BIOLOGICAL BASES OF

HUMAN BEHAVIOR

NEURONNEURON““THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM”THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM”

PARTS OF A NEURONPARTS OF A NEURON DENTRITE

AXON

TERMINAL BUTTONS

MYELIN

NODE OF RANVIER

A CLUSTER OF FIBERS AT ONE END OF A NEURON THAT RECIEVES MESSAGES FROM OTHER NEURONS.

THE PART OF THE NEURON THAT CARRIES MESSAGES DESTINED FOR OTHER NEURON.

SMALL BULGES AT THE END OF AXON THAT SENDS MESSAGES TO OTHER NEURON.

PROTECTIVE COAT OF FAT AND PROTEIN THAT WRAPS AROUND THE AXON.

GAP BETWEEN TWO MYELINATED AXONS

TYPES OF NEURONTYPES OF NEURON

SENSORY NEURONMOTOR NEURONASSOCIATION NEURON

HOW NEURON FIREHOW NEURON FIRE LIKE A GUN, NEURONS EITHER FIRE –THAT IS, TRANSMIT AN

ELECTRICAL IMPULSE ALONG THE AXON-OR DON’T FIRE.

ALL-OR NONE LAW-THE RULE THAT NEURONS ARE EITHER ON OR OFF.

RESTING STATE-THE STATE IN WHICH THERE IS A NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF ABOUT 270 MILLIVOLTS WITHIN A NEURON.

ACTION POTENTIAL-AN ELECTRIC NERVE IMPULSES THAT TRAVELS THROUGH A NEURON WHEN IT IS SET OFF A TRIGGER CHANGING THE NEURON’S CHARGE FROM NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE.

SYNAPESSYNAPES-THE SPACE BETWEEN TWO -THE SPACE BETWEEN TWO NEURONS WHERE THE AXON OF A SENDING NEURONS WHERE THE AXON OF A SENDING NEURON COMMUNICATES WITH THE NEURON COMMUNICATES WITH THE DENTRITES OF A RECEIVING NEURON BY USING DENTRITES OF A RECEIVING NEURON BY USING CHEMICAL MESSAGES.CHEMICAL MESSAGES.

NEUROTRANSMITTERS-NEUROTRANSMITTERS-CHEMICALS THAT CHEMICALS THAT CARRY MESSAGES ACROSS THE SYNAPES TO CARRY MESSAGES ACROSS THE SYNAPES TO DENTRITE AND SOME TIMES CELL BODY OF A DENTRITE AND SOME TIMES CELL BODY OF A RECEIVER NEURON.RECEIVER NEURON.

NEUROTRANSMITTERSNEUROTRANSMITTERSNAME LOCATION FUNCTION

ACETYLCHOLINE BRAIN,SPINAL CORD,PNS MUSCLE MOVEMENT,COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING(excitatory/inhibitory)

GLUTAMATE BRAIN,SPINAL CORD MEMORY(excitatory)

GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID

BRAIN,SPINAL CORD EATING,AGGRESSION,SLEEPING(inhibitory)

SEROTONIN BRAIN,SPINAL CORD SLEEPING,MOOD,PAINDEPRESSION(inhibitory)

DOPAMINE BRAIN MUSCLES DISORDER,MENTAL DISORDER,PARKINSON’S DISEASE(inhibitory/excitatory)

ENDORPHINS BRAIN,SPINAL CORD PAIN SUPPRESSION,PLEASURE FEELINGS,APPETITES(inhibitory)

ORGANIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM

THE HUMANBRAINTHE HUMANBRAIN

FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAINFUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

TO IDENTIFYTO ORGANIZETO INTERPRETTO RESPOND

MAJOR CORES OF THE MAJOR CORES OF THE BRAINBRAIN

FORE BRAIN MIDBRAIN HINDBRAIN

The anterior and largest portion of the brain; includes the cerebral The anterior and largest portion of the brain; includes the cerebral hemispheres, the limbic system, the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the hemispheres, the limbic system, the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the corpus callosum.corpus callosum.

Function: Function: to control cognitive, sensory and motor function, and regulate to control cognitive, sensory and motor function, and regulate temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping and the display of temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping and the display of emotions.emotions.

The midbrain is the smallest region of the brain that acts as relay station for auditory and visual information.Portions of the midbrain called the red nucleus and the substantia nigra are involved in the control of body movement.

The area of the brain comprising the pons, medulla and The area of the brain comprising the pons, medulla and cerebellum. cerebellum. Function: to co-ordinate motor activity, posture, equilibrium Function: to co-ordinate motor activity, posture, equilibrium and sleep patterns and regulate unconscious but essential and sleep patterns and regulate unconscious but essential functions, such as breathing and blood circulation.functions, such as breathing and blood circulation.

CENTRAL CORECENTRAL CORE-THE OLD BRAIN WHICH -THE OLD BRAIN WHICH CONTROLS BASIC FUNCTIONS SUCH AS EATING CONTROLS BASIC FUNCTIONS SUCH AS EATING AND IS COMMON TO ALL VERTEBRATES.AND IS COMMON TO ALL VERTEBRATES.

CEREBRAL CORTEX- CEREBRAL CORTEX- THE NEW BRAIN THE NEW BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOST SOPHISTICATED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOST SOPHISTICATED INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE BRAIN.IT INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE BRAIN.IT ALSO CONTAINS FOUR LOBES ALSO CONTAINS FOUR LOBES

FOUR LOBES OF THE FOUR LOBES OF THE BRAINBRAIN

FOUR LOBES OF THE FOUR LOBES OF THE BRAINBRAIN FRONTAL LOBE

LIES IN THE MOTOR CORTEX,INVOLVES IN DECISION MAKING,PLANNING,AND CARRYING OUT BEHAVIOR,RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS.

DAMAGE: INABILITY OF GOOD CHOICES AND RECOGNIZED CONSEQUENCE

CAN CAUSE INCREASE IRRITABILITY.

CHANGE IN MOOD AND INABILTY TO REGULATE BEHAVIOR

PARIETAL LOBE INVOLVES IN PROCESSING SENSORY INFORMATION FROM THE BODY,SUCH AS TOUCHING,LOCATING POSITION OF LIMBS,FEELING TEMPERATURE AND PAIN.

DAMAGE:THE ABILITY TO MULTITASK IS REDUCE OR ELIMINATED,RECOGNITION OF RIGHT AND LEFT

DAMAGE NEGLECT

LOBES OF THE BRAINLOBES OF THE BRAIN TEMPORAL LOBE PRIMARY LOCATION OF

AUDITORY AREA,INVOLVES IN APPRECIATION OF SOUNDS AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE.

RESPONSIBLE FOR LEARNING,MEMORY AND HEARING

DAMAGE:INABILITY TO PAY ATTENTION TO WHAT THEY SEE AND HEAR

INABILITY TO COMPREHEND LANGUAGE

IMPAIRED MEMEORY EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE PROSOPAGNOSIA

OCCIPITAL LOBE INVOLVES IN PROCESSING VISUAL INFORMATION,WHICH INCLUDES SEEING COLORS AND PERCIEVING AND RECOGNIZING OBJECTS,ANIMALS AND PEOPLE.

DAMAGE:LOSE OF VISUAL CAPABILITY

INABILITY TO IDENTIFY COLOR HALLUCINATION

OTHER PARTS OF THE OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAINBRAIN

PARTS OF THE BRAINPARTS OF THE BRAIN HYPOTHALAMUS

THALAMUS

PITUTARY GLAND

RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING BASIC BIOLOGICAL NEEDS:HUNGER,THRIST,

TEMPERATURE CONTROL

RELAY CENTER FOR CORTEX,HANDLES INCOMING AND OUTGOING SIGNALS.

MASTER GLAND REGULATES OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS.

PARTS OF THE BRAINPARTS OF THE BRAIN MEDULLA

PONS

CEREBELLUM

CORPUS CALLOSUM

RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING UNCONSCIOUS FUNCTIONS SUCH AS BREATHING AND CIRCULATION.

INVOLVES IN SLEEP AND AROUSAL.

CONTROLS BODILY BALANCE.

BRIDGE OF FIBERS PASSING INFORMATIONBETWEEN THE TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHRES

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION OF AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION OF RIGHT AND LEFT CEREBRAL RIGHT AND LEFT CEREBRAL

HEMISPHERESHEMISPHERESLEFT HEMISPHERE

RIGHT HAND TOUCH

SPEECHLANGUAGEWRITINGLOGIC MATHSCIENCE

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

LEFT HAND TOUCHSPATIAL

CONSTRUCTIONCREATIVE THINKINGFANTASYART AND MUSIC

APPRECIATION

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM A CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK THAT

SENDS MESSAGES THOUGHOUT THE BODY VIA THE BLOOD STREAM.

HORMONES-CHEMICALS THAT CIRCULATE THROUGH THE BLOOD STREAM AND REGULATE THE FUNCTIONING OR GROWTH OF THE BODY.

PITUITARY GLAND-THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM WHICH SECRETES HORMONES THAT CONTROL GROWTH AND THE OTHER PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYTEM.

MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND ITS MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND ITS FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY GLAND PARATHYROID

GLAND THYROID GLAND THYMUS ADRENAL GLAND PANCREAS

OVARY TESTES

HOMEOSTASIS GROWTH METABOLIC RATE

IMMUNE SYSTEM

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON,CONTROLS SUGAR METABOLISM

PROMOTE MALE/FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS.

MAJOR PROCESSES MAJOR PROCESSES CONTROLLED BY HORMONESCONTROLLED BY HORMONES

REPRODUCTION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT MOBILIZING THE BODY AGAINST STRESSORS MAINTAINING ELECTROLYTE,WATER,NUTRIENT

BALANCE OF THE BLOOD METABOLISM

PITUITARY GLANDPITUITARY GLAND

ANTERIOR ANTERIOR LOBE/ADENOHYPOPHYSISLOBE/ADENOHYPOPHYSISADRENOCORTICOTROPIC

HORMONE-REGULATE SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL

PROCESSES INCLUDING STRESS,GROWTH,REPRODUCTION AND LACTATION.

-TARGET GLAND-ADRENAL GLANDMINERALOCORTICOID,GLUCOCORTICOID,SEXCORTICOIDOVERPRODUCTION OF ACTH-CUSHING

SYNDROME-WEIGHT GAIN,EXCESSIVE GROWTH OF FATS,ROUND FACE

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

TARGET GLAND-THYROID GLAND-T3 (TRIIDITHYRONINE) T4 (THYROXINE)- BASALMETABOLISM

OVER SECRETION-HYPERTHYROIDISMUNDER SECRETION-HYPOTHYRODISM

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

TARGET GLAND-GONAD-GROWTH OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

LUTEINIZING HORMONETARGET GLAND-GONAD-SEX

HORMONE PRODUCTION

GROWTH HORMONETARGET GLAND-LIVER,ADIPOSE

TISSUE-PROMOTES GROWTH,LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE

UNDERSECRETION-DWARFISMOVER SECRETION-GIGANTISMOVERSECRETION(ADOLESENCE)-

ACROMEGALY

DWARFISMDWARFISM

ACROMEGALYACROMEGALY

PROLACTINTARGET GLAND-

OVARIES,MAMMARY GLAND-SECRETION OF ESTROGEN,PROGESTERONE,MILK PRODUCTION

POSTERIOR POSTERIOR LOBE/NEUROHYPOPHYSISLOBE/NEUROHYPOPHYSISOXYTOCINTARGET GLAND-

UTERUS,MAMMARY GLAND-UTERINE CONTRACTION,LACTATION

ANTI DIURETIC HORMONETARGET GLAND-KIDNEYS-

STIMULAYE WATER RETENTIONPROBLEM IN ADH-DIABETES

INSIPIDUS