What is Psychology?What is Psychology?

A long past but a short A long past but a short history!history!

What it is not.What it is not.Be wary of “Be wary of “pop psychologypop psychology””

–PsychobabblePsychobabble - language loaded with - language loaded with psychological terminologypsychological terminology–PseudosciencePseudoscience - set of ideas based on - set of ideas based on theories put forth as scientific when they theories put forth as scientific when they are notare not

–Main difference: Main difference: EmpiricismEmpiricismobservation, explanation, prediction, testingobservation, explanation, prediction, testing

Common sense?Common sense?

–Isn’t a lot of psychology just common Isn’t a lot of psychology just common sense?sense?–description versus explanationdescription versus explanation–““why” versus “what”—echoes the why” versus “what”—echoes the difference between science and common difference between science and common sense sense

–Critical thinkingCritical thinking! - thinking that mirrors the ! - thinking that mirrors the values of the scientific methodvalues of the scientific method

Critical thinkingCritical thinking

Critical thinking – reflective Critical thinking – reflective thinkingthinking

–Discerning and wiseDiscerning and wise–Examines assumptionsExamines assumptions–Evaluates evidenceEvaluates evidence–Assesses conclusionsAssesses conclusions

From speculation to From speculation to sciencescience

Prior to 1879Prior to 1879–Physiology and philosophy scholars Physiology and philosophy scholars studying questions of the mindstudying questions of the mind

Wilhelm Wilhelm WundtWundt (1832-1920) University (1832-1920) University of Leipzig, Germanyof Leipzig, Germany

–Campaigned to make psychology an Campaigned to make psychology an independent scienceindependent science–Established the first laboratory for the Established the first laboratory for the study of psychology in 1879.study of psychology in 1879.

Psychology was bornPsychology was born

The Dual Roots of The Dual Roots of PsychologyPsychology

Ideas about howknowledge can be acquired

Philosophy

Natural Science

Progress in understanding

the nervous system,senses, etc.

The idea of applying

the methods of scienceto the study of human

behaviour

Wundt’s International Wundt’s International InfluenceInfluence

Leipzig, the place to study psychologyLeipzig, the place to study psychology–Graduates of Wundt’s program set up new Graduates of Wundt’s program set up new labs across Europe and North Americalabs across Europe and North America

G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924), Johns G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924), Johns Hopkins UniversityHopkins University

–Established the first psychology laboratory Established the first psychology laboratory in the U.S. in 1883.in the U.S. in 1883.

Between 1883 and 1893, 24 new labs Between 1883 and 1893, 24 new labs in North Americain North America

The science of the mind:The science of the mind:The Battle of the The Battle of the

“Schools”“Schools”

Two intellectual schools of thought Two intellectual schools of thought regarding the science of psychologyregarding the science of psychology

–StructuralismStructuralism -led by Edward -led by Edward TitchenerTitchener

focused on analyzing consciousness into focused on analyzing consciousness into basic elementsbasic elements

–sensationssensationsIntrospectionIntrospection - careful, systematic - careful, systematic observations of one’s conscious observations of one’s conscious experienceexperience

The Battle of the The Battle of the “Schools”“Schools”

FunctionalismFunctionalism - led by William - led by William JamesJames–strongly influenced by Darwinstrongly influenced by Darwin–Focused on investigating the function or Focused on investigating the function or purpose of consciousnesspurpose of consciousness–led to investigation of mental testing, led to investigation of mental testing, developmental patterns, and sex developmental patterns, and sex differencesdifferences–may have attracted the first women into may have attracted the first women into the field of psychologythe field of psychology

The Battle of the The Battle of the “Schools”“Schools”

The Battle of the The Battle of the “Schools”“Schools”

Gestalt psychologyGestalt psychology– Wholes vs. multiple individual Wholes vs. multiple individual

elementselements You shouldn’t dissect an experience You shouldn’t dissect an experience

into separate elements to discover into separate elements to discover truths – instead, look at the ‘whole’truths – instead, look at the ‘whole’

– Max WertheimerMax Wertheimer Phi phenomenonPhi phenomenon

Behaviorism: Redefining Behaviorism: Redefining PsychologyPsychology

John B. John B. WatsonWatson (1878-1958): U.S. (1878-1958): U.S.–Founder of Founder of BehaviorismBehaviorism

Psychology = scientific study of Psychology = scientific study of behaviorbehaviorBehavior = overt or observable Behavior = overt or observable responses or activitiesresponses or activities

–radical reorientation of psychology as a radical reorientation of psychology as a science of observable behaviorscience of observable behavior–study of consciousness abandonedstudy of consciousness abandoned

The The Cognitive RevolutionCognitive Revolution: : The Return of CognitionThe Return of Cognition

Putting the psyche back in psychologyPutting the psyche back in psychology1950s and 60s:1950s and 60s:

–computerscomputers–memory researchmemory research–Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and Herbert Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and Herbert SimonSimon

Contemporary PsychologyContemporary Psychology

PsychologyPsychology = the = the scientificscientific study of study of mind and behaviourmind and behaviour

–behaviour - any observable action or behaviour - any observable action or reaction by a living organismreaction by a living organism–cognitive processes - every aspect of cognitive processes - every aspect of mental lifemental life–permits study of virtually every aspect of permits study of virtually every aspect of human behaviour and human experiencehuman behaviour and human experience–given its complexity, have variety of given its complexity, have variety of perspectivesperspectives–multiple determinants require multiple multiple determinants require multiple approachesapproaches

Contemporary Contemporary PerspectivesPerspectives

Behaviourism/LearningBehaviourism/Learning–focuses on overt behaviourfocuses on overt behaviour–environmental contingencies and stimulienvironmental contingencies and stimuli–abc’s abc’s –Social-Cognitive Learning Theory Social-Cognitive Learning Theory

CognitiveCognitive–focuses on cognitive processes such as focuses on cognitive processes such as memory, thought and reasoningmemory, thought and reasoning–person’s subjective reality more important person’s subjective reality more important than objective reality than objective reality

Contemporary Contemporary PerspectivesPerspectives

BiologicalBiological–attempts to explain behaviour in terms of attempts to explain behaviour in terms of the influence of genes, the brain, the influence of genes, the brain, hormones, etc. by examining underlying hormones, etc. by examining underlying physical structures and processesphysical structures and processes

Socio-CulturalSocio-Cultural–focuses on all aspects of social behaviour focuses on all aspects of social behaviour and on the impact of cultural factorsand on the impact of cultural factors–investigate cross-cultural differencesinvestigate cross-cultural differences

Contemporary Contemporary PerspectivesPerspectives

PsychodynamicPsychodynamic ( (FreudFreud, 1856-1939), 1856-1939)–behaviour is determined by powerful inner behaviour is determined by powerful inner forces, such as instincts and biological forces, such as instincts and biological drivesdrives–unconscious conflicts between personal unconscious conflicts between personal needs and society’s demands; personality needs and society’s demands; personality and early childhood experiencesand early childhood experiences

EvolutionaryEvolutionary–focuses on the possible role of inherited focuses on the possible role of inherited tendencies in various aspects of behaviour tendencies in various aspects of behaviour

Improving the Field of Improving the Field of PsychologyPsychology

The Humanistic MovementThe Humanistic Movement–emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the capacity for positive growth, and freedom to choose a destinyfreedom to choose a destiny

Feminist MovementFeminist Movement–A psychological approach that analyzes A psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behaviour of the two relations and on the behaviour of the two sexessexes

Goals of PsychologyGoals of Psychology

Goals of PsychologyGoals of Psychology

Goals of PsychologyGoals of Psychology

1. Even the most subtle behaviors tell you something about a person. (bahkan perilaku yang paling tidak jelas dapat menggambarkan individu)

2. Our behaviors are a product of our history as a species. (perilaku kita adalah hasil dari riwayat sebagai spesies)

3. Nothing makes you angry; you choose to become angry. (tidak ada yang membuat anda marah; anda memilih untuk marah)

4. Consciousness is the same thing as nervous system activity. (kesadaran sama dengan aktifitas sistem saraf)

5. You cannot fully understand a person without knowing where they came from. (anda tidak dapat sepenuhnya memahami individu tanpa mengetahui darimana mereka berasal)

6. Many of our activities are designed to propagate our genes. (banyak dari aktifitas kita dirancang untuk melestarikan gen-gen kita)

7. Our actions are caused by events in our environment. (perilaku kita disebabkan oleh peristiwa di lingkungan kita)

8. Criminals sometimes leave evidence because they really want to get caught. (pelaku kriminal kadangkala meninggalkan bukti karena mereka ingin ditangkap)

9. The language you speak influences the way you process other information. (bahasa yang digunakan mempengaruhi cara memproses informasi)

10. You really can’t know what goes on in someone’s mind, all you can know is how they act. (anda tidak bisa tahu apa yang ada di pikiran seseorang, yang bisa diketahui hanyalah bagaimana mereka berperilaku)

11. It is important for each individual to develop a clear sense of who he/she is. (penting bagi setiap orang untuk mengembangkan pemahaman yang jelas akan dirinya sendiri)

12. People make rational choices by weighing the alternatives. (orang membuat pilihan rasional dengan menimbang alternatif-alternatif)

13. You can change behavior with rewards and punishments. (perilaku dapat diubah dengan reward dan hukuman)

14. We don’t often realize the real reason we do something. (kita sering tidak menyadari alasan yang sebenarnya kita melakukan sesuatu)

15. Our behavior reflects our thoughts. (perilaku kita mencerminkan pikiran-pikiran kita)

16. People process information much in the same way that computers do. (orang mengolah informasi sebagaimana komputer)

17. Men and women behave differently due to ancient environmental pressures. (perilaku laki-laki dan perempuan berbeda karena tekanan lingkungan dari masa lalu)

18. To understand behavior, you have to understand how the nervous system works. (untuk memahami perilaku, anda harus memahami bagaimana cara kerja sistem saraf)

19. Much of our behavior is genetically determined. (banyak dari perilaku kita ditentukan secara genetis)

20. People from collectivist and individualist societies differ in terms of what they find morally acceptable. (masyarakat kolektif dan individualis berbeda dalam menentukan apa yang diterima secara moral)

21.You can discover a lot about your unconscious mind by interpreting the symbols that appear in your dreams. (ketidaksadaran dapat ditemukan dengan mengartikan simbol-simbol yang muncul di mimpi)

22.To be happy, you need to live up to your fullest potential. (

23.Humans share several important behaviors with apes. (manusia berbagi perilaku penting dengan kera)

24.Ultimately, each person is responsible for his or her actions. (setiap orang bertanggung jawab untuk perilakunya)

25.Sometimes people behave irrationally because they think irrationally. (kadangkala orang berperilaku tidak rasional karena mereka berpikir tidak rasional)

26.Growing up in a remote tribal village engenders different social skills than growing up in a large city. (tumbuh di pedesaan yang jauh menghasilkan keterampilan sosial yang berbeda dengan tumbuh di kota besar

27.Many times it’s the behavior that’s the problem. (seringkali perilaku yang menjadi masalah)

28.To understand emotions, you must understand hormones. (untuk memahami emosi, anda harus memahami hormon)

Your preferred Your preferred If you chose items perspective isIf you chose items perspective is

1, 8, 14, 211, 8, 14, 21 7, 10, 13, 277, 10, 13, 27 3, 11, 22, 243, 11, 22, 24 12, 15, 16, 2512, 15, 16, 25 4, 18, 19, 284, 18, 19, 28 2, 6, 17, 232, 6, 17, 23 5, 9, 20, 26 5, 9, 20, 26

PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic BehavioralBehavioral HumanisticHumanistic CognitiveCognitive BiologicalBiological EvolutionaryEvolutionary CulturalCultural