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AP Psychology
Biological Bases of Behavior:
The Nervous System
Biological Bases of Behavior
• Biopsychology – studies the integration of
biology, behavior, and mental processes
– Nature versus Nurture
– Innate traits – grasping reflex & language
– Neuroscience – interdisciplinary field
Biological Bases of Behavior
• Charles Darwin
• Evolution - organisms
adapt over time
• Natural selection -
evolution favors
organism best adapted
to their environment
Natural Selection and Adaptation
• Evolutionary Psychology
– attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits, such as memory, perception, or language; as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection.
Mating Preference:
In a wide range of cultures studied (indicated by the red dots), men more
than women preferred physical features suggesting youth and health—and
reproductive potential. Women more than men preferred mates with
resources and social status. Researchers credit (or blame) natural selection.
Evolutionary Psychology
Why do young children resist going to bed?
Phobias
Phobias
Preferences
Preferences
Disgust
Hypothesis –
The increased nausea
response in pregnant women
helps to compensate for a
weak immune system.
Evolutionary Psychology
Disgust
Genetics and Inheritance
• Genetics and inheritance
– Genotype – blueprint
– Chromosome - 23 pairs
– Genes - made of DNA
– DNA – encodes physical and
mental characteristic
– Sex chromosomes – xx, xy
– Phenotype - observable traits
Biological Bases of Behavior
• Build a Child Activity
– The year is 2035 and you now have the ability to
“design” your ideal child through advances in genetic
engineering. Paired in couples, you must now decide
what kind of child you want as a parent. Because of
overpopulation, the government now allows only one
child per family. This is your one chance to get it
exactly “right."
Biological Bases of Behavior
1. Choose the sex and name of your child.
2. Select four genetic traits for your child, which ones would you select? Why?
– Aggressive
– Empathetic
– Athletic
– Musical
– Extroverted
– Introverted
– Intelligent
– Creative
– Tall
– Physically attractive
– Good health
– Humorous
Biological Bases of Behavior
Thirty years from now genetically engineering a child
could be commonplace. Would you participate?
Why or why not?
The Nervous System
Nervous
System
Central
Peripheral
Spinal
Cord
Brain
Somatic
Autonomic
Sympathetic
(arousing)
Parasympathetic
(calming)
The Nervous System
Nervous
System
Central
Peripheral
Spinal
Cord
Brain
Somatic
Autonomic
Sympathetic
(arousing)
Parasympathetic
(calming)
Sensory
(afferent)
Motor
(efferent)
Neurons
• Types of Neurons
– Sensory (afferent)
– Motor (efferent)
– Interneuron – relays messages between
nerve cells, mainly in the brain and spinal
cord,
The Nervous System
Neurons
• Parts of a Neuron
– Cell body (soma)
– Dendrites
– Axon
– Myelin sheath
(glial cells)
Neurons
• Parts of a Neuron
– Cell body (soma)
– Dendrites
– Axon
– Myelin sheath
(glial cells)
– Axon terminal
Neurons
Neurons
• The Action Potential
Neurons
• The Action Potential
– Resting potential or inactive (negative)
– Action potential or active (positive)
• All-or-none principle
Neuron Vocabulary How is firing a gun
like a neuron?
All or Nothing Principle
Direction of Impulse
Refractory Period
Resting Potential
Action Potential
Neuron Vocabulary How is flushing a
toilet like a neuron?
All or Nothing Principle
Direction of Impulse
Refractory Period
Resting Potential
Action Potential
Neurons
Neurons
• How do neurons communicate?
– Synapse
Synapse
Neurons
• How do neurons communicate?
– Synapse
– Synaptic cleft
Synaptic Cleft
Neurons
• How do neurons communicate?
– Synapse
– Synaptic cleft
– Presynaptic membrane
Presynaptic Membrane
Neurons
• How do neurons communicate?
– Synapse
– Synaptic cleft
– Presynaptic membrane
– Postsynaptic membrane
Postsynaptic Membrane
Neurons
• How do neurons communicate?
– Synapse
– Synaptic cleft
– Postsynaptic membrane
– Presynaptic membrane
– Synaptic vesicles
Synaptic Vesicles
Neurons
• How do neurons communicate?
– Synapse
– Synaptic cleft
– Postsynaptic membrane
– Presynaptic membrane
– Synaptic vesicles
– Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Neurons
• How do neurons communicate?
– Synapse
– Synaptic cleft
– Postsynaptic membrane
– Presynaptic membrane
– Synaptic vesicles
– Neurotransmitters
– Terminal buttons
Terminal Buttons
Neurons
Action Potential
Terminal Buttons
How Neurons Communicate
The Nervous System
• Neurotransmitters
– Excitatory
– Inhibitory
Endorphins
Endorphins
Serotonin
Sleep and Mood
Neurotransmitter Systems
Serotonin
Depression
Norepinephrine
Major Excitatory Neuron
Acetylcholine & Glutamte
Learning Memory
Acetylcholine
Alzheimer's
Acetylcholine
Alzheimer's
GABA
Major Inhibitory
Neuron
Dopamine
“reward system”
Dopamine
Voluntary
Movement
Parkinson
Homework (page 76)
Neurotransmitter Normal Functions Illustration
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate
Endorphins
• Neurotransmitters
– Excitatory
– Inhibitory
– Reuptake
The Nervous System
• Neurotransmitters
– Excitatory
– Inhibitory
– Reuptake
– Prozac (SSRI) blocks the reuptake of
serotonin
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
• Psychoactive Drugs and Toxins
– Agonists
– Antagonists
Vocabulary Review
Game
Endorphins
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Mood and
motivation
Give rise to
sex differences
Metabolic
processes
The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
• Pituitary Gland
– Under the control of
the hypothalamus
– Master gland
– Growth hormone
The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
• Anterior Pituitary
– Metabolism
– Reaction to stress
– Ovaries and tests
– Breasts milk
production
• Posterior pituitary
– Conservation of
water
– Uterus contractions
– Breast milk
secretion
The Endocrine System
• Thyroid gland
– Thyroxin
– Physical growth
– Metabolism
– Hyperthyroidism
– Hypothyroidism
The Endocrine System
• Pancreas
– Insulin
– Glucose (sugar)
metabolism
– Diabetes
The Endocrine System
• Adrenal glands
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine
– “fight or flight”
– Metabolism
– Plays an important
role in sexual desire
in females
The Endocrine System
• Sex Glands
– Ovaries – estrogen/progesterone
– Testes - testosterone
– Sexual characteristics
– Sexual desire
The Endocrine System
• Hormones and Behavior
Testosterone
Oxytocin
The Endocrine System
Do you believe that PMS is a real hormonal
syndrome or is the result of western culture?
Explain your answer?
• Symptoms
– Irritability
– Depression
– Crying
– Oversensitivity
– Mood swings
The Endocrine System
• Identify the endocrine gland and explain how
it would be associated with each of these
behaviors:
– Fear
– Lethargy
– Weight loss
– Sexual arousal
– Weight gain
– Anxiety and stress
– Aggression
The Nervous System
Studying the Brain
Lesions
brain
tumors and
disease
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
Studying the Brain
Lesions
brain
tumors and
disease
Accidents
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
Studying the Brain
Lesions
brain
tumors and
disease
Accidents Recording
EEG
Stimulation
The Nervous System
Studying the Brain
Lesions
brain
tumors and
disease
Accidents Recording
EEG
Stimulation Images
CT
The Nervous System
CT (computerized tomography)
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
Studying the Brain
Lesions
brain
tumors and
disease
Accidents Recording
EEG
Stimulation Images
CT
PET
PET (positron emission tomography)
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
Studying the Brain
Lesions
brain
tumors and
disease
Accidents Recording
EEG
Stimulation Images
CT
PET
MRI
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
The Nervous System
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
Studying the Brain
Lesions
brain
tumors and
disease
Accidents Recording
EEG
Stimulation Images
CT
PET
MRI
fMRI
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
The Nervous System
What if we could look inside
human brains?
Brain Imaging Technology
A. Identify and explain which brain imaging technology
would be most useful if a research wanted to study the
structure of the amygdala.
B. Identify and explain which brain imaging technology
would be most appropriate for revealing abnormalities in
the pattern of brain waves such as occurs in an epileptic
seizure.
C. Identify and explain which scanning method would be
most appropriate for revealing the specific location of a
mental process in the brain.
Brain Imaging Technology
D. Identify and explain which brain imaging technology
would be most useful if researchers wanted to study the
overall activity of the brain after a patient has taken a
psychiatric drug.
E. Identify and explain which scanning method would be
most appropriate and cost effective for revealing if a
patient had a brain tumor or lesion.
Group Presentations:
Brain Regions and Functioning
1. Brains Stem (medulla, pons, & reticular formation) (pg. 88)
2. The Thalamus & The Cerebellum (pg. 89)
3. Hippocampus (89-90)
4. Amygdala (90-91)
5. Hypothalamus (91-92)
6. Frontal Lobes (93)
7. Parietal Lobes (93-94)
8. The Occipital Lobes (95)
9. The Temporal Lobes (95)
• Presentation Rubric:
– The information is organized (thinking map or
outline)
– The poster contains a illustration of the brain
structure
– Everyone contributes to the poster
– Everyone has a speaking role in the
presentation
Group Presentations:
Brain Regions and Functioning
Group Presentations:
Brain Regions and Functioning
1. Brains Stem (medulla, pons, & reticular formation) (pg. 88)
2. The Thalamus & The Cerebellum (pg. 89)
3. Hippocampus (89-90)
4. Amygdala (90-91)
5. Hypothalamus (91-92)
6. Frontal Lobes (93)
7. Parietal Lobes (93-94)
8. The Occipital Lobes (95)
9. The Temporal Lobes (95)
Brain Chart (page 87-95)
Part of the Brain Major Functions Illustration
Medulla
Pons
Reticular Formation
The Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Frontal Lobes
Parietal Lobes
Occipital Lobes
Temporal Lobes
• The Brain Stem
– Medulla
– Pons
– Reticular formation
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
• Thalamus
– All the senses EXCEPT
smell
– All voluntary motor signals
• Cerebellum
– “Little brain”
The Nervous System
Cerebellum
• The Limbic System
– Hippocampus
The Nervous System
• The Limbic System
– Amygdala
• Aggression and
fear
• “Fight or flight”
• Strong emotional
memories
• Reward center
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
• The Limbic System
– Hypothalamus
– Influence on the
pituitary gland
The Nervous System
• Cerebrum
– Cerebral cortex
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
• Lobes of the Brain
– Frontal lobes
Motor Cortex
The Nervous System
• Lobes of the Brain
– Parietal lobes
Sensory Cortex
Einstein's Brain
Toothpick Activity
The Nervous System
• Lobes of the Brain
– Temporal lobes
Dr. Wilder Graves Penfield – Video Clip
The Nervous System
• Lobes of the Brain
– Occipital lobes
The Nervous System
Language and the Brain
• Language Areas
– Wernicke’s area
– Broca’s area
– Aphasia – an
impaired use of
language
Checking For Understanding
• Handout – 3B-2
– How might each of the following parts be
active while we drive a car?
The Nervous System
• Neuroplasticity
The Nervous System
• Dendritic Branching
The Nervous System
• Glial Cells
The Nervous System
• Glial Cells
The Nervous System
• Video Clip: Neuroplasticity
The Nervous System
• Mirror Neurons
Mirror Neurons
Gallese, University of Parma in Italy
Mirror Neurons
Gallese, University of Parma in Italy
Mirror Neurons
The Nervous System
• The Lateralized Brain
– The left and right hemispheres
• Corpus Callosum
The Nervous System
• The Left Brain
– Verbal
– Mathematical
– Analytic
– Sequential
– Causation
– Abstract
– Planner
The Nervous System
• The Right Brain
– Nonverbal
– Spatial
– Holistic
– Concrete
– Random
– Spontaneous
– Creative
– Musical
Look at the center of one face, then the other. Does one
appear happier?
Wagner Preference Inventory
Share your preference with your
elbow partner.
• Roger Sperry
– Epilepsy
– Spilt brain operation
– Divided field technique
The Nervous System
Checking for Understanding
• Instructions: Three situations are described below. In each
case, describe the parts of the brain activated in that situation.
• Anne, the landscape artist, is standing at her easel, painting with her
right hand as she looks out the window at her garden. She’s
listening to classical music as she paints.
• Crazy Eddie, the professional wrestler, is in the ring wrestling. The
crowd is yelling and his opponent is taunting him. Eddie yells back
at his opponent. The two of them are out of breath and sweating
profusely. They continue their well-orchestrated series of wrestling
moves.
• Jill is a student studying for a test. She is reading about violent
behavior in males. She is snacking on popcorn and drinking soda.
