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Psychological Disorders
Methods of Therapy
What is Psychotherapy?
• The treatment of psychological disorders or maladjustments by a professional technique
Who can perform psychotherapy?
• Licensed therapists– Doctors:
• Psychiatrist: has M.D. & residency
• Clinical Psychologist: PhD
– Masters Degrees:• Psychiatric social worker
• School psychologist
• Counseling psychologist
• Unlicensed therapists– Many AOD counselors
– Hypnotists
– Group facilitators
Psychoanalysis
• Based on work of Sigmund Freud
• Basic assumption: Illness is the result of unresolved conflicts from childhood.
• Often talks about early problems with parents, assumes individual has repressed conflicts/anger
Psychoanalysis
• Goal:– Therapist explores the “unconscious mind” for
insight into conflicts • helps remember forgotten experiences that still influence
behavior
• Involves:– Free association
– Dream Analysis
– Resistance
– Transference
Humanistic Therapy• Basic assumption:
• “client” has not grown - but can cure
him/herself.
• “Client-centered therapy”– Reflection of feelings
– Provide conditions in which positive growth can take place
• Goal:– Therapist gives client “unconditional positive regard and
acceptance.”
– Problems are discussed (utilizing “active listening”) and the client comes up with solutions.
Carl Rogers
Other Psychotherapies
• Play Therapy– Children may reveal true emotions,
feelings during play
• Transactional Analysis (TA)– 3 processes as part of our personality
• Parent – Judging & restricting behavior
• Child – Basic, spontaneous, dependant-behavior
• Adult – mature life oriented behavior
Biological Therapy(a.k.a. “medical model”)
• Basic assumption: The illness is a disease with a biological base.
• Goal: Treat chemical imbalances or reduce symptoms
Biological Therapy• Drug Therapy
– Usually do not cure behavior– Changes behavior so other treatments can be effective
• Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)– Used less than drugs
• possibility of brain damage
– Causes temporary unconsciousness &
convulsion, then awakening
• Lobotomies – rarely done anymore (controversial)
Behavior Therapy• Basic assumption: The illness was learned
through conditioning (and therefore can be unlearned).– Emphasizes behavior itself– Maladjustment because:
• Learned inadequate ways of behaving• Never learned how to cope with everyday problems
• Goal: – Therapist alters reinforcements– Uses behavior modification techniques
Behavior Therapy
• Aversive Therapy– Change undesirable behavior by pairing it with
punishment
• Desensitization– 2 opposite responses cannot exist at the same time– Get rid of undesirable response by strengthening
opposite response– Teach how to relax
Behavior Therapy
• Implosive Therapy– “floods” patient with anxiety to show that no harmful
experiences will result thus causing situation to lose its power
• Simple Extinction Therapy– Assumes maladjusted behavior continues because it is somehow
rewarded
– So… minimize reward to reduce chances of behavior recurring
• Modeling– Change behavior by watching & initiating behavior of a model
Cognitive Therapy
• Basic assumption: The illness is the result of inappropriate thought patterns and misinterpretations.
• Goal: – Therapist teaches new thought patterns – uses
cognitive restructuring.
Group Therapy• Basic assumption:
– Patient can benefit from interaction with others who have same problems – or the problems are the result of poor interactions
• Goals (vary with the group):– Get comfort, support, insight, and new
understanding from hearing others– Work out new ways of interacting
Group Therapy
• Encounter Groups– Explore feelings & motives within a group
• Family Therapy– Entire family participates because behavior is in
part resulting from maladjusted family
• Psychodrama– Act out problems in realistic role playing situations