PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGSPSYCHOACTIVE DRUGSPSYCHOACTIVE DRUGSPSYCHOACTIVE DRUGSPSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS2Drugs and ConsciousnessPsychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (affects consciousness).Drugs and Consciousness23Dependence & AddictionContinued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drugs effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.

Dependence & Addiction3Preview Question 10: What are dependence and addiction? Can substance abusers overcome their addictions?4Withdrawal & DependenceWithdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal.

Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).Withdrawal & Dependencecompulsive, excessive and difficult-to-control substance use or other, initially pleasurable behavior that begins to interfere with ordinary life, work, health, or relationships.Addiction or DependenceAddiction or DependencePhysical DependencePhysical Dependencea physiological need for a drug, that reveals itself through unpleasant withdrawal symptoms if the use stops or reducesPsychological DependencePsychological Dependencea psychological need to use a drug, or complete an activity to relieve negative emotions6Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.STIMULANTSPsychoactive DrugsHALLUCINOGENSDEPRESSANTS DEPRESSANTS DEPRESSANTS STIMULANTSSTIMULANTSHALLUCINOGENSHALLUCINOGENS67DepressantsDepressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:Alcohol BarbituratesOpiatesDepressants7Preview Question 11: What are depressants, and what are their effects?8Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memoryand increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.

Drinking and DrivingDaniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHSRay Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images92.Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.

103. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.http://opioids.com/timeline

11StimulantsStimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Examples of stimulants are: Caffeine NicotineCocaineEcstasyAmphetaminesMethamphetaminesStimulants11Preview Question 12: What are stimulants, and what are their effects?12Caffeine & NicotineCaffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy.

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http://office.microsoft.com/clipart13Why Do People Smoke?People smoke because it is socially rewarding.Smoking is also a result of genetic factors.

Russel Einhorn/ The Gamma Liason Network1314Why Do People Smoke?Nicotine takes away unpleasant cravings (negative reinforcement) by triggering epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and endorphins.Nicotine itself is rewarding (positive reinforcement).

1415CocaineCocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.

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16EcstasyEcstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.

Greg Smith/ AP Photos17HallucinogensHallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Ronald K. SiegelHallucinogens17Preview Question 13: What are hallucinogens, and what are their effects?18HallucinogensLSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid.THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

http://static.howstuffworks.comHemp Plant19

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Use of Psychoactive DrugsUse of Psychoactive Drugs