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Groundwater Crisis and Governance in China
With Perspec,ves from the North China Plain
Jie Liu1, Chunmiao Zheng1,2
1. Center for Water Research, Peking University 2. InternaConal Commission on Groundwater, IAHS
Water: China’s Greatest Crisis? � China’s State Council (Cabinet) warned in 2007 that by 2030 China’s water use will reach or approach the total volume of exploitable water resources.
� China is expected to use 700-‐800 billion m3 water per year by 2030, out of an estimated total of 800-‐900 billion m3 available.
Premier Wen Jiabao
Land: 62% Water Resource: 19% Groundwater Resource: 30% PopulaCon: 47%
Land: 38% Water Resource: 81%
Groundwater Resource: 70% PopulaCon: 53%
NORTH
SOUTH
Water Per Capita
S
N
Source: MWR
China, A Tale of Two Halves
Comparison of Exploitable Water Resources Per Capita
2200
350
8200 7600
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
China North China Plain
USA World
Amou
nt in m
3
Ranked ~120th globally
Sources: Gleick (2003) & Shiklomanov (1997)
Percentage of GW in Total Water Supplies
>80; 50-‐80; 30-‐50; <30
Scarcity and PolluCon: Double Whammy
Wastewater Discharge to Yangtze River Tributary 2008
Over 400 out of 660 cities experiencing water shortage (110 cities severe); 90% of aquifers experiencing various degrees of contamination
100-‐year Drought in SW China in 2010
Where Have Rivers Gone?
Disappearing Wetlands
Wastewater Discharge
Source: China Geological Survey (2008)
“Cones of Depression”
62 m
112 m
Max depth to water
Source: China Geological Survey (2008)
Groundwater Quality
100 km
Category 5: not for drinking
Category 4: mainly agricultural
Category 3
Category-2 water
Deeper aquifer
Shallow aquifer
Poor quality
58% of 243 samples
Source: China Geological Survey (2008)
Land Subsidence Max cumulative amount: ~3.25 m Areas subsiding 200+mm: 60,000 km2
Areas below sea level: 118,000 km2
Estimated economic loss: 330 billion RMB
Tianjin
Beijing
2030 ProjecCons (2030 Water Resources Group, 2009)
Coping with Water Scarcity � Engineering and Technological Approaches
� Water-‐saving technologies � Water-‐treatment and re-‐use technologies (including desalination)
� Monitoring, measuring and sensing technologies � Water transfer (the South-‐to-‐North Water Transfer Project)
� Non-‐technical “soft” Approaches � Social-‐economic considerations � Political and institutional systems
� More innovative, out-‐of-‐box approaches?
Historical development of GW Governance in China
After 1998
• Administrative management functions on groundwater resources of both the MC and the MGMR (now MLR) moved to the MWR
• The 2002 amended Water Law further strengthened MWR’s administrative power over GW, and called for integrated water management
Before 1988
• No systematic groundwater management structure • Interim Regulations on Mineral Resources Protection
(1956)
• First comprehensive national Water Law (1988) • Regulations on Water Pollution Prevention and Control
at Drinking Water Source Protection Area (1989) • Regulations on Urban Groundwater Development and
Management (1993) • Mineral Resources Law (amended in 1986) • Rules for the Implementation of the Mineral Resources
Law (1994) • Urban groundwater management under the MC • Groundwater investigations under the MGMR (now
MLR) • Groundwater quality management under the MEP
1988-1998
Laws Regulations Standards
National Level
The Water Law (2002)
The regulations on water withdrawal permit and water resources fee charging (2006)
14 national standards 14 sectoral standards
The regulations on urban groundwater development and
management (1993)
The Water Pollution
Prevention and Control Law (2008)
The rules for the implementation of the Water
Pollution Prevention and Control Law (2000)
The regulations on water pollution prevention and control at drinking water
source protection area (1989)
The Mineral Resources
Law (1986)
The rules for the implementation of the Mineral
Resources Law (1994)
Local Level
More than 50 regulations and rules at provincial and municipal levels
The State Council
NaConal People’s Congress (NPC)
Water PolluCon PrevenCon & Control
Law (WPPC, 1996, 2008) Water Law (2002)
Mineral Resources Law
(1986)
Legislation
Province
Municipality
County
Township
Centre
Administration MEP MWR MLR
Pv. EPBs Pv. WRBs Pv. DLR
Mn. EPBs Mn. WRBs Mn. LRBs
County EPBs County WRBs County LRBs
RBOs Yangtze Yellow Huaihe Haihe Pearl R. Songliao Taihu
Discussion and Recommendations n Any solution for resolving water crisis requires
comprehensive consideration of hydrologic, social, economic, political, and institutional factors
n Institutional reforms are needed to straighten out the relationships between/among: Ø national and local governments Ø different ministries with water-related jurisdiction Ø basin- and locality-based management approaches
n National water related monitoring networks should be constructed with improved metering
n Data publishing and information sharing should be greatly promoted.