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Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

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Page 1: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Psych 101 Review 4Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Page 2: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Psychological Disorders

•Mental Health Professionals:•Clinical Psychologists: specializes in the

psychological treatment of mental disorders; PhD in psychology- does not prescribe drugs•Psychiatrist- specializes in biological treatment of

mental disorders (prescribes drugs); PhD and M.D.•Problem: diagnosing mental disorders• Is the patient mentally ill?• What form of mental illness does the patient suffer from?

Page 3: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

DSM-IV

•DSM: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders• Provides diagnostic criteria for all acknowledged

syndromes of mental illness•Rosenhan (1973)• Conclusion: observer and context

Page 4: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Abnormality

• Deviations from statistical norms• Very infrequent or rare behavior• Problem: positive behaviors also!

• Deviations from social norms• Diverges from socially accepted norms• Problem: culture!

•Maladaptiveness of behavior• Negative consequences for themselves• Problem: we must do uncomfortable things sometimes

Page 5: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Mood Disorders

•Types: •Unipolar- major depressive disorder• Straight down

•Bipolar- manic depressive disorder• Mood swings in both directions

Page 6: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Major Depression

•“Normal” DepressionTied to specific eliciting eventShort duration: 2-3 weeks or less

•“Major” DepressionNo obvious eliciting eventLong duration (months or years)SeverityIncidence: men< women

4% of world’s population

Page 7: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Major Depression

•Treatment•Bio: chemical imbalance in the brain- underactive

serotonin system•SSRIs (Serotonin re-uptake inhibitor)

•Psych: therapy, CBT, counseling

•Exercise!

•Relaxation: meditation, yoga

Page 8: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Schizophrenia

•Severe psychotic disorder of thoughts; thought and behavior are ‘divorced’ from reality

•Onset often occurs in young adulthood or adolescence

• Incidence rates: 1% of general pop

Page 9: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Schizophrenia

•Diagnostic Criteria:• Bizarre delusions• Paranoia• Auditory hallucinations• Disorders of logical thought• Catatonia or bizarre movements• Inappropriate emotional response

Page 10: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Schizophrenia

• Positive Type‘positive-symptoms’HallucinationsDelusionsThought disorders

•Negative Type‘negative-symptoms’Flat emotionsImpaired attentionPoor social adjustmentLack of motivation

Page 11: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Schizophrenia – causes, treatment

•Genetic predisposition + environmental stressor = schizophrenia•Genetic Factors•Enlarged ventricles – a possible factor•Dopamine hypothesis• Schizophrenia caused by a hyperactive dopamine system• Treatment: administer drugs that reduce activity of DA

system

Page 12: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Phobias

•Phobias- irrational fears• Simple: claustrophobia, hydrophobia

•More complex: agoraphobia- fear of contact with other people or open spaces

• BEST THERAPY: SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION

Page 13: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Therapy

• Psychological treatment of psychological problems/disorders• Not effective for psychosis

• Psychoanalytic Therapy• Probs caused by repressed thoughts/impulses/conflicts• Allow impulses to enter consciousness to work through them• Tools and Methods:

• Free associations• Dream analysis• Analysis of everyday behavior-malepropisms• Projective tests• Examination of resistance

Page 14: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Therapy

• Behavior Therapy• Maladaptive learned responses to stimuli• Client unlearns association between stimuli and maladaptive response• Tools and methods

• Systematic desensitization• Aversive conditioning

Page 15: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Therapy

• Humanistic (Client-centered) therapy• Result from low self esteem• Client clarify feelings and strive to fulfill potential – self actualization• Tools and methods

• Non-directive counseling: genuineness, empathy, unconditional positive regard

Page 16: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Therapy

• Perls ‘Gestalt’ Therapy• Self-actualization blocked when important thoughts, emotions and wishes

remain outside our awareness• Pre-occupation with social roles and expectations• Frustrate person to get them to stop being a ‘phony’• Tools and methods:

• Pay attention to non-verbal behavior• Point out phony behavior• Focus on ‘here and now’• ‘empty chair’ trick- direct confrontation with problem• Ask client to act/behave in a manner opposite to the way s/he actually is

Page 17: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Therapy

• Cognitive Therapy• Counterproductive habits of thought• Help client eliminate bad habits of thought based on irrational beliefs

• Exs: all or nothing thinking, overgeneralizations, disqualifying the positive, mind reading, catastrophizing, emotional reasoning

• Tools and methods:• Cognitive restructuring• Self-instructional training: ‘self-talk’

Page 18: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Therapy

• Cognitive Behavioral therapy• Currently the most popular form of therapy• Combines cognitive and behavioral therapy with an emphasis on the

cognitive aspects

Page 19: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Social Psychology

• The study of social influences on behavior and of social relations between people• A. Love

• Romantic love: an aroused state of an intense absorption in another person• Compassionate love: the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are

deeply interrelated

Page 20: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Dating

• Men fall in love more quickly than women and women are more likely to end a relationship than are men• Dyadic factors for breaking up:

• Bored with relationship- 76%• Differences in interests- 72%-61%

• Non-dyadic Factors:• Women’s desire to be independent• Man’s desire to be independent

Page 21: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Marriage and Divorce

• The number of people getting married has steadily declined over the past 50 years• The age of people getting married has steadily increased of the past

50 years• Divorce:

• Communication problems- 83%• Unrealistic expectations- 55%

Page 22: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Influence of Social Roles and Social Situations

• Zimbardo Prison study• Results:

• Guards became abusive and degrading• Prisoners became passive and obedient; some of them broke down

emotionally• Grad students, parents, chaplain conformed to the situation and accepted

without question!

• Conclusion: our behavior is strongly influenced by the social roles/situations we find ourselves in

Page 23: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Influence of Social Roles and Social Situations

• Milgram’s Study: the tendency to obey authority• “Teachers” (subjects) were asked to administer very strong shocks to

innocent “learners’• Manipulate distance between ‘Teacher’ subject and ‘victim’ learner

• Compliance increases• Manipulate distance btwn ‘teacher’ subject and authority figure

• Compliance decreases

Page 24: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Influence of Social Roles and Social Situations

• Effects of age, gender, educational level and occupation of subject• no effect

• All kinds of people are willing to obey authority figures, even when that results in harm to others

• Nurse experiment• Broke all 3 cardinal rules!• “the doctor is always right”

Page 25: Psych 101 Review 4 Psychological Disorders, Therapy Techniques and Social Psychology

Finally… are you interested in getting research experience in a psychology lab?• Dr. Osterhout’s lab is looking for

undergraduate research assistants! • Cognitive Neuroscience of

Language Lab• Study how the brain processes

language• First languages, second

languages, during language learning, etc…

• For the summer onwards (looking for people for multiple quarters)• Interested? E-mail Alison (one

of your TAs) at: [email protected]