Pss Sincal Slides

E D SE PTI SW / Sachs

Power Transmission and Distribution

PSSSINCALBenefits from advanced network planning procedures


PSSPSSSINCALSINCALSystem System PlanningPlanning forfor all Fieldsall Fields

NetworkNetwork Analysis Analysis steadysteady statestate and and dynamicdynamic

Multi WindowingMulti WindowingDiagrams for Diagrams for VisualizingVisualizing

Network analysis and planningNetwork analysis and planning

Weak pointsWeak points

Optimal structuresOptimal structures

Cost effective networksCost effective networks

Power Water Power Water Gas Gas DistrictDistrict HeatingHeating


Data Dictionary

COM-Interfaces: Data base access layer

Input data

Graphic data

Results

SINCAL DB

SQL-DB Librariesglobal / local global / local global / local

elements protection macros

Object oriented access layer (models, methods, cases)

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WorkspaceXML

Embedding PSSSINCAL into IT Environment

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Standard Interfaces:GIS Smallworld(Mettenmeier)DVGUCTEPSS EAdeptViperNETOMAC

CIM-ExchangeODMS

EXCEL-Import

Scripting (any language)

Customized:SCADAGISERP.

Customized Applications

Data Bus - (virtual) Data Ware House - Middle ware IEC 61970 - CIM/XMLG

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CIM/XMLPSSSINCAL


PSSSINCAL Modules Electricity Networks

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4Z [Ohm]

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

t [sec]

EB14EB2EB11EB12EB5EB10

S1 SS1 SS3 SS2 Abg1

EB14 EB2

EB11

EB12

EB5

EB10

Schutzstrecke: EB14 [S1,Abg1]10 -1 1 10 1 10 2 103 10 4 10 5

I [A]10-3

10-2

10-1

1

101

102

103

104

t [s]

-K2 S5 EB6 NA-B -K2 S7 EB3 RSZ3nkva K2 S2 EB2 3WN6 K2 S7 EB7 3UA42-2C K2 S1 EB1 7SJ512

Basic Modules Enhanced Modules Time Domain Frequency Domain Protection Strategy

Load FlowUnbalancedLoad Flow

Unbalanced

Short Circuit 1-PhaseIEC / VDE / ANSI / G74

or Preload


or Preload


or Preload


or Preload

Dimensioning of LV Networks

Dimensioning of LV Networks

Load Flow OptimizationLoad Flow Optimization

Ripple ControlRipple Control


or Preload


or Preload

StabilityStability

Distance ProtectionDistance Protection

Multiple FaultMultiple Fault

Generation andLoad Profile

Generation andLoad Profile

Load DevelopmentLoad Development

ReliabilityReliability

Protection SimulationProtection Simulation

Harmonic ResponseHarmonic Response

ElectromagneticTransients EMT

ElectromagneticTransients EMT

EigenvaluesEigenvalues

Optimal BranchingOptimal Branching Line ConstantsLine Constants

Cost CalculationsCost Calculations

Contingency AnalysisContingency AnalysisCompensationOptimizationCompensation

Optimization

Optimal Network Structures


Graphical Model BuilderBOSL / Netcad

Graphical Model BuilderBOSL / Netcad

Motor StartMotor Start

Overcurrent Time Protection

Overcurrent Time Protection

Load BalancingLoad Balancing

Arc Flash HazardArc Flash Hazard

Load FlowBalanced

Load FlowBalanced

Generic Wind ModelsGeneric Wind Models

FACTS ModelsFACTS ModelsLoad Allocation (Trim) Transformer Tap DetectionLoad Allocation (Trim)

Transformer Tap Detection


PSSSINCAL Modules - Pipe Networks

Gas Water District Heating

Gas Steady State

Gas Steady State

Gas Dynamic

Gas Dynamic

Water DynamicWater

Dynamic

Water Steady State

Water Steady State

Water Tower Filling

Water Tower Filling

District HeatingDynamic

District HeatingDynamic

District HeatingSteady State

District HeatingSteady State

Gas Contingency Analysis

Gas Contingency Analysis

Water Contingency Analysis

Water Contingency Analysis

District HeatingContingency Analysis

District HeatingContingency Analysis


Presentation of Calculation ResultsProtocol in Crystal Reports


Presentation of Calculation ResultsResult evaluation in tabular view


Presentation of Calculation ResultsDisplay at Element Location


Presentation of Calculation ResultsResults in the Network Map- Short Circuit


Presentation of Calculation ResultsResults in the Network Map- unbal. Loadflow


Presentation of Calculation ResultsNetwork with coloured Results


Diagram Comparison for Different Variants

In the diagram system, diagram data from different variants can now be compared.

Fig: Voltage curve diagram with data from multiple variants

Fig: Dialog box for customizing diagrams


Presentation of Calculation ResultsDiagrams for Illustration


Supporting Network Planning by common features

Building catalogues for network parts or specificoutlet or busbar configurations

Working with macrosworking with multiple data bases at the same timesee them in separate windowsholding them synchronousdefining connetcion points between them

Using variantsusing tree structure for updatesmaintaining the network changesevaluate across different variants

Defining batch procedures

Programming with COM-Interfaces


Macro usage


Calculation of Transfer between Networks


Supporting Network Planning with specific features

Definition of areas, zones and other element groups

Calculation of power exchange between areas

Highlighting of element groups

Calculation and display of ISO-Areas e.g. for load density

Positioning of Substation by load density criteria

Feeder evaluation and documentation

Load profiles (days, weeks ,year, common)

Load increase in areas during time periods

Cost calculation (elements with life time cycles)


PSSSINCAL Network Generation: Load Density Visualization

On basis of the customer loads and their location in the area a load density visualization is done with isoregionsWith this it is possible to get a quick overview about the load and feeding situation.

red: high load density e.g. town centregreen: low load density


Iso area with load density and substation placement


Feeder evaluation and documenation

Feeder individually or per substation

Feeder documentation in EXCEL sheets

e.g. adjascent feederchecking


Feeder Evaluation


Load density in areas with proposal for supply loops


load development during a long time period

load density in different areas during a 10 years

investigation

2000 2005 2010

load increase in areas with additional loads


Digitizing of Maps


Background Graphics

.shp

.MrSid


From Data Collection to Results

Digitised Import from GIS

Import from Excel

PSSSINCALData Base

ResultsExport to Excel

PSSE, etc.


Standard Interface between GE Smallworld and PSSSINCAL


PSSSINCAL Network displayed in Google Earth


PSSSINCALNetworks and Results displayed in Google Earth


Modelling of Large Transmission Networks in PSSSINCAL


PSSSINCAL Example: Schematic Network View


Example: Network with synchronizedgeographic and one-line diagram


PSSSINCAL Substion Model (with decluttering)


Wind Power Simulation

Modeling of wind power plants and their effect on the network:

Connection and Grid Code Compliance StudiesLoad flow, short-circuit, harmonics, protection anddynamic simulations (RMS, EMT), fault ride through

Connection modelsAC-connections, HVDC, HSC-HVDC, DC-lines


Wind Power Simulation

Modeling of wind power plants and their effect on the network:

Modeling of wind generatorsGeneric models for squirrel-cage and double-fed induction generators, direct driven synchronousgenerators (including pitch control, wind speed, crowbar, PWM controllers, etc.) are available.Specific vendor models can be embedded.

Siemens AG, E D SE PTI SW

Pr oduce d with PSS (R) NETOM AC (Re gi stered trademark of S iemens A G)TESTNET

SCIG SMIB test system - RMS - dT=1 - SCR=1000

2009 -1 0-30 12 :19

1

0 1.25 2.50 3.75 5.00 [s ]

-1.2 5

0

1.2 5PCC volta ge(pu)

-1

0

1MEL [pu]WTG1

-1

0

1Y DREHZ [__]WTG1cppu

-4

0

4P [MW ]BRA 2LTG3

-1

0

1Y DREHZ [__]WTG1vwf

-5

0

5Y VAR -Y [__]CAP 1NC

-10

0

10Y DRE HZ [__]W TG1b eta

-4

0

4Q [Mvar]C AP1PCC

-1

0

1

MMEC H [pu]WTG1

-4

0

4

Q [Mvar]BRA 2LTG3

Siemens AG, E D SE PTI SW

Pr oduce d with PSS (R)NETOMAC (Re gi st ere d trade mark of S iemens A G)DFIG_TESTNET

DFIG SMIB test system - RMS - dT=1 - SCR=1 00

20 09 -10-3 0 12 :28

1

0 0.25 0.5 0 0.7 5 1.0 0 [s ]

-5

0

5active powerstator + LSC(MW )

-5

0

5active powerstator(MW )

-2

0

2active powerLSC(MW )

-2

0

2active cu rr entstator + LSC(pu)

-2

0

2crow bar t rigger

-1 .5

0

1 .5generato r speed

(pu)

-5

0

5

reactive powerstator + LSC(MVAr )

-5

0

5

reactive powerstator(MVAr )

-2

0

2

reactive powerLSC(MVAr )

-2

0

2

reactive curren tstator + LSC(pu)

user defined models(including machine model)

Matlab Simulink models

wind profiles


One PSSSINCAL Element Model for all Tasks

The model complexity could vary from very simple (e.g. for short circuit) to normal (Load Flow or Harmonics) and different levels of complexity for Dynamics (different PV models or wind)


Example: PSSSINCAL Dynamics in Unbalanced Networks with DER (PV, Wind,)

simulates effects like:

network stability, if a wind generator at the end of a feeder disconnects from the grid and grid is unbalanced

or

unbalanced faults simulation in balanced systems e.g. according to grid code


Smart Grid Simulation(photovoltaic, fuel cells, batteries, )

Distributed generation (e.g. photovoltaic, wind turbines, fuel cells, batteries) and its effect on the network can be simulated.

Stability analysis (for balanced & unbalanced disturbances), protection simulation, harmonic analysis, etc.

Single-phase loads and generation can be modeled.

Quasi-dynamic simulation of changesin solar radiation or wind speed is possible with generation/load profiles.

Smart meter data can be integrated.


Smart Metering

Smart Grid Calculation


Smart Grid Calculation


Solution for optimal Operation: Switching off back-feeding Transformer by Network Protectors

meshed low voltage network with (single phase) DER

feed-back of transformers

sequential switch offof transformers by NWP


PSSSINCAL has an linkage to MDMS system

Understand the actual networksand evaluate specific events (post mortem)

Improve long term network planningbased on profile data for loads and generators

Develop more suitable standard profilesfor utility-specific clusters of customers.

Recognize different trends in the network at an early stage

Support Operation Planning :Influence the network configuration based on the actual situationOptimize the loading of elements due to the conditions of the last periodShift investments to a later date


Long Term Network Planning in PSSSINCAL via MeterReadService from Energy IP

Existing network model within the network planning System PSSSINCAL

All loads and generators linked to standard VWEW profiles

SINCAL analyzes this specific day

2 loads represent the meters in the presentation wall, are linked to these meters with specific profile names

On request load profiles from history are uploaded from Energy IP system to SINCAL data base

New, optimal network structures with additional equipment are evaluated

Data Dictionary


Input dataGraphic data

Results

SINCAL DB




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WorkspaceXML

PSSSINCAL


The network simulation gives you results for the loading of the network and for the voltage ranges during the day in every locationSINCAL also provides theme-maps for the whole network e.g. for the voltage at different times

This will lead to optimized network configuration for the future based on reliable evaluations

Long Term Network Planning in PSSSINCAL via MeterReadService from Energy IP


SINCAL simulates the actual situation of the network and optimizes the network configuration

On request via the ActivityGateway of EnergyIP the average P and Q of the last h of the loads are updated in the SINCAL data base

The operation planning can initiate suitable changes in the SCADA systemData Dictionary


Input dataGraphic data

Results

SINCAL DB




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WorkspaceXML

PSSSINCAL

Operation Network Planning in PSSSINCAL via the ActivityGateway of Energy IP

Actual Customer Meter Data

Existing network model within the network planning System PSSSINCAL

All loads and generators linked to standard VWEW profiles and planning P and Q2 loads represent the meters in the presentation wall, are linked to these meters with the actual P and Q


The network simulation gives you results for the loading of the network and for the voltage ranges for the near real time situation

With a suitable network configuration a change of parts of a feeder to an adjacent feeder can optimize generation and losses in the network

Operation Network Planning in PSSSINCAL via the ActivityGateway of Energy IP


Benefit for Utilities and Customers

Benefits

Save losses

Save investment cost

Save carbon pollution

May offer cheaper energy to the customers

Support new form of Micro Grids

Support new pricing models for customers (e.g. load shedding on demand)Operate networks with a high content of distributed energy resources (DER)

With the better and actual knowledge of the network situation gained out of the customer and feeder data together with the structure and operation planning the networks can be optimized


PSSSINCAL : Programming Interface

Open Structure

SINCAL DB

SINCAL COM

SINCAL DB

+

VBA

VBS

.NET

Open + DocumentatedDB

SINCAL 3.52 PSSSINCAL 5xx

DATA DATA + Methods

External Applicationscould control PSSSINCALby standard-APIs


PSSSINCAL : Example Automation

Control of PSSSINCAL byExcel

Requirements: PSSSINCAL V5xx MS Excel 2000

Tools: Visual Basic for Application(VBA) Visual Basic Editor within Excel

Knowledge: SQL Visual Basic PSSSINCAL DB-Structure


3D-Visualization Load funnels


3D-Visualization Load density and max load


Good Reasons for PSSSINCAL: Long history in power system planning, analysis and software Complete network analysis tool for electricity networks (radial/meshed,

balanced/unbalanced, all voltage levels) as well as gas, waterand district heat networks

Powerful network analysis and planning tools with strong graphical visualization & automated documentation capability

Geographic and schematic networks diagrams are supported Good integration in work flows and with other IT-systems,

e.g. GIS (e.g. ESRI, Smallworld etc.), SCADA/DMS/EMS interfaces Numerous standard import and export formats, e.g. PSS E, CIM, Excel Easy to use (Plug and work), online help, hotline support Trainings, customized workshops and user group meetings Continuous further development and regular updates


calculation of quality mixture from different sources and time from source to node


contour plotting in pipe networks (load density)


Contour plotting of elevation of nodes


longitudinal cuts through network


longitudinal cut: results


longitudinal cut for three different working points


Water: filling of water tower within the day


day profile of at a defined node


display of problems in supply


longitudinal cut:forward and reverse flow (heating)


Tasks:Determination of currents, voltages and powerswithin electrical networks- within operation- within failure of operation equipment- while changing of loads

Restrictions:no overloading or operation equipmentvoltages within the voltage rangemachines within controler ranges

Determination of weak points

PSSSINCAL LoadflowTasks


UG = const.

A B

S = const.

UL

ZABI

S = x UL x J = const.

UG = const.

Z = const.

ZULI

ZABA B

S =UL

ZS = S100%

ULU100%

constantpower

constantimpedance

( ) 2

PSSSINCAL Loadflowconstant Power or constant Impedance

3


Y =U(y)S*SOLL

U*(y-1)

P

=

Q

P|U|

Q|U|

|U|

|U| |U||U|

P

QNewton-Raphson

Current - Iteration

PSSSINCAL LoadflowLoadflow - Iteration Methods


Load and generation profile modelling

simultaneity factor

load or generationprofile


Losses at the transformer in kWh

Calculating power from energyWorking with diversity factors

Working with day curves(different types, 96-1/4h-values)

PSSSINCAL Load Flow Day Profiles


Determination of the max. and min values at.:

according to VDE 0102/1/90 eg. IEC 909 or 2002

for system configuration, thermic and dynamicdimensioning of switching devices,protection coordinationinterference,method of neutral-point connection

1 -2 -3 -} phase short circuits

PSSSINCAL Short CircuitTasks


2

2

I

k

"

i

P

time

current

switching off time: 0,1s...1s

A

22 Ik= 22 Ik"

Ik thermic stress

iP mechanical stress

PSSSINCAL Short CircuitStress in case of short circuit

upper envelope curve

lower envelope curve

DC component


PSSSINCAL Short Circuitwith Preload

Loadflow

Short Circuit: Feed back Short Circuit with Preload

Superposition


Protection Devices

must carry load current must switch off faults selectively

Combination:

Loadflow1 - phase short circuit

PSSSINCAL DimensioningTasks


1. Time step

2. Time step

3. Time step

Ik1 > k ( In1 + In2 )

In1 max. permissable Insi according to neutralizationRated current of existing fuse Insi > max. perm.Insi according to neutralization

PSSSINCAL DimensioningContradictions


PSSSINCAL Multiple FaultsCombination of Faults


PSSSINCAL Stability (ST)


PSSSINCAL Electromagnetic Transients (EMT)


System OverviewSystem Overview

Load flowInitial conditions

Short circuit calculationIEC or ANSI

System in a-b-cAll elements by

differential equationsNon-linearities

Single line networkComplex admittances

Symmetrical componentsFundamental frequency

Time domainInstantaneous values

ns ... s ... ms ... sQuasi steady-state values

s ... min

Electromechanicalphenomena

48.5

Power System 2 - System 1 [MW]

50Frequency [Hz]

65

0

Voltage System 1 and 2 [%]100

85

Special requirements,e.g. interferences of tunnel

accessories by trainsLine feeder

Return path

ChainWall

Cable ductRails

Earthing strip

Frequency responseResonances

Degree of compensation

SystemGenerator

1

1

10-4

10-2

Time domain

Graphical input with NETCAD:System components,Machines, Shafts,Grid- and machine controllers,Control units

onlyLoad flow

all system variablesFrequency domain

Graphical outputof results withNETCAD

75%

Load flowOperating point

System linearization

Eigenvalue analysisFrequency domain

Local modes

Inter-area modes

2.5Hz

0.5Hz

G6

G5G4G3

G2

G1

Eigenvalue analysisj

NEVA

Frequency domainEigenvalue analysisSystem oscillations

Local modes

Inter-area modes

2.5Hz

0.5Hz

G6

G5G4G3

G2

G1

Observability, Controllabilityj

NEVA


Program Program ModesModes

SIEMENS AG, EV NP

Produced with NETOMAC(R) NETOMAC is a registered trade-mark of Siemens AGSVC_DEMO_K

PAGE :SVC ON NODE AE WITH RANGE +/- 400.000 FREQUENCY CONTROLLED3PHASE SC AT F-L7 CLEARED BY OPENING SL7-1 AND SL7-2 AFTER 0.256SEC.LOAD FLOW CONTROLLER (LFC)

1

VOLTAGE ANDACTIVE POWERNODE AE

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 SEC

-1.5

0.0

1.5

VOLTAGENODE AEIN P.U.

-1000

0

1000ACTIVE POWERAT AE IN MW

SIEMENS AG, EV NP

Produced with NETOMAC(R) NETOMAC is a registered trade-mark of Siemens AGSVC_DEMO .

PAGESVC ON NODE AE WITH RANGE +/- 400.000, FREQUENCY CONTROOLEDLOAD FLOW CONTROLLER (LFC)

15.9.1999 21:08

1

VOLTAGE ANDACTIVE POR

0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 SEC

0.0

1.5LE-Volt [ pu]AE

-1000

0

1000P [ MW]SL5-2

SIEMENS AG, EV NP

Produced with NETOMAC(R) NETOMAC is a registered trade-mark of Siemens AGDOKUNEU SIEMENS AG EV_NP2-dn0040/Ru

Erstellt mit NETOMAC fr Windowsbergang Momentanwertteil - StabilittsteilTESTRECHNUNG (DOKU)

15.9.1999 21:01

1

GeneratorgrenBild 1 von 1

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 SEC

-1

0

1DIF-Volt[ pu]110KVT2. RBETR.SIE R

-75

0

75THETA [ Deg]GT5MVA

-1

0

1P [ pu]GT5MVA

-1

0

1MMECH [ pu]GT5MVA

-1

0

1LE-Volt [ pu]BETR.SIE R

-5

0

5IA_HV [ pu]GT5MVA

-1

0

1Q [ pu]GT5MVA

-1

0

1+ 0.7 pu

-75

0

75

THETA [ Deg]DT2.5MVA

-1

0

1

MEL [ pu]GT5MVA

-1

0

1

- 0.7 pu

Transient Mode

Stability ModeFrequency Response

Transient Stability Mode


Useful Tools for Increase of Application EfficiencyUseful Tools for Increase of Application Efficiency

Variant Calculations

Dynamic NetreductionInteractive Simulationsupports Training PSS/PSS/NETOMACNETOMAC

Identification / Optimization

Other Data / Formats

Automated processes for variant investigations

Recognition algorithms forunknown quantities

Complete System

Relevant Network

ImportfilterExportfilter


NEVANEVA -- Visualization of Power Systems OscillationsVisualization of Power Systems Oscillations

ME NM

CO

AZ

UTCA

NV

WY

IDOR

MTWA

ABBC

-0.03 j4.06 rad/secf = 0.65 Hz

Chile

WSCC

All Results Are Visualized in NEVArSample Results

NETS

0.30 Hz

0.60 Hz0.65 Hz

0.70 Hz

SAPP

SECP(Southeast China Power)

(Western Systems Coordinating Council)

(New England Test System)

(South African Power Pool)

Geographical Mode ShapeGeographical Mode Shape

NEVA - various representations of resultsNEVA - various representations of results


NEVANEVA -- Controller Controller SitingSiting

Residue (incl. O. and C.)Residuesvoltageexcitationspeedrotor

VG

PSSs

_

_

)( =

=

Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

SVCpowerreactivepowerlinevoltagebus

QVG

SVC

Buss

__

_,_

)( =

=

Static Var Compensator (SVC)

TCSCcesuspecpowerline

BPG

L

Ls

_tan_

)( =

=

Thyristor Controlled SeriesCapacitor (TCSC)

SMESpoweractivefrequencybus

PG

SMESs

__

_

)( =

=

Superconductive Magnetic EnergyStorage (SMES)

0.3 Hzinterarea

mode

0.3 Hzinterarea

mode

without TCSC

with TCSCwith fixed series compensation

PL (MW)


Automatic Test and Optimization of Protection Automatic Test and Optimization of Protection EquipmentEquipment

Simulation of your real network conditions for the protection and controller tests

Test continuation also after the first system response (e.g. Autoreclosure) Realtime simulation of processes with complex fault conditions (e.g.

Double-earth fault)

AD

System-response

Di Ne Mogital twork delRelay

NETOMAC

Digital Real-Time-Simulator

Amplifiers

D/A - ConverterPC

PCInterface

HardwareInterface


PSSPSSNETOMAC LightNETOMAC LightTestingTesting of an of an ExciterExciter ControllerController


S335

S440

S340

S437

V39 5

V400V393

V390

PSSPSSSINCALSINCALoptimal optimal BranchingBranching


PSSPSSSINCALSINCALoptimal optimal BranchingBranching


3. Usual approximations

1. Lv = Lo and Rv = Ro regardless of the frquency dependency

of the ohmic part

2. Lv = Lo v k and Rv = Ro v k nearly constant quality factor

3. Considering theSkin and Proximity Effects

0.9

Re { Z }

f

Im { Z }

f

f

PSSSINCAL HarmonicsFrequency Dependency of the Elements


PSSPSSSINCAL SINCAL HarmonicsHarmonicsHarmonicHarmonic Response and Polar Plot of a Response and Polar Plot of a NetworkNetwork PointPoint


PSSPSSSINCAL SINCAL HarmonicsHarmonicsVoltageVoltage DisturbanceDisturbance at at NodeNode and and NetworkNetwork LevelLevel


Contingency Analysis


Reactive Power Optimization: Capacitor Placement

Optimum capacitor locations

Capacitor rating

Reduction in network losses

Annual savings from reduced losses

Return on investment period

Result documentation in report

Optional automatic creation of proposed capacitors in the network.


The aim of this optimization procedure is to reduce transmission losses by adding capacitors. PSS SINCAL estimates the costs for the capacitors and the expected savings from reducing transmission losses. Based on costs and savings the "Return on Investment" can be determined.

The available capacitors as well as the nodes where these can be placed need to be defined. The capacitor placement optimization procedure then attempts to place available capacitors at those nodes where they will produce the least possible network losses.

Available capacitors:

10 * 0,1 MVA, 0,7 kV

5 * 0,5 MVA, 0,7 kV

Available insert nodes:1 and 2

1

2

The following have been installed at Node 1:

2 * 0,1 MVA and 1 * 0,5 MVA

The following have been installed at Node 2:

2 * 0,1 MVA and 1 * 0,5 MVA

1

2

Capacitor Placement


Compensation Optimization


Tap Zone Detection

Tap Zone Detection is a special load flow procedure for determining transformer tap positions in feeders. PSS SINCAL attempts to set transformer tap positions at the feeders so that the voltage for supplied consumers stays within the permitted voltage range for both minimum and maximum load.

Basically, tap zone calculations combine a simple optimization with load trimming for minimum and maximum operating states.

The results of tap zone calculations provide the optimal transformer tap positions as well as the load flow results for minimum and maximum load.

Enhanced loads with transformer and measurementsMeasuringdevices

Transfomer Tap Calculation


-In the first step, the load is trimmed for both the minimum and maximum values in the network. The network needs to be analyzed topologically to determine how measuring devices and loads are interconnected.

-With the help of the network topology, PSS SINCAL assigns all loads "behind" a measuring device to it. Any number of loads can be assigned to a measuring device.

-Loads with measurements are included in the tap zone detection. Loads without measurements remain with their prescribed power as constant load in the network.

- After load trimming, two load flow calculations are performed for both minimum and maximum loads.

- The load flow results are stored at the enhanced loads. -- PSS SINCAL uses this data to determine the tap

position so that the transformer low-voltage side at the enhanced load stays within the permitted voltage range for both minimum and maximum load.

- The optimal transformer tap positions calculated are prepared for all the nodes with attached enhanced loads

Transfomer Tap Calculation


Transformer Tap Calculation

To visualize the results in a simple and clearly arranged manner, the evaluation type tap zone positions can be used to color the network diagram. Network areas with the same transformer tap positions are colored in identical colors.

The load flow results are prepared for both minimum and maximum load.

To precisely evaluate transformer tap positions, PSS SINCAL has special voltage curve diagrams to show voltage curves at feeders


Parallel Injection Series Injection

PSSSINCAL Ripple ControlModells of Transmitter


Reliability Analysis as Planning Tool

Interruption frequency Hu 1/aMean interruption duration Tu hUnavailability Qu min/aPerformance interruption Lu MVA/aEnergy not supplied in time Wu MVAh/aInterruption costs Ku EUR/a

Interruption frequency Hu 1/aMean interruption duration Tu hUnavailability Qu min/aPerformance interruption Lu MVA/aEnergy not supplied in time Wu MVAh/aInterruption costs Ku EUR/a

Reliability indices

Additional planning tool Quality statement for customers Basis for risk assessment Support for maintenance management Identification of weak points

Additional planning tool Quality statement for customers Basis for risk assessment Support for maintenance management Identification of weak points

Significance of reliability analysis

Non availability

0

2

4

6

8

10

Exist V1 V2 V3Variant

m

i

n

/

a

Non availability

0

2

4

6

8

10

Exist V1 V2 V3Variant

m

i

n

/

a


Reference Case Reference Case Normal OperationNormal OperationAbsolute NonAbsolute Non--Availability in min/aAvailability in min/a

0 min/a0 min/a 25 min/a25 min/a

Example: Day ahead reliability assessmentwithout and with line shutdown for maintenance

0 min/a0 min/a 25 min/a25 min/a

Scenario Scenario Line Shutdown for MaintenanceLine Shutdown for MaintenanceAbsolute NonAbsolute Non--Availability in min/aAvailability in min/a


Extension: Variant A

0

20

40

60

80

100

f (E)F (E)

Kabel Transformatoren Schaltanlagen

Influence of components to energy not delivered in time


PSSSINCAL ReliabilityInput and output data in network diagram


- several motors running up atdifferent time

- Spezification ofload torquemotor torquestarting current

- variable-speed drivepossible

PSSSINCAL Motor StartingInput Data


PSSSINCAL Motorstart (MA)


Overcurrent time protection

Coordination of overcurrent time protection devices

Extensive overcurrentprotection device library:

Overcurrent time relays Fuses and bimetal

switches MCBs and circuit

breakers

Definition of user-defined overcurrent time protection characteristics and devices

Stepped-event simulation of relay starting and operation (including back-up protection)


Distance protection

Calculation of distance protection relay settings based on different grading strategies


Depiction of protection simulation results

Stepped-event simulation automatically determines the protection device states if the network configuration changes,

e.g. change of short circuit current/impedance after disconnection of one end of a parallel circuit

green:started

red: tripped

Tele-protection


Stepped-Event Fault Simulation in PSSSINCAL

Simulation determines automatically the state of operation of overcurrent time and distance protection devices

Changes in the network due to protection devise operation areconsidered, i.e. each state of fault clearance sequence is simulated

Unwanted overload tripping conditions are checked Different fault locations are simulated

Results are summarized in reports and visualized graphically

Warning messages indicate unsuccessful fault clearance Detailed step-wise analysis of fault events (e.g. back-up

protection)


Results of stepped-event protection system analysis


Protection Devices Management System PSSPDMS

PSS PDMS (Protection Device Management System) is a program for the central management of protection devices and their settings. All the data are stored in a central relational database for protection devices.


PSSSINCAL and PSSEGraphic Model Builder (GMB)

GMB supports modeling of AVRs, Exciters, and other models GMB created models are easily included in PSSSINCAL and

PSSE files Now model any vendor-supplied model


PSSSINCAL and PSSEGMB Wires Together Control Blocks


PSS SINCAL Cost Calculation

The objective of the Cost Calculationis to determine the most economictechnical solution

Investment, annual maintenance, de-commissioning, energy costs; interest rate, planning horizon, depreciation, etc. are taken into account

Costs can be assigned to network elements or to station, feeder, equipment and route model

User-defined cost libraries are supported Costs comparison of planning horizon

based on net present value method


Cost calculation

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

171 282 403 604

Proposed solution

Conductor Cross Section in mm2

MDM

B1 B1 B3 B4

G

G

2 x 500 MW

345 kV345 kV

161 kV

2 x 500 MVA

load

power station substation

30 km

Alternative B: 345 kV

G

G

power station161 kV

2 x 500 MW

load

2 x 500 MVA

substation161 kV 345 kV

30 km

Alternative A: 161 kV



The objective of this method is the determination of optimal structures for medium-voltage networks.

The optimization considers minimum losses and complies with technical limits (max. feeder load, max. voltage drop, etc.), and determines the costs of proposed Greenfield network structure.

Picture 1 shows an underlying route and station model. Picture 2 shows the resulting identified

optimal routes from network stations (representing loads and downstream networks) to the primary substations.

Various optimization strategies are available and resulting alternatives can provide a benchmark for

the existing network.

Picture 1

Picture 2

Documents

Pss Sincal Slides