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-Is the Science of behavior and
mental processes.
PSYCHOLOGY
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Science in psychology
Psychological studies use scientific principles, carefullydefined methods , and precise procedures .
Its about how people will behave in the future
how individuals, human or animal, interact with each otherand the world in which they live
William James(1842-1910)psychology is the science of
mental life
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Aspects of human functioning Overt reactions/ behaviors
Social relationships
Mental processes
Emotional responses
Physiological reactions
example behavior(a person commits suicide)
Cognitive explanation
- in terms of knowledge and beliefs
he believe he was worthless
Emotional explanation
-in terms of affects ,moods, feelings
he felt depressed
Motivational explanation
-in terms of drives, needs and goals
he no longer wanted to live
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Three principles of scientific behavior
OBJECTIVITY- means evaluating research and theory ontheir merits, without preconceive ideas or biases.
ACCURACY- gathering data from the laboratory and thereal world in precise ways make psychological studiesaccurate.
HEALTHY SKEPTICISM- researchers observe manyamazing events and so a careful approach to thesestrange events and phenomena is necessary.
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN
PSYCHOLOGY Stating the problems
Developing hypotheses
Designing a study Collecting and analyzing data
Replicating results
Drawing conclusions and reporting results.
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Correlation is not necessarily
causation
BROKEN HOME CRIME
CORRELATION
LEAD TO
FAULTY ASSUMPTION
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POVERTY
BROKEN HOMESCRIME
CORRELATION
CORRELATIONC
ORRELATION
LEADSTO
LEADSTO
MORE LIKELY ASSUMPTION
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Critical thinking
Consist of collecting and evaluating theevidence, considering the choices, assessing theoutcomes, and deciding whether the conclusion
make sense. Research criteria
purpose
Methodology
Participants
Repeatability
conclusions
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Gender, ethnicity, and
cultural biases.
CULTUREETHNICITY
GENDER
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Early traditions
Structuralism
WILHELM WUNDT1832-1920
-developed the first widely accepted school ofpsychological thought. He founded the firstpsychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany,in 1879.
The structuralist, Wundt, Titchener and others , tried to observe only the inner workings ofthe mind to find the elements of conscious
experience. They use the technique ofINTRO-SPECTION. Or self- examination. thesystematic description and analysis by aperson of what he or she is thinking or feeling..
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Functionalism
William James1842-1910
He argued that knowing only the contents of
consciousness (structuralism) was too limitedand thats how the contents of consciousnessfunctioned and worked together should befocused and known.
James published PRINCIPLES OF
PSYCHOLOGY, in which he described themind as a dynamic set of continuouslyevolving elements
Mind is like a river, always flowing.. Never remaining still
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Gestalt psychology
MAX WERTHEIMER
KURT KOFFKA
20th century
Gestalt means configuration- they suggestedthat conscious experience is more than simplythe sum of its individual parts. Believing thateach mind organizes the experience intosomething unique.
They proposed that people mold simple sensoryelements into patterns through which they theninterpret the world. By analyzing the wholeexperience the patterns of a personsperception and thoughts,
- One could understand the mind and itsworkings.
KARL KOHLER
1880-1943
1887-1941
1886-1941
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Psychological schools
JOHN B. WATSONS
1878-1958
Watsons contended that behavior , not the private contentof the mind, was the proper subject matter of psychology.According to him psychologists should study only activitiesthat can be objectively observed and measured ;
prediction and control should be the theoretical goals ofpsychology.
B.F SKINNER 1904-1990
He describes the relation among events of environment(stimuli) and a persons or animals reactions
(responses) . Skinner believe that WE ARE WHAT WEDO - that there is no SELF only a collection ofpossible behaviors . We also viewed our actions as aresult of past experiences rather than genetics.
BEHAVIORISM
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Humanistic psychology-They emphasize the uniqueness of each human beings
experience and the idea that human being have freewill to determine their destiny. Humanists focus onindividual uniqueness and decision making ability,they assume that subjective experience contributespositively to establishing and maintaining a normallifestyle..
ABRAHAM MASLOW
CARL ROGERS
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Cognitive psychologythis perspective focuses on how people solve
problems and appraise threatening situations andhow they acquire, code, store, and retrieveinformation. Its simply views the strict behavioralapproach as missing a key component- mentalprocesses.
They help clients realize that their distorted thoughts
about their own importance interfere with theability to get along with co-workers, classmates,neighbors and so on.
AARON BECK
ALBERT BANDURA
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EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
-assumes that behavioral tendencies that helporganisms adapt. be fit. And survive arepassed on to successive generations. Thatsignificant portion of human behavior s andmental abilities are directly coded in thegenome- they are innate.
ECLECTICISM - is a combination of facts andtechniques . In clinical and counselingpsychology , eclecticism means using a varietyof approaches to evaluate data, theories and
therapies as appropriate for an individualclient. and view a problem from severalorientations..
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Biological perspective/neuroscience perspective
Based on how heredity and biological structure affect mental processes andbehavior .it focuses on how physical mechanisms affects emotions, feelings,thoughts, desires, and sensory experiences.
Being fat , disabled, homosexual ,beauty
Felt like ugly, under weight, height insecurity etc.
Low self esteem/no confidence