Arab ian shores were proper ly

discovered fbr the Creeks I The same Arrian reports

i n h i s I nd i ca : no one cou ld accomp l i sh c i r cumnav i -

gat ion around Arab ia : those w'ho sa i led f iom Egy 'p t

in order to reach Pers ia and passed through modcrn

Bab a l -Mandab and con t i nued sa i l i n -e a l on -u Sou th

Arabian coast in the days of A lerander and ear l ie r .

had to re turn because of lack o f u 'a ter : those. n ho

were sent by A lexandel to exp lore Arab ian coast as

lar as poss ib le f rom Babylon ia . coLr ld not cont inue

s a i l i n g f u r t h e r t h a n r n o d e r n R a s M u s s a n d a r l :

o l io yo.p ano to i 'ApuBiou

r lo i .nou toD xut ' A i

yunrov o p pq 0 evteq t ir , '0 pc,rnor exncp rr i"r i l oavtc; rr1 r '

no)")"r1v 'ApuBir lr ,

eiOciv rc rr l \ ' rccrta IoDoa rc rui

f l6poaq 0d)"uooo.r,. eC tooovOc ripa xupuni.r i toovrr:

rqg 'ApuBinq

eq c ioov oq ior ro i idop €TnlpKeos ro s

pLB),q0ev tg roq vcu-q. dfte t to onior ' ; unevoorr. lour' . rr

BuBu),cirvoq te oi iotrvcrc Soter),er ' 'Ar,e_(avdpo:

co: eni

prqrcrotov n leovruq ev deqr i t r lc 'EpuOpqc

0u7"aoo4:

yvcbvar to i ( to .u t1 lcbpouc. o i ] ror vqoouc ,uc l r r \ 'o . :

KortoKt\ l /ovro tv 16 nupulr iro rcer;.reva,;. rcsi nou rsi

t i1g qneipou r i j_q 'Apapir l ,c

Trpoosoxo\ ' . rr lv oe cixpqr' .

qv t rva Ko. rovru(pu .ng Kuppav i lc uvet rouoav i , i ,vcr

quvi lvar oqiot Nenploc. ourc cotrv ootr; uncpBur.ci lv

entrcopnllar e,( ro eni 0crtepu duvsto,c ,yr,,r.ot. '

The fbundat ion (or renamir rg) o f a set t lenrent in

Arabia, named after Ptolerrry cor-r ld not take place in

A l e x a n d e r ' s t i m e s . s i n c e t h e p l a c e s e e r n s h a s

rece ived the name of f l to ) ,epro ' i r . th is pres l rpposes

the pos t -A le rande r . i . e . He l l en i s t i c . pe r i od . As f b l -

l ows f i om th i s accoun t o f A r r i an . ne i t he r f l ee t o f

A lexander , nor sea- t raders o f h is and pre 'n ' ious t i rne

could reach modern Sala la .

The " Expedition o.f' A naxicrutes "

A n o t h e r p i e c c o f i r n p o r t a n t i n f b r r n a t i o n i n t h i s

respec t was g i vcn by Theoph ras tus . He r vas p rob -

ab l y t he f i r s t C lass i ca l au tho r u , ' ho gave au then t i c

in fbrmat ion on thc South Arab ian reg ion. As f -ar as

w e k n o w f i o m S t r a b o ( 1 6 . 4 . u l ) . c o m p a t r i o n s o f

A l e x a n d e r a n d A n a x i c r a t e s \ \ ' e r e a u t h o r i t i e s i n

determinat ion o f the length o f Arab ian coast o f the

Red Sea as 14000 s tades:

t o f i 6 ' 'ApaB iou

r c6 ] , nou ro 1 , r sv / r opo r r l v'Apopiov

n)"eupov u,plopevor-q o.no toi Ai),uvitou

Pto le r -na is in Arab ia and Lrped i t ions o f . \ r r r r r i c r i r t cs and D ionvs ios

Bu lha r in , r RLJLLETIN OI r MIHO MUSEUM Vo lume I I (10 I I )

puxo0, r<oOunep oi nepi 'A)'a(ov8pov

ov6ypcnyo.v

rcu i 'Avu [ lKpornq, FDp[ (Dv rcn i te tpo . rc to l t ] " io lv

orCI.8ic,lv eotiv lt'

Howe ver one can no t say i f Anar ic ra tes com-

n-randed the expedition of the "companions of Alex-

ander" (so was the idca of W.W. Tarn ) . referred to

by Strabo. or i f there were two expedi t ions: that of

the Alexander's cotnpanions and that of Anaxicrates.

I n t h e f i r s t c a s e w e m a y d a t e t h e e r p e d i t i o n o f

A n a x i c r a t e s i n s t i l l p r e - H e l l e n i s t i c p e r i o d . T h c

reason of i ts omission by Arr ian is qui te c lear: i t has

taken place af ter return of Alerander f iom his Ori-

en ta l campaign and th r . rs was no t connected w i th

" A n a b a s i s " . l n t h e s e c o n d c a s e h i s r - r n d e r t a k i n - e

remains undatable.

From the other side Theophrastr.rs reports:

"Equoav 6d oi tot Koro tov nopuTt i t l t t l ' i lv e:'Hptircov

anoto[vtc'r rco].nou (qteiv ercpul'tc. ticit,ll-l ev.16 )

r Q o p e l .

The search fo r water by the tne t rbers o f th is

exped i t ion , whose head was le f i unknou r r and the

remark o f S t rabo tha t Anar ic ra tes together u ' i th

cornpanions of Alexander measured Arabian coast

o f t h e R e d s e a . t h e h a b i t o 1 - A l e x a r r d e r t o r n a k e

"doub le under tak ings" e .g . to send exped i t ions

fiom the East and fiom the West" and lack of water

as reason fo r en forced re tu rn o f the exped i , t ion ,

ment ioned in the Indica, let some researcher 's 'state

t h a t n a m e l y t h i s e x p e d i t i o n w a s r e f - e r r e d t o b y

Arrian ( ctllo yup uno tot 'ApoBiou

ro)"nou to0

rca t ' A iyuz t rov opFn06vteg t l vOpo lno l tKTrept -

n)"6ouvtsq tqv no)') 'qv 'ApoBirlv

1... ]. eq tooov8e tl

po. nopun)"tboovtaq fllq 'ApoBinq

ts iioov oqlot to ii

6orp enlprctot ro epB)"r10ev dg roq veoq ) as headed

by Anaxicrates.

However there are some points in the accounts

of Strabo, Arr ian and Thcophrastus, which contra-

dict to each other and do not let regard these three

accounts as ref-err ing to one and the same mission.

Arr ian reports that those who sai led f iorn Arabian

Gul f (modern Red Sea) had to re tu rn because o f

lack of water - Theophrastus reports that mernber

o f the exped i t ion he ment ions success fu l l y found

w a t e r ( a t l e a s t t h e y d i d n o t s u f f e r f r o m i t s

lack) ; Ar r ian repor ts that cot rpanions of A lcrar rder

have under taken three miss ior t by ' h is order . s tar t l l lg

f i o m m o d e r n P e r s i a t t G u l f - S t r a b o r e p o r t s t h a t

compan ions o f A lexande r l t t cas l l r ed t he l eng th o f

t h e W e s t e r n c o a s t a l l i n e o f A r a b i a . A s f a r a s o l l e

can see. these three accoLl l l ts repor t o f to ta l l r d i f ter -

e n t e x p e d i t i o n s a n d d o n o t p e r l r i t t o t h i n k t h a t

Theophrastus. St rabo and Arr iar l rcpor t o f or rc a t ld

the same exped i t i on . l t t o reo \ c r . headed b l 'A I ra r i -

crates.

A l l t h i s d o c s s u r c l y e r c l L r d e t h a t A t t a r i c t ' r t t c s

rea l ly comntanded erpec l i t io t r t .net l t ioned br Theo-

phrastus. Hor ' l 'e l 'e r r , l 'e ha le t io re l iab le in fbr t r la t i t l t l

in th is respect . Consequent l l ' e f for ts to datc the "cr -

p e d i t i o n o f A n a r i c r a t e s " i n 3 2 4 B . C . b a s c o t r

r e r v s h a k y f o r , r n d a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l c s s t h e o t h e r

c l e ta i l s o f t he accoL l l t t o l - Theoph ras t t t s a re o l - h i g l l

I l r t c f cs l :

t o r j e i i 1 . 1 1 - i l l r t . t ' L t u f t t l P i o 0 o . r r o i ; t a [ i c i i o r : -

T t ) t ) T O U : 7 c L 1 r f i , ' , , t x i ' [ - r i t l t r : . , i t x r l i t r l r - t i r ] T ( 1 ; I l ) o :

u i ' i r 1 i ' ou ; . o r ' i l x r ; , i t , i , t i r ; r ' { 1 T l l ; ' r 1 ; j 1 ' o i ' ( 1 , 1 ' L1 t1 ' t t ' To i

O u y r ) ' d l - C s i ; t c n i . o i u . i - u [ 1 o v r l . : i . \ ' ( ] r . c t l r t t t t ' t - r

) , t pc r vco t t t i r cu i t r l - c op i r ; l v11 : c l l l ' l l t l ( / : ( ) i ) 6 l l : K { t t

snon)"e iv . 6) 'eyov d ' or l tor r . .a i t ( l t j c xo. i l tp r r .or rv

crrousrv. 6tt ouvcrytrot Ttovrolo0ev r1 optupvo, rcLi il

) .rBcrvorto-q ei-q td iepot, to toi l t1)" ioutoirto d' civat

prev t6v IcrBulcov o.ytcit tutov da noi" ir t t i tv nspi tdv

ronov, t r lpe iv bs t tvuq 'Apapu,c evoni . t l t r : ' i i tuv ds

rcopfoororv, Srcuotov otoptuoovro rov rlirroir xo.i trlr'

opuprrov oproito-q rcsta)"tnsit ' t i -r i : eni tr l : tr tr i-o,rr l :"

tr0evor 6d sni toit oorpoit ntvcrrctor '" i l )( tol lv i .Tov tor- l

te n),r1Oou-c tdtv Ltsrpo)\r rcui 11; tr l t1: r1- t i r ; i alro'0r1

v c r t t i t p r f t p o t ' I r s o t o t ' ' i i t u . \ ' t j l , o i l , t t i t o ; r t ) t

f topo.y€vrr lv ro t . oront i t ' To, i ]1- r11911-- i io t r : t j r i . r '

autoiq opeoKn pcrpl looftt \ 'ot): t t() i ;r ' r ; t r l l r ' trpl l ' c i :

tc t i l to to l rop iov dr '0s t ' c iv i7- t ' rv r r . r , t . r r t t tov iepeo

nupuyevciptvov to tpitor ' f t tPo: i ,uf i t ivtrr tr l : trpri l - ;

rQ 0eQ td )"otnov suroit xcr.tcr. i . tnt; iv xrt i tot-t to odlv

eTvnr toiq rcu pio tc, eo)-c cir' 6i.t'tvt c t r ;ru.l u." ;/ t'r'ti ;-tel'o t

t . ] eiO' otuv e(erttyK(!)ot t j tcr. t i t ' t t ; : t1l ir .r . ptepl l

dtorc)"r1pott, tct i rpos tdv i i i . ror ' . xrr. i i1r ' r iv i-a1l o

i1),ro; rcato).ei norot,''. "

Fur ther deta i ls abol t t connect i i l t l o f l ta r r c -s t i t lg

and d i v i s i on o f c i nnamo t ' t u ' i t h t he t en rp le o f t he

B u l h a r i t t l ' F l L i L L t r ' f I N O F M I H O M U S E U M V r l u l n e l l ( l 0 l l )

S u n * " ' w e r e r e p o r t e c l b y P l i n y t h e E l c l e r :

est et alia./amo c:unt Sole dividi ternctscltre porte.r

/ieri, dein sorte gemina cliscerni clttodclue Soli ces-

serit re/inqtti ac: sponte c,on\logruret.t'

Though i t was 'A1 tar . who u 'as the f i rs t to be

invoked among the Sabaeun goal t l ' Awwam, the

temple of '

Almaqah. near Old Marib. is to be seen

as the "hol iest" p lace of the Sabaeans Ternple of

t h e S u n . I t w a s ' A l m a q a l i . r v h o t o o k c e n t r a l

pos i t ion in the Sabaean cu l ts in t ime o f thc k ings o f

S a b a ' a n d { [ - R a y d a ' i ' ] F r o , . r . ' t h e o t h e r s i c l e , t h e

indicat ion of Theophrastus to the possession of the

m o u n t a i n o u s r e g i o n b y t h c S a b a e a n s . r v h e r e t h e

f iankincense gre\v and u'here i t u 'as harvested. and

that to the tact that i t r i as loadecl to the ships points

rathcr to Dr,r fbr a lso a mountainous region as to

the scene o f ac t ion . I t i s poss ib le tha t Hadraman ' t

was st i l l under Sabaean cclntrol in the last quarter of

the 4 th cent . B .C. , es tab l i shed by the Sabaean rnL l -

k a r r i b K a r i b ' i l W a t a r . s o r l o f B a n r a ' a l I a t t h e

b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 7 t h c e n t . B . C . ( R E S 3 9 4 5 / 1 3 i . l

The penetrat ion of the Grceks f l 'orn Mediterra-

nean so f-ar in the East rvould not seent too sLrrpr is-

ing, s ince Thcophrastes appears to have been qui te

wel l au'are of the s i t r - rat ion in South Arabia. At least

he gives the names of the main South Arabian king-

dorns* t ] ThoLrgh the name o f Marna l i looks unex-

p l a i n a b l e , t h r e e o t h e r s p e r t e c t l y c o r r e s p o n d t c t

Saba' , Qataban and Hadramawt. The rnembers of

the expedi t ion he ref 'ers to, "Expcdi t ion of Anaxi-

crates" . could be hrs infbrmants.

So. one might sLlppose that the nrembers of the

"Anaxicri ltes' expedition" calle to know the port of

Sa la la the most d is tan t po in t o f the i r sa i l ing and

t h e o n l y s e a p o r t o 1 ' H a d r a r r a w t t h a t t i r n e .

Accord ing to another v icw, the reg ion around

port of Qana' is to be seen as place of arr ival of the

expedition of Anaxicrates in search tbr u'atei". ' T1.,.

water in Qana' is sal ty cven in the wel ls. As f -ar as

w e a r e i n f o r r n e d f r o r n t h e " P e r i p l u s o f t h e E r y -

thraean Sea" . t rvo stat ions were ursed fbr loading

w a t e r s u p p l i e s : O k e l i s ( 2 5 : B . 2 0 ) a n d A r a b i a E u -

da imon (26 : 8 . 24 25) wh ich l ied a t the ex i t f io rn

t h e s t r a i t s o f B a b a l - M a n d a b a n d i n t h e

r eg ion o f modem 'Aden . Hou 'eve r t hese p laces on

the 4th ccnt . B.C. \ \ ,ere cont ro l led by Qataban. not

by Saba' as fol lorvs from the report of Theophrastlrs.

T h e o p i n i o n t h a t r n e n r b e r s o f t h e e r p e c l i t i o n

(ascr ibed to Anax icra tes) \ \ 'e re search ins fbr u 'a ter

and loadec l f iank incense in the reg ion of Qana ' is t i t

be rejected" since Qana' r ' , 'as not fbLrnded l 'et to the

t ime o f t he a r r i va l o f t h i s e rpcd i t i on . The t ounda -

t i on o f Qana ' f - a l l s on t he end c l f t he I s t cen t . B .C .

and r i , 'as connected wi th the cr is is c l f anc ient por t o f

Samaru rn (Moskha L i r - nen . r node rn Ha r i r Ru rT i n

'Urnanj - l then there \ \ 'as no : . rc t i \ i ty . r i 'h ich coLr ld be

l o u n d b y A n a r i c r a t e s ( o r r i h o e r e r h e a d e d t h i s

voyage ) . Sa t -na ru r r i s t hc on l y coas ta l se t t l en ren t i n

Sou th A rab ia . n ' hose e r i s t cncc i n a t l eas t 3 rd cen t .

B.C. can be pror , 'en archacolog ica l l i l ) Moreorer . thc

" P e r i p l u s o f t h e E r y t h r a e a n S e a " r e p o r t s ( 3 1 . 1 0 .

29-30) . that Moskha L inren \ \as a por t . dcs i_unatec l

namely fbr load in-e f iank incense o l t the sh ips. These

two observat ions make i t verv pc lss ib le that erpec l i -

t ion o f Anax icra tes cor . r ld load f l 'ank incense on l r in

ancient Dufbr.

Howel 'er \ \ 'e may not s i ly for sLr re t l ia t nante l r

t h e y h a v e g i v e n i t a n o t h c r . G r e e k . n a n t e o f

f l r o ) "ep ru ' i _q . I f t he exped i t i o r r o f Ana r i c ra tes t ook

p f a c e i n 3 2 4 B . C . i t u , o u l d n ' t b c p o s s i b l e t h a t a

n e w l y d i s c o v e r e d s e t t l e n t e n t " a t t h e e n c l o l - t h e

wor l d " wou ld have been na r red no t a f t e r . { l e ran -

der . u 'ho was s t i l l a l ive . but a f tc r Pto len ln ' . For that

t he exped i t i on c l f A r rax i c ra tes needs t o be da ted i n

Pto lerna ic per iod. The rev is ion of the dat in_e of th is

exped i t i on seems to se t no p rob le rn i 1 - r i c ' cons i c l e r

t h i s u n d e r t a k i n g s e p a r a t e l y f i o r r t h c r n i s s i o n s .

re f -er red to by Arr ian and connected u ' i th A leran-

de r . The r vo rk o f Theoph ras tus i s o1 - co r - r - r pos i t e

cha rac te r and i t r evea l s f - a r be t t e r kno r , i l edge o f

Sou th A rab ian rea l i t i es i f one co rnDa les i t r i i t h t he

work o f Ar r ian re f -er r ing to the t i rne o f A lerander .

However , the absence of any secure datc fbr H is to-

r i a p l an ta rum o f Theoph ras tus does no t pe rm i t us

say f o r su re t ha t h i s i n fb r r r r a t i on on Sou th A rab ia

goes back to carly Ptoler-r 'raic period and is not elder.

From thc o ther s ide ind i rect argurnents presL lppose

the l a tes t o f t he poss ib l c da tes t he ve ry end o f

P t o l c r n a i s i n A r a b i a a n d I x p c c l i t i o n s o l - A n a r i c r a t c s a n d D i o n r s i o s

B u l h a r i n / B U L L E T I N O F M I H O M U S E U M V o l u r n e 1 l ( l 0 l l )

Theophras tus ' l i fe in the f l rs t quar te r o f the 3rd

cent. B.C. I f so. members of the expedi t ion he men-

t ioned could be sent by Ptolemy and could not only

discover the place of water supply and ware-house

of f rankincense, but give i t the name of Ptolemy'

T h e r e i s . h o w e v e r , a n o t h e r p r o b l e r n i n t h i s

respect. Later sources (Tzetz'es. Hist. 7. 174) report

that the carr ier of Anaxicrates was connected not

with Ptolemy but wi th Se leucus I Nicatoi ' . ' I f so. i t

i s hard ly poss ib le tha t P to lemy cou ld in i t ia te the

expedi t ion of Anaxicrates, even i f we take a later

date for th is expedi t ion. From the other s ide, again:

no th ing fo r sure can be sa id ' i f Anax ic ra tes co ln -

manded the expedition ref-erred to by Theophrastus'

As a working hypothesis, the following could be

put forward: members of the expedition, ref-erred to

by Theophrastus in hls Histor ia plantarum reached

modern Dulir near modern Salala, fbund water and

loaded some f rank incense on board . They cou ld

also give the name of t lto)'epioiq this place. whose

local name Salala was rendered as Otd)")'1)'o in the

descr ipt ion of the wor ld map of Ptolemy in the 2nd

cent. A.D.

The Expedition o.f DionYsios

Another poss ib i l i t y cou ld ne i ther be exc luded: the

place i tsel f (modern $alala) was discovered by the

members o f the exped i t ion re f -e r red to by Theo-

phras tus , bu t the Greek na f f le cou ld be g iven on

another occasion.

P l iny the E lder (V I . 5S) ment ions Megasthenes

a n d P h i l a d e l p h o s D i o n y s i o s , w l t i c h w a s s e n t b y

Phi ladelphos (Megasthenes et Dionysius a Phi ladel-

pho missus) . Megasthenes was an embassador o f

Se leucus I N ica tor to the Ind ian cour t ' Twice and

the end o f the 4 th and a t the beg inn ing o f the 3rd

cent. B.C. he vis i ted Chandragupta Mauryd' ' l ' Sol i -

nus (52. 3) confirms this infbrrnation5l'

The latest and a very l ikely idea of the way and

other pecu l ia r i t ies o f the embassy o f D ionys ios to

Indian has been put fbrward by a prominent Indolo-

gist A.A. Vigasin: Dionysios' a famous astronomer,

has been sent to the Indian court, when the embassy

f r o m t h e I n d i a n k i n g A S o k a M a u r Y a

( re igned in thc 2nd quar ter o f the 3rd cent . B.C ' ) has

reached Egyp t . Th i s i s men t i oned i n t he so ca l l ed

XI I I B ig Rock EOic i tb f A(oka ' The sec lLret rce o f the

wars between Seleuc ids and Pto len l ies and the l i f e -

t ime o f t he k i ngs . men t i oned i n t he A (oka ' s ec ' l i c t '

l e t us da te t he com ing o f l nd ian embassv bc tu ee t l

253 a r rd 241 B .C . l t i s e r s i l en t i o supposed tha t t he

m i s s i o n o f D i o n y s o s r e a c h e d I n d i a . g o i n g b 1 l a n d

through the terr i tory of the Seleucids .

Qui te cont rad ic t ing to h is genera l idea o l - i t l lpos-

s ib i l i ty for the Egypt ian Greeks to t tnder take t rans-

o c e a n i c s a i l i n g t o I n d i a p r i o r t o t h c l s t c e n t ' B ' C '

ye t W.W. Ta rn supposed tha t D ionvs ios co t r l d be

sent by Pto lemy I I by sea in order to ar o id crosst t rs

the Seler . rc id ter r i tory . Tarn thought th is coLr ld har e

taken p lace i n 213 8 .C . " t he I nd ian e tnpe ro r ' r i ' ho

h a c l t o r e c e i v e t h c e m b a s s y o f P t o l e n l v I I ' n a s

Binc iusara and goal o f the ernbassy ' \ \ l l s to take back

Ind ian t ra i t ter tbr thc Af i ican c lephal l t " .

The reaso r t o f t l l c e t . nbass r l t l t l k : q r l l t c 5 t r i i l l g c :

Pto lerny I I d id t lo t l tccc l to sc t lc l l t i : c t t \ ( ) \ \ \ ( ) l l r r to

f i nd t r a i ne r f b r t he A f l ' i can c l e l t hun t . . l l t r u c \ c t ' t l l c '

i d e a o f s e n d i n g t h e e t r - r b a s s \ o l ' D i t r r l ) : r o : l ' r r t h e

sea-way. tak ing in to cons iderat ion th , - . t l i l ' l l cLr l t ies t r f

send ing an embassy ac l ' oss Se leL rc i c l t c r r i t o r l b l '

l and . r equ i res more a t t cn t i on .

The Se leuc ids and t he P to len l i es c i i d no t cease

be ing r i va l s even i f t he re \ \ ' e re no t ( ) l l c l r co t r t L r l t t

ac t ions betu 'een two ernp i res. I t see l l ls l ia t 'd l r l los-

s ib le that the roya l miss ions. qh ich I IA: e t , t t . t . . t t r I l te

Se leuc i c l cou r t . cou ld eas i l y co l t t i t l L t c go inu tO the

Pto lern ies in order to br ing horne the Pto lcr l l r i i c r ' t t t -

bassy and not the Seleuc id one. Anothcr ' :Lr1 l1 ' ros i t ion

l o o k s l e s s i m p r o b a b l e . T h e r n i s s i O n o l ' [ ) i o t l r s o s

w a s s e n t b y P t o l e n i y I I t o I n d i a i l t t ) l ' t l c t ' t o t t i t i

f -avour o f the Ind ian k ing and to $L-aken the i r l f ' lu -

ence o f t he Se leuc ids and t he I nd ia r l coL l r t l c t r - r s

not forget that tu o prcr io t ts e l l \ ovs \ lcgasthenes

and Deimachos t l 'e re sent to Ind ia b1 the Sc leuc ids '

I n t h i s c a s e t h e i r w a y c o L l l d n o t a p r i o r r f o l l o r i

through the main land possess ions of the Sc le t rc ids '

The only probable \\ 'ay was by fbl lor i ' ing t l ie coastal

l i n e o f A r a b i a a n d S o u t h e r n P e r s i a . T h i s a l s o

remains a hyPothesis. Horvever

1 1 4

B u l h a r i n i B t i L L E T I N O F M I H O M U S E U M V o l u r n c l l ( 2 0 1 1 )

taking into considerat ion the sequence of constant

wars between Ptolcmies and Seleucids in the f l rst

ha l f o f the 3rd cent . 8 .C. , send ing miss ion by land

f rom Egypt to Ind ia were fa r more r i sky than to

send it by sea.

I f th is reconstruct ion is correct . modern Salala is

t o b e r e g a r d e d a s t h e c a r l i e s t f l t o ) " s L t o ' i - c -

f l ro)"epruTg I , i f the name was gircn by the envoys

of Ptolemy I (Anaxicrates). The Ptolemaic dynasty

<Notes>

T a r n 1 9 2 8 : 2 4 8 .

Tarn 1928: 2.18.

S e c S p L r l e r 1 9 5 9 : 1 8 6 9 1 8 7 0 .

SpLr le r l 95c ) : 1868 : Beran 196 , ! : I 0 - : : \ l L rc l l c r ' 1006 : l ' 16 .

See fbr c l iscr-rss ion of the nrost probablc fbunder: \ {ucl ler 2006: . l4 l , l '13 145.

For n ru re de ta i l s see K i r s ten 1959 : 1887 .

B e v a n 1 9 6 8 : I 1 6 .

See SpLr le r 1959 : 188- l 1886 : Kash tan 1988 : '16 .

See for d iscussion on t l ie fbunder o1' th is Ptolernais: Spulcr 1959: l t l73 187;+.

Murray 196l 26: Burstein 1996: 800.

Tarn 1928 : 251 ; HLrn t ing lb rd 1980 : 87 .

M c C r i n d l c 1 8 7 9 : I l 9 ; S c h o f f l 9 l 2 : 6 0 .

G u i l l a i n 1 8 4 6 : 8 7 .

Spu le r 1959 : l 87 l . see in more c l c ta i l s I 879 I 883 .

Desanges 1984: 250.

was thus g lo r i f i ed i n ve ry d i f f e ren t pa r t s o f He l l e -

n is t ic wor ld : the name I I to) "eprcr io- \ \ 'as knou t r to

Ind ian k ing A5oka Maurya as Turamai ra ( in the XI I I

B ig Rock Edic t ) ; i t a lso seems to have been g i r en in

fbrm of f l ro),eproic to a central ci t i t of ancicrtt DLrfEr

in South Arab ia . Th is u 'as fbrgot ten b-v the Greeks

themse l ves , who havc ne l v l y adop ted i t s l oca l r en -

dering Orcr),qpru0.

l )

2 )

3 )

1 )

s )('' )7 )

E )

e )

l 0 )

l l )

t2)

l 3 )

l 4 )

l - 5 )

l 6 )

l 7 l

l 8 )

l 9 )r O r

l l I

? ? \

' 4 1

? 5 )

2 6 1

21)

2 8 )

E a r l i c r r r ' a s r e g a r c l c c l a s O r c i ) - r 1 ; L c r ( ) . . . - * . , A t . l l i n 1 a t < . A 1 a l i n l a t a p l a c c _ t l a l l e b e t u e e r l . ' A r r r S i l

i .e. lar in thc nrain lancl : t l rc- r i l l r rgc nc-ur a i -Sihr ( r f the port ot 'Se-rrr ra ( r 'on Wisst . t . tann. Hi i fher 1953: 91. Anrt t . I ) .

Sce f i r redi t ions: Hunrbach. Zie-glcr 1998: 9: l : Hurnbach. Zregler2002: Fig. l ;1: St t ickclbcrscr" CiraRhol- l ' l (X)6: 6 l l

Dl ,akonor 2006: 19.

ML i l l e r 1988b : - r l .

M t i l l e r 1 9 8 8 a : 6 1 8 .

Sn i -egcrs I t ) t )5: 319.

Beeston 2005: ,52.

Rob in l ( )91 :291 2c )5 : Rob in l 99 l :12 .

See fbr refbrenccs in Volkrnann l9 l9: 1219.

Rob in l 9L )4 :291 .

Rob in 1991 :294 .

Tarn 1929:19-20 1br lnore dctai ls see Ki tchen lc) t ) . { : 45 47. Thou-sh the ic lea ol -Tarn about the r iays o1' t rnast l iss ior t o1 ' th is nanrc \ \as

c r i t i s i z e d ( L o r 1 t l n | 9 7 1 : 1 6 ( ) l 6 4 ) a n c l i s t o b e r e j e c t c d .

t0 - ) \ ,TC.P t r l ; . r r r i t , l r , ru i c iq r r1vc r ldu ipo r ,u "Apup ia r ' cp tpa ) '6 r , r to l ' pc tuo rpa r to ' c t ' t r r l oT [ . r1c r11c i r

I .u)") ,o 'q.r r r i t t i r 'cxrr .1g.A),e- iur ,cJpciccc; ' rn6palr 'orc i iotq

no) . i rp r& i i " c l r ' r<c r i t r r i l t a i y r ' c ' l o rc t to i -q t ' t - t v i1 ro i ; rpd r1p to r ' [Aga in .s i r l ce theRot r ra r l sha rc rcccn t |

a r r l y . o l - r v h i c h A e l i L r s G a I l t r s . r n y t i i e n d a n c 1 c o r r r p a n i o n . w ' a s t h e c o n l t n a n c 1 e r ' a n d s i n c e t h e t r l e r c I l a I l t s o f A l e r a r r c 1 r

sai l ing r . r i th f leets by way of the Ni le and o1' thc Arabian Gul f as f i r r as India. thesc regi t tns a lso havc bcconre tar bct t i ie- kt t t tut t t ( ) Lts

o f t o - d a y t h a n t o o u r p r e c l e c e s s o r s ( 1 1 . , 5 . l 2 ) t r a n s l a t i o n f i o r n . l o n e s 1 9 2 7 : 4 5 3 . , 1 5 5 1 ; s c - c a l s o i n S t r a b o " ' G c o g r a p h r " ( X V I L l . l l )

about the grol r ' th o l - thc numbcr of the ships u ' i th sai l l iom Egypt to India and other retnote places.

" t I there is dcf ln i te evic lence that the ent i re south-castern part of Arabia u 'as Lrnknoun to the Cireek r ior ld. at anv rate pr ior to thc

f i rs t century B.C. Knolr ' lec lge f iorn the Western s idc ncr. 'er went beyond the Mahra coast [ . . . ] knou ledge t ront thc easter l l s i i lc ncr cr

cxtended south of the prorrontory of Ras Musscndam" (Tarn I929: 9 l0) .

See e .g . M inaean insc r ip t i ons Ma ' rn 93 (A) /45 - M 392 f rom Ma ' rn . r vh i ch repor t s o f t he l i s i t t o Ion ia anc l t ha t l i on t Dc los ( l l t -S

3570/3 - M 349; i t is possib le that both inscr ipt ions were lest by one ancl the sarne pcrson and that h is t r ip \ \ 'AS conl t t ! -mroratcd at i ts

be_uinning and i ts end).

31) See 1br d iscussion Bukhar in 2009: 4,1-60.

32 ) Sorne o f th i s i n fb r rn r i t i on r i as i rnpar ted to A lc rander by A rch ias who r . r ' as sen t r . r ' i t h a t r i acon to r to i n res l i g i t t c thc coL l f se o1 - thc -

coas t in -e t voyage to A rab ia . anc l l vho \ \ ' cn t as fa r as the i s land o f Ty lus . bu t du rs t no t pass be -vonc l t ha t po in t . Andros the t res \ \ i l s

d ispatched u ' i th anot l rer t r iacontor arrd sai led along a part of the peninsula of Arabia. Hieron of Sol i the pi lot a lso rcceired a t r iact lntot

f iom Alexancler and advanccd f -ar thest o l - those u 'hon"r he dispatchcd to th is region; for he had receivcd instruct i t t t ts to sai l rotr r rc l thc-

u 'hole Arabian peninsula as far as the Ar i rb ian Gul f near t rgypt over against Heroopol is . Al though he coastecl a long thc col tntn of the

A r a b s t o a g r e a t d i s t a n c e . h e d u r s t n o t g ( ) a s f a r a s h e u a s c l r d e r c d ( A r r . A n a b . V I l . l 0 . 7 8 ) t r a n s l a t i o n f i o n C h i n n o c k 1 8 8 - 1 : - 1 0 9 l l 0 .

t.))

30 )

Bu lha r in i BULLE ' I IN OF l \ ' l tH0 MUSEUNl Vo lun rc I I l l 0 l I t

rcach the sca ncarcst

a s f a r a s t h c y c o u l d o n t h e r i e h t o f t h e I l . e d S e a . t h e 1 ' m i g h t

l y i r l u o n t I r e i r c t l u r s e . a r l d v e r 1 ' p t l s s i b l y p u t i n a t t I l c r n a i n l a n c l o | A r a b i a . B u t t h e c a p e r r h i c h

o u t i r r t o t h e s e a o p p o s i t e C . a r t n a n i a l l 0 0 n e l r a s e v e r b e e n a b l e t o r o t t t l c l . a n c i t h u s t t t r t l i t l r r l t r c s t t l l l

t ranslat ion l iom Robson 1933: ,133.

3zi) The part o l - the Arabian

by Ana.r icrates. lnr-r r teen thoLrsand stadia t ranslat ion f iom Jones 1930: 3 13.

35 ) Ta rn 1929 : 13 . i Ta rn \ \ ' as su rL - tha t th i s e rpec l i t i on tu rned back f i o r r Bab a l -N ' l andab . l l ouc re r i f i t s n ro lbe rs g l \ c t l r c l cng t l t t r t t l r c

Arabian shorc liom uroclcrn

sailing firrthc-r.

could a lso have had knor" lec l r :e of other coasts o1'Arabia.

.1. ,+) t ranslat ion l ionr Hort lc) l6: 235.

37 ) Ta rn 1929 : l 3 : A r r i gues 1996 : 673 u i th r c l ' c r cncc to Sa l l cs l c )88 : c )1 .

38) See lbr dctai ls in Anr igLrcs 1996 671 615.

o n e a n o t h e r . W h e r e f b r e n 0 - 0 n e k e e p s r , r ' a t c h : s o t h a t t h e s e s a i l o r s g r c c d i l 1 t o o k . t h c r ,

the erpecl i t ion of Anar icr i r tes afe

myrrh and

Sabaeans

i t r r ' as .and t l t i s rema inssa f .e fb r t l re t t r r ' ne rsL rn t i l t l r ey ' c t l I l l c i r r l c l

c lnnalron a vcry dubioLrs insert ic ' rn

u ' h a t e v e r p o r t i o n f h l l s t o t h e l o t o l ' t h e s L r n l h e v l e a v e b c h i n d ( 9 . 5 . 1 ) t r a n s l a t i o n l l ' o n r l l r r r t I r ) l ( ) : l - l - : - 1 - l l

4 0 ) A r l o n g t h e S o u t h A r a b i a n d e i t i e s t h a t o | t h c s u n i s s e a r c h e d i r r S l l r l l s u r l d g l l r t - H i r l

( . lar .urnc 1948: 59)] . as u,c l l as in {nt-Bal

i t s a n o t h e r t e n r p l e i s k n o l ' , n f i o r n D a l . n ' h i c h b e l c l n g e d f b r a c e r t a i r . r p c r i o d t o t h c k i n g s o f ' S a b a ' ( R o b i n l t ) r ) ( . : l l ( r l r

t r . r " icc to assign thc sharcs. and the

t ion l iom Rackhanr 1945: 67.

42 ) Rob in l c )96b : I l 5c ) .

4 3 ) R o b i n . B r e t o n l t ) 8 2 : 6 l c ) ; R o b i n l c ) t X r : 1 1 5 7 .

44 ) C f . a l so the

c 1 u e n t l y ' H a c j r a r n r s ( * S a b a . i - I r r [ J r r t o : : * S l l r u r r i - * ) r r f , t t , l , :

M a r n a l i ( 9 . 4 . 2 ) t r a n s l a t i o n f i o r n H o r t l c ) 1 6 : 2 3 3 . 2 3 - 5 1 .

,16 ) l l t i - qc r rann l c )85 : 136 ; Anr iuue 1996 : 765 .

47 ) See lb r c le ta i l s i n Avanz in i . Sedor '2005 : 16 .

48 ) Avanz in i . Scdor '200-5 : 12 . 16 .

.19) Tarrr lc)2c) : l3: Amigues 1996 677 (Tarn ' s rc lcrcncc is orni t tcd) .

50) See lbr c leta i ls : Bongard-Levin. Bukhar in 2000: 6c) 7c) .

5 I ) For cc l i t ions and colnrncnts see: Anclre. F i l l iozat lc) t i0.

,52) See fbr edi t ions: Hul tzsch 1925: 66 70: Kr ishnan 1989: 12-:16.

5 j t V i g a s i r r 2 0 0 2 : l l l .

54 ) Ta rn I 928 : 25 l .

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<,lhbreviutions>

\ 1 l s c r i z i o . i

cL r ra d i ( i . C iab r in i . R icc rche . l 0 ) .

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