Provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan (PIWMP ... - Status Quo...RUSTENBURG 0300 De Dak 155 Kock Street RUSTENBURG Phone: 014 592 3448 Fax: 014 592 4326 Email: [email protected]

Provincial Integrated

Waste Management Plan

(PIWMP)

Status Quo Report

Department:Agriculture, Conservation and EnvironmentNorth West Provincial GovernmentRepublic of South Africa

the dace Department: Agriculture, Conservation and Environment North West Provincial Government Republic of South Africa

Provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan

STATUS QUO REPORT

10 June 2008 Prepared by

in conjunction with P.O. Box 5565 RUSTENBURG 0300

De Dak 155 Kock Street RUSTENBURG

Phone: 014 592 3448 Fax: 014 592 4326 Email: [email protected]

NW DACE Nemai Consulting / SBA

PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page i of ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS I

LIST OF FIGURES II

LIST OF TABLES II

LIST OF ACRONYMS VI

GLOSSARY OF TERMS VII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1. INTRODUCTION 3

1.1. Objectives of the PIWMP 3

1.2. Study Aims 4

1.3. Study Deliverables 4

1.4. Scope of the Plan 6

1.5. Structure of the PIWMP 7

1.6. Assumptions and Limitations 8

1.7. North West Province Populations 10

2. STATUS QUO 11

2.1. Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) 11

2.2. Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) 3 3

2.3. Bophirima District Municipality (BDM) 41

2.4. Southern District Municipality (SDM) 53

2.5. Hazardous Waste Management 67

3. POLICY AND LEGISLATION 81

3.1. Introduction 81

3.2. The National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) 81

3.3. National Legislation / Policy 86


PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page ii of ix

3.4. Municipal By-Laws 102

4. WASTE GENERATION RATES 106

4.1. Introduction 106

4.2. Waste Generation and Category Norms 106

4.3. Confirmation of Status Quo Waste Volumes 110

APPENDIX A – HIGH LEVEL WASTE QUESTIONNAIRE 139

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 North West Province District Municipalities ....................................................................6

Figure 1-2 Structure of the Provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan ....................................8

Figure 2-1 Bojanala Platinum District Municipality and Associated Local Municipalities. ..............11

Figure 2-2 Road and Rail Infrastructure for the BPDM. .................................................................18

Figure 2-3 The Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality and Associated Local ........................33

Figure 2-4 Road and Rail Infrastructure for the NMMDM...............................................................37

Figure 2-5 The Bophirima District Municipality and Associated Local Municipalities.....................41

Figure 2-6 Road and Rail Infrastructure for the BDM.....................................................................45

Figure 2-7 The Southern District Municipality and Associated Local Municipalities ......................53

Figure 2-8 Road and Rail Infrastructure for the SDM.....................................................................57

Figure 3-1 The Waste Hierarchy ....................................................................................................83

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Municipalities in the North West Province 7

Table 1-2 Major Primary Data Sources for the Status Quo Report 9

Table 1-3 District and Local Municipal Population Information and Distribution for the North-

West Province (StatsSA 2003). The projected population for 2007 was gathered from

questionnaires. 10

Table 2-1 Employed population between 15 and 65 Years Old, Divided According to Monthly

Income for the BPDM (StatsSA 2003) 12

Table 2-2 Waste Quantities collected in 2004 by the Various Landfills, Transfer Stations, and

Garden Sites for the LM’s of BPDM, North-West Province. Source: Bojanalo Platinum

District Municipality Integrated Waste Management Plan, 2005 and High Level

Questionnaires 14

Table 2-3 Hazardous Waste Collected by EnviroServ within the BPDM 16


PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page iii of ix

Table 2-4 Households not receiving a service for each LM within the BPDM, North-West

Province for 2004, based on the coverage estimate (Source: Bojanala Platinum District

Municipality Integrated Waste Management Plan; 2005) 17

Table 2-5 Households receiving waste services for each LM within the BPDM, based on

questionnaire information 17

Table 2-6 Equipment Available, Plant Condition, and Access for the Various Landfills,

Transfer Stations, and Garden Sites within the BPDM, North-West Province (Source:

Bojanala Platinum District Municipality; 2005 and High Level Questionnaires; 2007). 19

Table 2-7 Waste Disposal Site Classification, Location, Site Life, and Other Waste Facilities

Present for the Different Landfills of the LM in BPDM (Source: Bojanala Platinum District

Municipality; 2005 and High Level Questionnaires; 2007). 24

Table 2-8 Number of Un-Served Households and Average Estimated Cost to Provide Waste

Services for the LMs of BPDM 28

Table 2-9 Development Needed and Associated Costs (2005) for Waste Disposal and

Management in Each LM, BPDM (Source: Bojanala Platinum District Municipality; 2005

and High Level Questionnaires; 2007). 29

Table 2-10 Employed population between 15 and 65 Years Old, Divided According to Monthly

Income for the NMMDM (Source: StatsSA 2003) 34

Table 2-11 Waste Quantities for the Various Landfills for the LM’s of NMMDM, North-West

Province (Source: Central District Municipality; 2005 and High Level Questionnaires;

2007). 35

Table 2-12 Households receiving waste services based on the high-level questionnaires

(2007). 36

Table 2-13 Percentage of the Population Not Receiving Waste Services for the NMMDM

(Source: Central District Municipality, 2005) 37

Table 2-14 Disposal Site Classification, Location, Site Life, and Other Waste Facilities

Present for the Different Landfills of the LM’s in the NMMDM (Source: Central District

Municipality; 2005 and High Level Questionnaires; 2007) 38

Table 2-15 Employed Population between 15 and 65 Years Old, Divided According to Monthly

Income for the BDM (StatsSA 2003) 42

Table 2-16 Waste Quantities collected in 2004 by the Landfill Sites for the LM’s of BDM,

North-West Province (Source: Bophirima IWMP; 2004, LM IWMP’s and High Level

Questionnaires; 2007). 43

Table 2-17 Percentage of the Population receiving Waste Services for each LM within the

BDM, North-West Province (Source: Bophirima IWMP; 2004, LM IWMP’s and High

Level Questionnaires; 2007). 46

Table 2-18 Number of Service Points, Type of Receptacle, and Frequency of Service for the

LM’s of the BDM, North West Province (Source: Bophirima IWMP; 2004, LM IWMP’s). 46

Table 2-19 Equipment Available, Plant Condition, and Access for the Landfills Sites within the

BDM, North West Province (Source: Bophirima IWMP; 2004, LM IWMP’s). 47


PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page iv of ix


Present for the Different Landfills of the LM’s in BDM (Source: Bophirima IWMP; 2004,

LM IWMP’s). 49

Table 2-21 Employed Population between 15 and 65 Years Old, Divided According to Monthly

Income for the SDM (StatsSA 2003) 54

Table 2-22 Waste Quantities collected in 2004 by the Sites for the LM’s of SDM, North-West

Province (Source: Southern District Municipality IWMP, 2005, High-Level

Questionnaires, 2007). 55

Table 2-23 Percentage of the Population receiving Waste Services for each LM within the

SDM, North-West Province (Source: High-Level Questionnaires, 2007). 58

Table 2-24 Number of Service Points, Type of Receptacle, and Frequency of Service for the

LM’s of the SDM, North-West Province (Source: Southern District Municipality IWMP,

2005, LM IWMP’s, High-Level Questionnaires, 2007). 58

Table 2-25 Equipment Available, Plant Condition, and Access for the Landfills Sites within the

SDM, North-West Province (Source: Southern District Municipality IWMP, 2005, LM

IWMP’s, High-Level Questionnaires, 2007). 60


Present for the Different Landfills of the LM’s in SDM (Source: Southern District

Municipality IWMP, 2005, LM IWMP’s, High-Level Questionnaires, 2007). 63

Table 2-27 Hazardous Waste - Agricultural Waste 68

Table 2-28 Hazardous Waste – Waste from Mineral Extraction and Upgrading 69

Table 2-29 Hazardous Waste – Waste for Energy Resources 70

Table 2-30 Hazardous Waste – Waste from Metal Manufacturers 72

Table 2-31 Hazardous Waste - Waste from Non-Metal Mineral Products 73

Table 2-32 Hazardous Waste - Waste from the Chemical Industry 74

Table 2-33 Hazardous Waste – Waste from the Engineering Industry 75

Table 2-34 Hazardous Waste – Waste from the Textile Industry 75

Table 2-35 Hazardous Waste – Waste from the Paper and Publishing Industry 76

Table 2-36 Hazardous Waste – Waste from Health Services 76

Table 2-37 Hazardous Waste – Waste from Commercial and Personal Services 77

Table 4-1 Typical Waste Generated per Land Use/Activity 106

Table 4-2 Waste Generation Rates for the BPDM 108

Table 4-3 Waste Recyclable Fractions 109

Table 4-4 Bojanala Platinum District Municipality - Estimated Waste Generation 111

Table 4-5 BPDM Comparison of Estimated Waste Generated vs Disposal in Landfill (Disposal

in 2004) 112

Table 4-6 BPDM - Estimates of Other Wastes 113

Table 4-7 Estimated Waste Generation by Recyclable Fraction (t/a) 114

Table 4-8 Comparison of Estimated Waste Generated vs Estimated IWMP Waste Quantities 115

Table 4-9 Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality - Estimated Waste Generation 118


PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page v of ix

Table 4-10 Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality - Comparison of Estimated Waste

Generation vs Disposal in Landfill 119

Table 4-11 NMMDM - Estimates of Other Wastes 120

Table 4-12 NMMDM - Estimated Waste Generation by Recyclable Fraction 121


Table 4-14 Comparison of WGR's for BDM 123

Table 4-15 Bophirima District Municipality Estimated Waste Generated 125

Table 4-16 Bophirima District Municipality Comparison of Estimated Waste Generation vs

Disposal in Landfill 126

Table 4-17 BDM Estimated Waste Generated as per Sector 127

Table 4-18 BDM Estimated Waste Generation by Fraction (t/a) 128


Table 4-20 Southern District Municipality Estimated Waste Generated 132

Table 4-21 SDM - Estimated Waste Generation vs Disposal in Landfill 133

Table 4-22 SDM - Estimated Waste Generated as per Sector 134

Table 4-23 SDM Estimated Waste Generation by Recyclable Fraction 135



PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page vi of ix

LIST OF ACRONYMS BDM - Bophirima District Municipality

BPDM - Bojanala Platinum District Municipality

CBD - Central Business District

DM - District Municipality

DWAF - Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

FEL - Front End Loader

IDP - Integrated Development Plan

IWMP - Integrated Waste Management Plan

IWM - Integrated Waste Management

HWMP - Hazardous Waste Management Plan

kg/p/d - Kilogram per person per day

LM - Local Municipality

MEC - Member of the Executive Council

MRF Materials Recovery Facility

NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation

NMMDM - Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality

NWDACE - North West Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment

NWMS - National Waste Management Strategy

NWP - North West Province

PIWMP - Provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan

SA - South Africa

SANS - South African National Standard

SDM - Southern District Municipality

t/a - Tonnes per annum

WGR - Waste Generation Rate


PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page vii of ix

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Compost - the aerobically decomposed remnants of organic matter. Serves as a growing medium for plants.

Formal Settlement

- a residential area which has completed the formal township application process. It is characterised by geometrically laid out roads and the provision of household water, sewer and electrical services.

Informal Settlement

- a residential area which has not completed the formal township application process. It is characterised by un-evenly laid out roads, often with insufficient width. The settlement may or may not have water at house level, nor sewer and electrical services.

Organic Waste

- a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal sources, which may be broken down by other living organisms

Peri-Urban - settlements outside the formal, declared, boundaries of a town or formal settlement. Density and house construction varies as does service provision

Promulgated - the act of formally proclaiming or declaring new statutory or administrative law when it receives final approval

Recycle - to separate and process material from waste for further use as new products or resources

Rural Area - any area that is not classified urban. Rural areas are subdivided into tribal areas and commercial farms.(Source Statistics SA)

Stabilised Sewer Sludge

- comprises coarse primary solids and secondary biosolids accumulated in a wastewater treatment process

Tribal Area - a geographic area that is under traditional leadership and influence. The settlement pattern is dispersed and the housing structures traditional in form. Residents owe loyalty to the traditional leader

Urban Area - a classification based on dominant settlement type and land use. Cities, towns, townships, suburbs, etc., are typical urban settlements. Areas comprising informal settlements, hostels, institutions, industrial and recreational areas, and smallholdings within or adjacent to any formal urban settlement are classified as urban. (Source Statistics SA)


PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page viii of ix

Waste - includes any substance, whether solid, liquid or gaseous, which is: discharged, emitted or deposited in the environment in such volume, constituency or manner as to cause an alteration to the environment, a surplus substance or which is discarded, rejected, unwanted or abandoned, reused, recycled, reprocessed, recovered or purified by a separate operation from that which produced the substance or which may be or is intended to be re-used, recycled, reprocessed, recovered or purified, or identified as waste by prescribed by regulation

Waste Facility

- any site or premises used for the accumulation, handling or processing of waste with the purpose of either re-using, treating or disposing of that waste at that site or on another premises

Waste, General

- waste that does not pose an immediate threat or hazard to people or to the environment and includes business waste, domestic waste, garden waste and building waste

Waste, Hazardous

- waste that may, by circumstances of use, quantity, concentration or inherent physical, chemical or toxicological characteristics, have a significant adverse affect on health and the environment

Waste, Industrial

- waste, other than hazardous waste, that is generated by an industry

Waste Treatment

- any method, technique or process that is designed to change the physical, biological or chemical character or composition of a waste, or to remove, separate, concentrate or recover a hazardous or toxic component of a waste or to destroy or reduce the toxicity of the waste in order to minimize the impact of the waste on the environment;


PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page ix of ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The North West Provincial Integrated Waste Management plan was prepared under the direction of the North West Department Agriculture, Conservation & Environment (Directorate of Waste) supervision personnel. North West DACE would like to extend gratitude to the following institutions for their contribution to the development of this document:

− City of Matlosana − Iletwa Local Municipality − Mafikeng Local Municipality − Bojanala District Municipality − Bophirima District Municipality − DEAT - Waste Planning − Lekwa Teemane Local Municipality − Royal Bafokeng Nation − NECSA - Property Management − NECSA - SHEQ Department − Tswaing Local Municipality − Batisa Technical Waste Solution − DoDi Waste − Ditsobotla Local Municipality − National Dept of Agriculture − Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality − Molopo Local Municipality − Mafikeng Local Municipality − Ramotshere Moila Local Municipality − Department of Agriculture, Potchefstroom − Department Minerals and Energy − Afrisam (PTY) Ltd, Lichtenburg − Moses Kotane Local Municipality − Ventersdorp Local Municipality − Department of Labour − Platinum Waste Resources − North West Department Water Affairs and Forestry − Southern District Municipality − Mamusa Local Municipality − Maquassi Hills Local Municipality − Moretele Local Municipality − Kagisano Local Municipality − Ratlou Local Municipality − North West Department of Health − Naledi Local Municipality − Madibeng Local Municipality − Enviroserv Waste Management − Greater Taung Local Municipality − Rustenburg Local Municipality


PIWMP – Status Quo Report Page 1 of 144

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan (PIWMP) for the North West Province has been developed to satisfy the need for a coherent plan to address the waste management shortfalls in the province and to encourage the improvement of the system, where appropriate. This summary is intended as an introduction to the Status Quo report and does not attempt to replicate the detail of the report. Waste categories are used to describe the various sources of waste generated and disposed of in the Province. The categories are residential, commercial, industrial and hazardous. In general, the municipalities in the province do not collect information on the volumes produced from each of these categories. This represents a significant gap in the available information. This information gap will be filled through the use of category norms. This analysis in conducted in the final PIWMP. For general waste, waste treatment takes the following three forms: composting, thermal treatment and chemical treatment. In general the only waste treatment being carried out in the Province is via the incinerator in Pilanesburg. Waste disposal to landfill, in the province, is summarised below:

• Bojanala Platinum District Municipality – 306 190 tons per annum; • Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality – no information

available. This information gap will be filled in the final PIWMP; • Bophirima District Municipality - at least 54 750 tons per annum; • Southern District Municipality – 113 581 tons per annum;

There are very few municipal recycling initiatives in the province. Most recycling projects are either conducted by the private sector or within the informal sector. One of the projects in the province was the Leeudoringstad project in the Maquassi Hills Local Municipality in 1999. This project failed owing to general mismanagement. Where recycling exists, volumes recycled in the province vary between 5 and 10% of the general waste of a local municipality. Formal measurement of recycling volumes, and the contribution that such schemes make towards the reduction of waste volumes in the province, is not being carried out. Waste minimisation schemes in the Province are similarly stunted. Most landfills in the Province provide subsistence for scavengers who recycle the material on offer at these sites. Very few landfills have formalised recycling centres at landfill sites.



The Rustenburg Local Municipality do conduct recycling awareness initiatives in schools and amongst SMME businesses with a view to development recycling as a viable business model. Little to no composting is being carried out in the province. The number of landfills within the Province as well as its state of mechanical equipment varies. For example, the Rustenburg Local Municipality of the Bojanala Platinum DM has 10 landfills, several of which are private. These landfills are adequately equipped. The Kagisano Local Municipality, on the other hand, has zero landfills and therefore equipment is not necessary. Between these two extremes lies the Tlokwe Local Municipality of the Southern District Municipality, this has two landfills and is adequately equipped. The population of the district municipalities for 2001, range from 421 803 in the Bophirima District Municipality to 1 185 022 in the Bojanala Platinum D.M. The percentage of the population not receiving a service ranges from 100% in the Moretele Local Municipality of the Bojanala D.M. to 0% in the Lekwa- Teemane L.M. of the Ngaka Modiri Molema D.M. This does not reflect the number of people who need a service, but who do not yet receive one. This distinction is made because rural populations generally cater adequately for their own waste requirements. This is true in settlements where densities are low and settlement dispersion high. There is one hazardous waste disposal site in the North West Province: the Klerksdorp Landfill site. The remainder of the hazardous waste in the province is typically disposed of in the Holfontein site in Gauteng. The Wasteman Group in Pilanesburg operates an incinerator. Waste management in South Africa is not covered by one single Act neither at the national nor at the provincial levels. Current legislation dealing with waste is fragmented and is administered by a number of regulatory bodies across all tiers of government, resulting in duplication and the overlapping of functions. The current legislation governing waste management has been reported in this document. A model was created to fill in the waste generation gaps recorded in the Status Quo Report and to provide a consistent set of waste generation figures for the province.



1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Objectives of the PIWMP

The Provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan (PIWMP) for the North West Province has been developed to satisfy the need for a coherent plan to address the waste management shortfalls in the province and to encourage the improvement of the system in areas where this is appropriate. Integrated Waste Management (IWM), in this case, is a tool for analysing and optimising the existing waste management system in the North West Province. IWM has its conceptual base in the fact that all aspects of waste management are inter-linked. This implies that changes in one aspect of the system have knock-on effects in the other areas of the system. A provincial integrated approach to waste management is important for the following reasons:

• Challenges in the existing system can be resolved in combination with other aspects of the waste system rather than on their own;

• Areas where the waste management system can be improved can be identified and measures put in place to rectify these deficiencies;

• The plan will provide all waste stakeholders with the provincial aims and targets for waste management. In this case all waste stakeholders will be working towards common objectives;

• The PIWMP will direct waste management efforts and will provide a long term waste plan which includes prioritisation of the areas that will have the greatest impact on improving the system;

• To provide direction for funding for waste management in priority areas for the province; and

• To ensure environmental health or sanitation and environmental sustainability.



1.2. Study Aims

In order to develop a comprehensive Provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan for the North West Province, Nemai Consulting CC was contracted to identify gaps in current waste management plans; to integrate waste management processes across all government departments in the province as well as to provide integration across the entire waste life cycle; and to provide geo-referenced data indicating locations of waste management facilities within the province. This document is the Status Quo Report and contains details on the amounts of waste generated from different sources; the amounts of waste recycled, or reused; the locations of waste management infrastructure within the province; an estimate of the population covered by formal waste management systems, and an estimate of the budget for provincial waste management. A section on the hazardous waste management plan is included. For this purpose the Integrated Waste Management Plans developed by each of the local and district municipalities were gathered and analysed using a desktop format.

1.3. Study Deliverables

The project deliverables, are as follows:

• A Status Quo Report – this report should contain details of the waste categories, its treatment and treatment costs in the province. The Status Quo report will at the least contain information on the amounts of wastes generated from different sources, the amounts of waste recycled or reused, the locations of waste infrastructure in the province, an estimate of the amount of waste informally treated in the province, an estimate of the population covered by formal waste management systems and an estimate of the budget for provincial waste management;

• Skills Transfer – The proposal covers a skills transfer program that will assist NW DACE in further developing waste management skills within the department;

• Policies and Legislation – A section of the final document should cover the legislative requirements for waste management within the province and should document these legislated requirements;



• Goals and Action Plans - The final document should include clear statements on actions to be taken to ensure that waste management within the province functions within good norms and standards and delivers services to the bulk of the population within the province. The goals and action plans should cover at least:

⇒ Recommendations on the technical waste collection method to be used for waste generated from each different waste source;

⇒ Generation of Waste management maps; ⇒ Transport recommendations; ⇒ Recycling and re-use recommendations; ⇒ Landfill location, type and size recommendations.

In this regard it is the siting and sizing of regional waste sites that is to form the focus of this section. The siting is to be done on a strategic scale, not to identify suitable land portions. This output will be one of the key results of the PIWMP;

⇒ The location of potential regional sites will be linked to the Spatial Development Frameworks of the areas where it is proposed that these sites be located. This will ensure that the location of these sites does not clash with the spatial plans for the area;

⇒ Recommendations as to how these sites could be best managed for optimum efficiency;

⇒ Estimation of costs for the provision of waste management in the North West Province. The estimate will be done for the categories of collection, recycling, and operations and maintenance of landfill sites;

⇒ Targets for implementation should be set at each level of the waste hierarchy;

⇒ Recommendations as to the requirement for further provincial or municipal legislation to be enacted to support the provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan;

⇒ An estimate of the number of jobs that the provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan will create by 2012; and

⇒ An estimation of the amount of waste reduction that could be achieved, should the provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan be fully implemented.

• Environmental Impacts - the environmental impacts of the implementation of the Provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan will be estimated; and

• Public Participation – a public participation campaign will be conducted to support the development of the provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan.



The PIWMP is to be used by NW DACE to direct and monitor waste management in the province. It is to be used by the province to check that waste management is progressing according to a plan. The basis of the plan is the local municipal IWMPs and the PIWMP crystallises the local plans into a priority list. This ties into the mandate for the province, which is the provision of hazardous waste disposal services and the provision of support to waste management efforts being conducted at district and local municipality.

1.4. Scope of the Plan

The scope of the plan is the North West Province.

Figure 1-1 North West Province District Municipalit ies

The local municipalities contained within each district municipality are shown in Table 1-1.



Table 1-1 Municipalities in the North West Province

District Municipality Local Municipality

Moretele Local Municipality (NW371)

Local Municipality of Madibeng (NW372)

Rustenburg Local Municipality (NW373)

Kgetlengrivier Local Municipality (NW374)

Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (DC37)

Moses Kotane Local Municipality (NW375)

Ratlou Local Municipality (NW381)

Tswaing Local Municipality(NW382)

Mafikeng Local Municipality (NW383)

Ditsobotla Local Municipality (NW384)

Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (DC38)

Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality (NW385)

Kagisano Local Municipality (NW391)

Naledi Local Municipality (NW392)

Mamusa Local Municipality (NW393)

Greater Taung Local Municipality (NW394)

Molopo Local Municipality (NW395)

Bophirima District Municipality (DC39)

Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality (NW396)

Ventersdorp Local Municipality (NW401)

Tlokwe Local Municipality (NW402)

City of Matlosana Local Municipality (NW403)

Maquassi Hills Local Municipality (NW404)

Southern District Municipality (DC40)

Merafong City Local Municipality (NW405)

1.5. Structure of the PIWMP

The Provincial Integrated Waste Management Plan comprises two separate documents. These documents have been separated to allow the final plan (contained as the second document) to be of a size that is practical for daily use by waste stakeholders in the Province. The Status Quo report provides essential background information to waste management in the Province. The structure of the report is detailed in the figure below.



Figure 1-2 Structure of the Provincial Integrated W aste Management Plan

1.6. Assumptions and Limitations

The assumptions made during the development of the Status Quo Report are the following:

• That the Local Municipalities IWMPs are accurate • That the information gained from the High-Level Questionnaires

submitted to Local Municipalities were filled out as accurately as possible.

The following limitations are inherent in the Status Quo report

• High-Level Questionnaires were sent out to all municipalities within the province. Despite active follow up, not all the questionnaires were completed. Table 1-2 below provides detail as to the status of the completed questionnaires;

• The other major information source for the report was the local Integrated Waste Management Plans. The table below lists the IWMPs that were used in the development of the report.

• Where questionnaires were not received and no IWMP exists, waste generation rates were estimated in the Strategic Objectives Report.

• The raw data of the High-Level Questionnaires was not provided in consistent units of measure, therefore only the raw data was presented in the tables. Extrapolation of the data is left to the reader and should be done with caution.

• To ensure data consistency, tables are presented with data from one source. Although missing data could be obtained from other sources, mixing two or more data sources in one table makes the data incomparable and therefore suspect.

A blank copy of the High Level Questionnaire is contained in Appendix A of this document.



Table 1-2 Major Primary Data Sources for the Status Quo Report

District Municipality Local Municipality Questionnaire Completed?

District IWMP? Local IWMP?

Moretele (NW371) ��

Local Municipality of Madibeng (NW372) ��

Rustenburg (NW373) ��

Kgetlengrivier (NW374) ��

Bojanala Platinum District Municipality

(DC37)

Moses Kotane (NW375) ��

Ratlou (NW381) ��

Tswaing Local Municipality (NW382) ��

Mafikeng (NW383) ��

Ditsobotla (NW384) ��

Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality

(DC38)

Ramotshere Moiloa (NW385) ��

Kagisano (NW391) ��

Naledi (NW392) ��

Mamusa (NW393) ��

Greater Taung (NW394) ��

Molopo (NW395) ��

Bophirima District Municipality (DC39)

Lekwa-Teemane (NW396) ��

Ventersdorp (NW401) ��

Tlokwe (NW402) ��

City of Matlosana (NW403) ��

Maquassi Hills (NW404) ��

Southern District Municipality (DC40)

Merafong City (NW405) ��



1.7. North West Province Populations

The North West Province comprises four district municipalities and twenty-one local municipalities. These have been summarised, along with population and employment estimates from the 2001 Census in Table 1-3.

Table 1-3 District and Local Municipal Population I nformation and Distribution for the North-West Province (StatsSA 2003). The projected p opulation for 2007 was gathered

from questionnaires.

Population

2001

Projected Population

2007

Employed 2001

Percentage Employed

2001 DC37: Bojanala District municipality 1 188 457 Unknown 288 383 24% 1 NW371: Moretele Local Municipality 181 038 Unknown 23 349 13% 2 NW372: Local Municipality of Madibeng 346 672 338 254 88 555 26% 3 NW373: Rustenburg Local Municipality 387 097 Unknown 129 595 33% 4 NW374: Kgetlengrivier Local Municipality 36 478 Unknown 10 244 28% 5 NW375: Moses Kotane Local Municipality 237 175 Unknown 36 640 15% DC38: Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality 762 998 Unknown 115 346 15%

1 NW381: Ratlou Local Municipality 104 323 Unknown 6 079 6% 2 NW382: Tswaing Local Municipality 114 155 Unknown 16 593 15% 3 NW383: Mafikeng Local Municipality 259 482 247 633 47 447 18% 4 NW384: Ditsobotla Local Municipality 147 596 147 601 28 713 19%

5 NW385: Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality 137 442 Unknown 16 514 12%

DC39: Bophirima District municipality 432 070 Unknown 58 010 13% 1 NW391: Kagisano Local Municipality 88 780 Unknown 8 905 10% 2 NW392: Naledi Local Municipality 58 104 73187 14 208 24% 3 NW393: Mamusa Local Municipality 48 366 Unknown 8 827 18% 4 NW394: Greater Taung Local Municipality 182 165 201683 13 112 7% 5 NW395: Molopo Local Municipality 11 690 13405 3 574 31% 6 NW396: Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality 42 966 44480 9 384 22% DC40: Southern District municipality 810 150 Unknown 239 232 30% 1 NW401: Ventersdorp Local Municipality 43 076 44 256 9 431 22% 2 NW402: Tlokwe Local Municipality 128 353 158 000 36 867 29% 3 NW403: City of Matlosana Local Municipality 359 203 544 808 95 870 27% 4 NW404: Maquassi Hills Local Municipality 69 037 Unknown 13 441 19% 5 NW405: Merafong City Local Municipality 210 482 Unknown 83 623 40%



2. STATUS QUO

The following sections address each district and local municipality. The information contained in each section is taken from three sources: the district municipality IWMP, the local IWMP and the High-Level Questionnaire. Missing information is not contained in any of these three sources.

2.1. Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM)

2.1.1. Demographics and Population Centres

The Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) (District Code DC37) consists of five local municipalities and is the largest of the four district municipalities of the North West Province (Refer to figure 2.1). Table 1-3 above lists the names of the local municipalities within the BPDM and their associated populations from the 2001 Census (StatsSA 2003). Population figures for some municipalities were obtained from High-Level Questionnaires that were sent to them. The BPDM Annual Report estimates the population will be approximately 1 511 049 by 2010.

Figure 2-1 Bojanala Platinum District Municipality and Associated Local Municipalities.



The total geographical area of the municipality is approximately 18 332km2 and consists of about 300 towns and villages. The majority of the municipality is rural, however urbanisation is prevalent in places associated with the larger towns, particularly Rustenburg. Table 2.1 below summarises the population for the BPDM according to monthly income categories. This information has included only individuals from the population between the ages of 15 and 65 and therefore represents only a portion of the total population for each local municipality.

Table 2-1 Employed population between 15 and 65 Yea rs Old, Divided According to Monthly Income for the BPDM (StatsSA 2003)

Monthly Income Categories Moretele Madibeng Rustenburg Kgetlengrivier Moses

Kotane Very Low

None 477 1 507 1 870 286 946 R1-400 2 183 13 212 9 359 3 259 4 090

R401-800 4 714 16 042 16 671 2 765 5 780 Total Population 7 374 30 761 27 900 6 310 10 816 Percentage Pop. 32% 35% 22% 62% 30%

Low R801-1 600 8 646 24 657 34 023 1 499 9 059

R1 601-3 200 5 323 20 328 40 443 1 126 10 444 Total Population 13 969 44 985 74 466 2 625 19 503 Percentage Pop. 60% 51% 57% 26% 53%

Middle R3 201-6 400 1 684 7 511 15 837 862 4 382

R6 401-12 800 253 3 326 7 391 311 1 332 Total Population 1 937 10 837 23 228 1 173 5 714 Percentage Pop. 8% 12% 18% 11% 16%

High R12 801-25 600 62 1 242 2 737 90 292 R25 601-51 200 7 471 825 29 151

R51 201-102 400 0 123 244 14 96 R102 401-204 800 0 101 112 3 33

Over R204 801 0 35 83 0 35 Total Population 69 1 972 4 001 136 607 Percentage Pop. 0% 2% 3% 1% 2%

TOTAL POP. 23 349 88 555 129 595 10 244 36 640

The overall demographics for the BPDM can be summarised as follows:

• Approximately 65 persons/km2 • 66% of the population can be considered economically active • Attendance at education institutions by people 20 years and

older was as follows: i. 15% had no previous schooling; ii. 27% had attended primary school; iii. 32% had attended secondary school, with 20% obtaining

Matric; and



iv. Only 6% had a higher education. • 59% of the total labour force is employed with the majority being

employed in the mining industry. The majority of people (76%) have no monthly income

• Of the recorded 323 581 dwellings, the majority are formal (66%), 30% are informal, 4% are traditional, and 0.3% are classified as ‘other’.

High unemployment rates and the distribution of people largely in the rural areas and informal settlements have resulted in poor service delivery. Payment of waste management services rendered is often nonexistent or infrequent. Growth in the private and commercial sector, especially in Rustenburg and Madibeng, as well as increased focus on housing in all the local municipalities, has necessitated the incorporation of support services such as waste management into the development process.

2.1.2. Waste Volumes per Category per Centre

The waste generation rate (WGR) was predicted to vary according to income category, where an increase in monthly income results in an increase in waste generation. This WGR was assumed to be constant for the three income categories, across the different local municipalities. It is important to note that the WGR is merely an indication of the volume of waste likely to be produced and gives no indication of the type of waste (i.e. garden, hazardous etc.) nor the actual collection volumes. The production of industrial waste is not included in these calculations. The various waste quantities collected by landfills, transfer stations, and garden sites within the BPDM for 2004 are presented in Table 2-2 below. A total of 2 400 tonnes/annum of waste was collected for Kgetlengrivier LM. By projecting waste generation figures from 2001 using an annual growth rate of 2.5% and assuming no changes to the WGR, this represents a total potential collection of 34% of the waste generated in 2004. A total of 116 030 tonnes/annum of waste was collected for Rustenburg LM which is substantially greater than the projected waste generation figures. Collection figures may be biased owing to other forms of waste being included in these collection figures. Hazardous waste quantities collected by EnviroServ are presented in Table 2-3.



Table 2-2 Waste Quantities collected in 2004 by the Various Landfills, Transfer Stations, and Garden S ites for the LM’s of BPDM, North-West Province. Source: Bojanalo Platinum District M unicipality Integrated Waste Management Plan, 2005 and High Level Questionnaires

Kgetlengrivier Local Municipality Waste Disposal Si tes Landfills

Issue Derby Koster Swartruggens

Waste Quantities 350t/a 1 350t/a 700t/a

Madibeng Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue Hartbeesfontein Eastern Platinum

(Private) Middelkraal

(Private) Mooinooi

Waste Quantities 52 800t/a 5 040t/a 3 950t/a Information not

available

Madibeng Local Municipality Waste Transfer Stations

Transfer Stations Issue Spoorweg (Garden

site) Klipgat Mothutlung (Garden site) Damonsville

Waste Quantities Approximately 2 500m3/month

Information not available



Moretele Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Bosplaas West Bosplaas East

Waste Quantities 30 000t/a



Moses Kotane Local Municipality Waste Disposal Site s

Landfills Issue

Madikwe Mogwase Sun City (Private) Swartklip Platinum Mine (Private)

Waste Quantities 4 750t/annum 10 800t/annum 240t/a 20 000t/a Rustenburg Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Townlands Monnakato Hartbeesfontein Phatsima Bethanie Waste Quantities 110 000t/a 420t/a 5 000t/a 250t/a 360t/a

Rustenburg Local Municipality Private Mine Waste Di sposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Marikana Lonmin - Karee Rustenburg Platinum Rasimone Platinum Quarry - Impala

Platinum Waste Quantities 650t/a 5 350t/a 13 000t/a 8 320t/a 2860t/a

Rustenburg Local Municipality Garden Waste Disposal Sites

Transfer Stations Issue

Kremetart Abattoir Zinniaville

Waste Quantities Information not available





Other important considerations affecting waste services and management are recycling methods employed, remaining site life for each landfill, the effectiveness of waste services received, and economic thresholds.

Table 2-3 Hazardous Waste Collected by EnviroServ w ithin the BPDM

Quantity/month Holfontein Rosslyn Source Rustenburg 699m3 305m3 394m3 Mining

Madibeng 114m3 39m3 75m3 Industry

Marikana 280m3 191m3 89m3 Mining

Other 75m3 57m3 18m3 Mining

2.1.3. Waste Minimisation, Reuse, and Recycling

The majority of the re-use, reclamation, and recycling initiatives within the BPDM are conducted by the informal and private sector. Informal salvaging occurs at most of the landfills, garden sites, transfer stations, and kerbsides. This accounts for between 0.4% and 1.3% of the general waste disposed of at landfills being reclaimed for recycling. The private sector and associated businesses make up the remainder portion of waste recycling. In general there are no recycling facilities and incentives being created or offered to the public. The Rustenburg LM does however conduct a number of recycling projects within schools and promotes entrepreneurial/ community businesses to make use of recyclable waste. The proportion of commercial waste being recycled is unclear, which prevents the calculation of a recycled waste percentage for the BPDM. However, it has been estimated that less than 10% of all general waste being produced within the BPDM is being recycled (Bojanala Platinum District Municipality Integrated Waste Management Plan; 2005).

The Pilansberg incinerator converts approximately four cubic meters of waste to ash. This ash is then added to the composting plant and recycled to gardens within the park.

In general, little or no composting is undertaken by any of the LM’s within the BPDM. Rustenburg LM has however initiated pilot projects to investigate the feasibility of composting as an alternative to disposal at landfills.



2.1.4. Waste Collection and Transportation

The amount of waste collected by the different municipalities within the BPDM has been estimated at 116 000 tonnes/annum (Bojanala Platinum District Municipality Integrated Waste Management Plan; 2005). Therefore, the municipalities collect on average less than half the domestic and garden waste generated within the district. Table 2-4 indicates the waste service coverage for each LM in the BPDM and the number of people and households that do not receive waste services, based on this coverage estimate.

Table 2-4 Households not receiving a service for ea ch LM within the BPDM, North-West Province for 2004, based on the coverage estimate ( Source: Bojanala Platinum District

Municipality Integrated Waste Management Plan; 2005 )

Local Municipality Service Coverage Percentage Remaining

Population not receiving

a service

Household not receiving a

services Kgetlengrivier 53% 47% 19 400 5 550

Madibeng 50% 50% 19 300 55 150 Moretele 0% 100% 192 800 44 000

Moses Kotane 48% 52% 181 800 51 950 Rustenburg 65% 35% 168 745 62 500

Table 2-5 Households receiving waste services for e ach LM within the BPDM, based on questionnaire information

Local Municipality Service Coverage 2007 Percentage

Kgetlengrivier Questionnaire not completed

Madibeng 27 800 43%

Moretele Questionnaire not completed

Moses Kotane All areas receiving services Information not available

Rustenburg Questionnaire not completed

Although Moretele LM currently receives no waste services, negotiations with a contractor will ensure almost 100% delivery. Rustenburg, Kgetlengrivier, and Madibeng local municipalities provide the greatest percentage service to their communities. However, more than half of the households within the BPDM do not receive a service, with services rendered generally limited to the urban areas and city centres. The rural and tribal areas currently do not receive a service. This is partly limited by existing infrastructure being insufficient or inadequate to support transport and allow easy access. The local municipalities offer two waste collection services, namely a door-to-door service, and bulk skip services. These services are outsourced to contractors by the local municipalities, with the only exception being Kgetlengrivier.



Table 2-6 summarises the different types of plant and equipment available for the landfill sites in the BPDM. Generally, equipment for the adequate handling of waste, once on site, is poor. This has resulted in secondary pollution of adjacent areas due to wind redistribution and uncontrolled burning of waste.

Figure 2-2 Road and Rail Infrastructure for the BPD M.

The BPDM has strong functional road and rail links particularly with Gauteng to the east and Botswana to the west (Figure 2-2). Major roads connect all the major towns within the district with these areas, generally having sufficient secondary roads for adequate waste service delivery. However, the levels of infrastructure decrease with increasing distance from these formal development nodes. This directly affects the ability to provide waste services to these areas. Additionally, some landfill sites are poorly located therefore necessitating an upgrade in site access. Road infrastructure will need to be further examined to assess institutional capacity to deliver waste services to these areas.



Table 2-6 Equipment Available, Plant Condition, and Access for the Various Landfills, Transfer Stations, and Garden Sites within the BPDM , North-West Province (Source: Bojanala Platinum District Municipality; 2005 and H igh Level Questionnaires; 2007).


Issue Derby Koster Swartruggen

s

Resources on site

Front-end loader and Grader.

A second hand bulldozer


Plant/equipment Condition


Not in use due to mechanical failure


Resources for collection

Tractor-trailer vehicles. Number and condition unknown.

Access and Transport Type

Road access via a single entrance gate only

Road access through the residential area

Road access via a two lane road in good condition

Madibeng Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue Hartbeesfontein (Private)

Eastern Platinum (Private)

Middelkraal (Private) Mooinooi

Resources on site

A new compacter and front loader




Plant/equipment Condition Good





Tractor-trailer vehicles, compactors. Number and condition unknown.


Via road through two entrances, one of which is a tarred service road







Transfer Stations

Issue Spoorweg (Garden site)

Klipgat Mothutlung (Garden site)

Damonsville

Resources on site

2 x 30m3 skips


Roll-on-roll off truck







Resources for collection Information not available







Landfills Issue Bosplaas

West Bosplaas East

Resources on site

Number of earthmoving equipment sufficient for both sites, a water cart for dust suppression

Plant/equipment Condition Information not available




Access via a tarred service road only




Landfills

Issue Madikwe Mogwase Sun City

(Private)

Swartklip Platinum Mine (Private)

Resources on site

Tedcor (Contractor) responsible for transport. Front-end loader available

Front-end loader


Managed by Millennium Waste under contract











Tedcor contractor use MAN 14.22 chassis cabs. Number and condition unknown.


Formal entrance limited to road access only

No formal entrance but limited to road access only



Rustenburg Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Townlands Monnakato Hartbeesfontein Phatsima Bethanie

Resources on site

Compactor, back actor, water cart, and heavy-duty tipper truck


None. Bulldozer brought on site every six months to cover waste

None. Bulldozer brought on site every six months to cover waste









Compactors and refu-tips. Number and condition unknown.









Rustenburg Local Municipality Private Mine Waste Di sposal Sites

Landfills

Issue Marikana Lonmin -

Karee Rustenburg Platinum

Rasimone Platinum

Quarry - Impala Platinum

Resources on site

Municipal contractor: C&D Plastics

Contractor removes waste

Operation has been outsourced

















Transfer Stations Issue

Kremetart Abattoir Zinniaville

Resources on site















2.1.5. Waste Treatment and Disposal

Twenty-nine disposal sites have been listed for the BPDM and are presented in Table 2-7. These consist of landfill sites, garden sites, and transfer stations, either privately or municipally owned. The majority of the landfill sites have been classified as general waste (G), communal landfills (C), with no significant leachate produced (B-). General geographic information has been provided, however the more important information pertains to the remaining air space for each landfill site. The majority of the landfill sites within BPDM, excluding the garden sites and transfer stations, will be nearing site life completion in approximately 10 years. The main concern lies with sites servicing a large percentage of the population nearing the end of its site life. For example, the Kgetlengrivier LM has three waste disposal sites nearing the end of their site life in approximately five years’ time. Simultaneous closure of all three landfills would have serious implications for waste management and impacts on the environment. Site life estimations do not include an increase in waste service delivery or efficiency. However, a more in-depth investigation can only be conducted once information has been gathered regarding the landfill volumes. The Townlands landfill site within the Rustenburg LM would appear to be the only landfill investigating alternative methods for waste management, in the form of composting. This is a recent development where feasibility and efficiency are still to be determined. Insufficient vehicle capacity, non-payment of services, significant shortages of staff, poor maintenance budgets, and high cost of service delivery within the LMs are some of the difficulties exacerbating the problems experienced. Illegal dumping is cleared by the municipality at significantly higher cost and impact on the environment, further reducing resources and therefore capacity.



Table 2-7 Waste Disposal Site Classification, Locat ion, Site Life, and Other Waste Facilities Present for the Different Landfills of t he LM in BPDM (Source: Bojanala Platinum District Municipality; 2005 and High Level Questionnaires; 2007).


Issue Derby Koster Swartruggens

Site Classification G:C:B- G:C:B- G:C:B-

Location

On a remainder of Portion 25 of

the farm Rietfontein

372JQ

On the remainder of

Portion 5 of the farm

Kleinfontein 463JP

On a portion of the farm

Brakfontein 404JP

Co-ordinates 27º 02.26'S 25º 54.17’E

26º 53.00'S 25º 51.53’E

26º 42.38'S 25º 38.68’E

Volume Information not available



Site Life >5 Years >5 Years,

potential to expand

>5 Years, potential to

expand

Other Waste Facilities No No No

Madibeng Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills

Issue Hartbeesfontein

Eastern Platinum (Private)

Middelkraal (Private) Mooinooi

Site Classification G:M:B- G:C:B- G:C:B- G:C:B-

Location

On portion 37 of the farm

Hartbeesfontein 445 JQ, in the district of Brits

On a portion of the farm

Turffontein 462JQ


Located on portion 121 of

the farm Elandskraal

469 JQ









Site Life 15 years 90 years >15 years Information not available

Other Waste Facilities No No No No




Transfer Stations Issue Spoorweg

(Garden site) Klipgat Mothutlung (Garden site)

Damonsville

Site Classification Garden site G:C:B- Garden site Information

not available

Location

Site located approximately

10km from Hartebeespoort regional landfill

Site located on a portion of the farm De Rust

478 JQ

Site located at Mothutlung,

approximately 11km north east

of Brits

Damonsville

Co-ordinates Unknown 27º 49.41'S 25º

44.56’E Information not

available Information

not available

Volume

No defined lifespan as

waste is continually removed






Site Life Information not available




Other Waste Facilities






Landfills Issue Bosplaas West Bosplaas East

Site Classification G:S:B- G:S:B-

Location

Site located to the northwest of

the Babelegi Industrial area on a number of smallholdings located on the

farm Boschplaas 91 JR

Site located to the northwest of

the Babelegi Industrial area on a number of smallholdings located on the

farm Boschplaas 91

JR


28º 15.38'S 25º 20.61’E



Site Life >20 years >20 years Other Waste

Facilities No No




Landfills

Issue Madikwe Mogwase Sun City

(Private)

Swartklip Platinum

Mine (Private)

Site Classification G:C:B- G:S:B+ G:S:B- G:M:B-

Location

Located approximately

500m from Madikwe on farm

189, district Madikwe

Located on a portion of the

farm Klipfontein 60JQ

Located on part of the farm Ledig 93 JQ, district of

Rustenburg

Located on the Swartklip

Anglo Platinum Mine

Co-ordinates 26º 32.45' S 25º 21.18’E

27º 14.87'S 25º 16.48’E







Site Life 3 years 1.5 years Reached capacity 20 years


Rustenburg Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue Townlands Monnakato Hartbeesfontein Phatsima Bethanie

Site Classification G:M:B- G:C:B- G:C:B- G:C:B- G:C:B-

Location

Site located on portion

Townlands 272 JQ, Rustenburg

Site located on portion of farm Rietspruit 594

JQ

Site is located on portion of the

farm Hartbeesfontein

228 JQ, Rustenburg

Site is located on portion of farm Mimosa

81 JQ

Site is located adjacent to the

tarred road linking Brits-Thabazimbi road with the

Sun City-Hartebeespoort

Dam road Co-ordinates Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Volume 420000m3 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Site Life 2-5 years

10 years (air space

consumption minimal)

5 years 10 years 10 years

Other Waste Facilities

Composting facility being developed

None None None None



Rustenberg Local Municipality Private Mine Waste Di sposal Sites

Landfills

Issue Marikana Lonmin -

Karee Rustenburg

Platinum Rasimone Platinum

Quarry - Impala

Platinum Site

Classification G:C:B- G:S:B- G:S:B- G:S:B- G:S:B-

Location


farm Rooikoppies 297

JQ

Located on portions 248 and 250 of

Rooikoppies Farm 297 JQ


Brakspruit 299 JQ and portion 2

of Klipfontein 300JQ

Site is located on company

premises, Boshoek District

Located on a portion of

Portion 2 of the Farm

Kookfontein 265 JQ, District of Rustenburg

Co-ordinates Information not available





Volume Information not

available 76204m3 Information not

available Estimated 265000m3


Site Life Reaching

capacity <3 years

Approximately 12 years

Nearing closure date



Other Waste Facilities None None None None None


Transfer Station Issue

Kremetart Abattoir Zinniaville Site

Classification Garden Waste

Disposal Facility Garden Waste

Disposal Facility Garden Waste

Disposal Facility

Location Facility north of

Rustenburg cemetery

Facility adjacent to obsolete abattoir and RLM's waste management

depot

Facility located at the

northeastern corner of the

Zinniaville residential area.

Access to the site is along an

extension of Collins Street.




Volume No consumption of airspace

No consumption of

airspace

No consumption of airspace




Other Waste Facilities None None None



2.1.6. Budgets and Economic Considerations

Except for two local municipalities, capital expenditure has not been allocated or budgeted for. Therefore, an estimated cost to provide waste services to the five local municipalities has been presented in Table 2-8.

Table 2-8 Number of Un-Served Households and Averag e Estimated Cost to Provide Waste Services for the LMs of BPDM

Local Municipality Households Cost at R20/sp/month Kgetlengrivier 5 550 R 1 332 000 Madibeng 55 150 R 13 236 000 Moretele 44 000 R 10 560 000 Moses Kotane 51 950 R 12 468 000 Rustenburg 62 500 R 15 000 000

As part of the BPDM IWMP, an order-of-magnitude estimate was made by Jarrod Ball & Associates (2005) for the capital and operational costs involved in achieving the goals set out. These have been summarised in Table 2-9.



Table 2-9 Development Needed and Associated Costs ( 2005) for Waste Disposal and Management in Each LM, BPDM (Source: Bojanala Platinum District Municipality; 2005 and High Level Questionnaires; 2007).

Kgetlengrivier Moses Kotane Madibeng Moretele Rustenburg Develop new

landfill for Koster and

Derby

R 10 000 000

Develop new transfer facility or landfill for

Mogwase

R 4 000 000 Upgrade

Hartebeesfontein landfill

R 1 000 000 Develop a new landfill

site R 10 000 000

Develop new regional

landfill site R 15 000 000

Close and rehabilitate

Derby landfill R 1 000 000

Upgrade Madikwe

landfill (incl groundwater monitoring)

R 1 300 000

Hartebeesfontein

weighbridge and invoicing

system

R 600 000

Permit and upgrade the

Bosplaas landfill

R 1 500 000

Upgrade informal

Hartebeesfontein landfill or

develop transfer station

R 5 000 000

Develop a new garden

waste / transfer

station at Derby

R 4 000 000

Landfill and transfer

operations (private

sector) per year

R 1 800 000

Develop composting

facility at Hartebeesfont

ein landfill

R 2 000 000


operations (private

sector) per year

R 900 000

Develop new garden

waste/transfer facility in east

R 5 000 000

Upgrade the Swartruggens

landfill R 2 000 000

Develop hazardous cell

at Hartebeesfont

ein landfill

R 2 500 000

Develop new garden

waste/transfer facility at Marikana

R 5 000 000


operations (private

sector) per year

R 2 300 000

Develop Materials Recovery

Facilities and transfer

facilities in northern regions

R 12 000 000

Develop transfer

station at Bethanie

R 5 000 000

Upgrade

Mothotlung transfer station

R 2 000 000 Landfill and

transfer operations

(private

R 4 560 000



Kgetlengrivier Moses Kotane Madibeng Moretele Rustenburg station (private

sector) per year


operations (private

sector) per year

R 4 400 000



2.1.7. Rural Waste Management

An issue not unique to the rural areas is the lack of formal data capture systems and capacity resulting in a poor understanding of the needs surrounding waste generation and management. This is exacerbated in the rural areas where informal waste management remains a particular concern to the BPDM. As mentioned in section 2.1.4, less than half the population of BPDM receive formal waste services. With 75% of the population residing in rural areas (except for Kgetlengrivier and Rustenburg) the poor service delivery impacts these areas the greatest. The result of the lack of formal service provided is the illegal disposal of refuse. This has been achieved through the following methods: burying, burning, illegal dumping, home composting, recycling, transporting of waste to another area for collection, and private/community collection services. Additional information is required to further understanding with respect to rural waste management and is quintessential to future efforts aimed at addressing this disparity.

2.1.8. Institutional Capacity for Waste Management

There are two divisions within the BPDM dealing with waste management, these being:

1. Technical Services Department, and 2. Environment and Waste Management projects division, located

within the Local Economic Development and Planning Directorate.

The Technical Services Department is responsible for, amongst other things, basic services and includes solid waste removal. The Environment and Waste Management division has a number of waste management projects and focuses on education and community entrepreneurship. Institutionally, however, there is an obvious lack of coordination and communication between the district and five local municipalities (Jarrod Ball & Associates 2005). Accountability and responsibility for waste services is vague and there are no distinct lines of communication which severely hampers waste management. In general, all local municipalities of the BPDM are under-staffed with poor access to sufficient resources and infrastructure. Moretele has no staff in waste management, with one post serving as managerial oversight from within the Local Economic Development Department. As a result, community based waste contractors are used for all service delivery.



2.1.9. Gaps in Information

The gaps in information for the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality can be summarized in five main categories: disposal, collection, minimization, capacity and budget. For all five Local Municipalities the volume of the waste disposed of at the landfills is unknown. There is not enough information to present an in-depth discussion on the waste collection of the Kgetlengrivier LM, Moretele LM and the Moses Kotane LM. For the Madibeng LM all that is known is that there is a large amount of domestic waste that is not collected.



2.2. Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMM DM)


The NMMDM Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP) was developed by SRK Consulting (Shand & Strydom 2005). The Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) (District Code DC38) consists of five local municipalities (Refer to Figure 2-3) and is approximately 27 489km2 in extent. The district was formerly known as the Central District Municipality. Mafikeng has the greatest population densities (5 000 people per km2), contrasted with 10 people per km2 within the farming communities. (Shand & Strydom 2005).

Figure 2-3 The Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municip ality and Associated Local

Table 2-10 summarises population estimates for each local municipality based on monthly income categories from the 2001 Census (StatsSA 2003). These data refer specifically to individuals between 15 and 65 years old. The majority of the population can be considered very low income earners, Mafikeng being the only exception. This information has particular relevance and bearing on the delivery of waste services from an economic perspective.



Table 2-10 Employed population between 15 and 65 Ye ars Old, Divided According to Monthly Income for the NMMDM (Source: StatsSA 2003)

Monthly Income Categories Ratlou Tswaing Mafikeng Ditsobotla Ramotshere

Moiloa Very Low

None 218 377 1056 730 448 R1-400 1 733 7 604 8 237 8 893 4 832


Low R801-1 600 818 1 760 9 056 4 479 2745

R1 601-3 200 813 1 799 9 257 3 864 2 824 Total Population 1 631 3 559 18 313 8 343 5 569 Percentage Pop. 27% 21% 39% 29% 34%

Middle R3 201-6 400 530 1 372 7 839 2 781 2 008

R6 401-12 800 109 522 3 713 1 200 604 Total Population 639 1 894 11 552 3 981 2 612 Percentage Pop. 11% 11% 24% 14% 16%

High R12 801-25 600 15 155 895 355 99 R25 601-51 200 10 46 224 68 44 R51 201-102 400 3 34 126 70 43

R102 401-204 800 0 6 68 17 12 Over R204 801 6 7 34 10 6 Total Population 34 248 1 347 520 204 Percentage Pop. 1% 1% 3% 2% 1%

TOTAL POP. 6 079 16 593 47 447 28 713 16 514


Although landfills for the local municipalities of the NMMDM have been identified, information for specific volumes and types of waste collected is not currently available (Refer to Table 2-11). Mafikeng produces the majority of the waste, followed by Ditsobotla, Ramotshere, Tswaing, and Ratlou local municipalities, respectively. Ratlou LM currently has no formal waste disposal sites and the local community therefore makes use of informal dumpsites, usually located in non-perennial streams or other such low points. Information will need to be gathered on the amounts and types of waste being disposed of at the various landfill sites. Waste generation rates (WGR) will need to be calculated for predictions of future waste volumes to compare with current institutional effectiveness and sustainability.



Table 2-11 Waste Quantities for the Various Landfil ls for the LM’s of NMMDM, North-West Province (Source: Central District Municipalit y; 2005 and High Level

Questionnaires; 2007).

Ratlou Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue None


Tswaing Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

De la Reyville Ottosdal



Mafikeng Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Mafikeng

Waste Quantities 7 792m3/month

Ditsobotla Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue Lichtenburg Thlabologang



Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Zeerust Lehurutshe Groot Marico





The majority of the re-use, reclamation, and recycling initiatives within the NMMDM are conducted by the informal and private sectors. Informal salvaging occurs at most of the landfills. According to information received by Ramotshere Moiloa LM, informal salvaging recycles approximately 5% of waste and the total waste volumes recycled is 80 t/month. Other initiatives include annual cleaning campaigns held by street vendors. The private sector and associated businesses make up the remaining portion of waste recycling. In general, there are no recycling facilities or incentives being created or offered to the public. The proportion of commercial waste being recycled is unclear, preventing the calculation of a recycled waste percentage for the NMMDM. However, it has been estimated that less than 10% of all



general waste being produced within the NMMDM is being recycled (Shand and Strydom, 2005). In general, little to no composting is undertaken by any of the LM’s within the NMMDM.


Table 2-12 Households receiving waste services base d on the high-level questionnaires (2007).

Local Municipality

Household Service Coverage 2007

Percentage Households

Ditsobotla 17 076 48% Mafikeng 15 000 23%

Ramotshere Moiloa 4 913

Information not

provided Ratlou Questionnaire not completed

Ditsobotla LM has approximately 18 000 collection points and services the residential and C.B.D areas 1-2 times weekly. Ramotshere Moiloa LM has approximately 5 500 collection points which are serviced 1-2 times per week, whilst C.B.D points are serviced everyday. Mafikeng LM has approximately 15 800 collection points which are serviced 1-2 weekly.



Figure 2-4 Road and Rail Infrastructure for the NMM DM.

The road and rail infrastructure for the Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality is indicated in Figure 2-4. A change from rail to road transport of freight has increased traffic along the major routes, resulting in major deterioration to this infrastructure. Evident from this map is the lack of major road infrastructure within the western portion of the district (Ratlou LM). The Ratlou Local Municipality currently receives no formal waste services and it will be necessary when addressing this to incorporate the lack of infrastructure for the area.

Table 2-13 Percentage of the Population Not Receivi ng Waste Services for the NMMDM (Source: Central District Municipality, 2005)

Percentage not receiving service

Ratlou LM 100% Tswaing LM 74% Mafikeng LM 73%

Ditsobotla LM 58%

Ramotshere Moiloa LM 83%




Eight disposal sites have been identified for the NMMDM and are presented in Table 2-14. Estimated site life for the majority of the disposal sites is available. Ramotshere Moiloa LM has one waste disposal site but it is due for closure. There are two other disposal sites within the Local Municipality in Lehurutshe and Groot Marico. Information specific to each disposal site will need to be gathered.

Table 2-14 Disposal Site Classification, Location, Site Life, and Other Waste Facilities Present for the Different Landfills of t he LM’s in the NMMDM (Source:

Central District Municipality; 2005 and High Level Questionnaires; 2007)

Ratlou Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue None

Site Classification N/A Location N/A

Co-ordinates N/A Volume N/A Site Life N/A

Other Waste Facilities N/A

Tswaing Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue De la

Reyville Ottosdal

Site Classification Information not available


Location Information not available








Other Waste Facilities Information not available


Mafikeng Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue Mafikeng

Site Classification G:M:B- Location Danville

Co-ordinates Unknown


Site Life 5 Years




Ditsobotla Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue Lichtenburg Coligny

Site Classification G:C:B G:C:B

Location Lichtenburg Coligny Co-ordinates Unknown Unknown



Site Life 15 Years 10 Years



Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Zeerust Lehurutshe Groot Marico Site Classification G:S:B- G:C:B- G:C:B-

Location Zeerust Lehurutshe Groot Marico Co-ordinates Unknown Unknown Unknown




Site Life 4 Years 6 Years 6 Years

Other Waste Facilities General General General

2.2.6. Economic Considerations

SRK Consulting made use of a computer model to generate expected waste volumes and possible costs associated with the management of waste generation in the NMMDM (Shand & Strydom, 2005). The information used in the modelling procedure was not included. This information addressed cost implications for a number of scenarios surrounding waste generation and management. The end product was a series of options and associated costs. There was no evaluation of current LM capacity to manage waste nor of any escalation in the future. It is important to note however, that there is currently no understanding of the capital expenditure allocated or budgeted for by the local municipalities of the NMMDM. Ramotshere LM has a budget allocated to street cleansing but is deemed as insufficient by the municipality to manage landfill operations. Ditsobotla Local Municipality has a total budget of R2 403 448, while Mafikeng Local Municipality has an operational budget for 2007/08 of R14 506 203 and a capital budget of R6 000 000.




The majority of the population within the NMMDM does not have access to formal waste services. This is especially true within the farming and rural communities in the Mafikeng LM for example 58 villages are not serviced. Consistent across all local municipalities is the informal management of waste, which includes burying and burning of waste. Of particular concern is the impact this practice has on the adjacent environment and water sources. The additional cost incurred by each LM for remediation of these sites could be considerable, owing to reduced institutional capacity and insufficient funds.


There is currently insufficient information to assess adequately the current institutional capacity of the NMMDM to manage and deliver waste services. However, it is clear that challenges exist for the effective and sustainable management of waste within the NMMDM.


The gaps in information for the NMMDM District Municipality can be summarized in five main categories: disposal, collection, minimization, capacity and budget. For all five Local Municipalities the volume of the waste disposed of at the landfills is unknown. There is not enough information to present an in-depth discussion on the waste disposal within any of the Local Municipalities.



2.3. Bophirima District Municipality (BDM)


The Bophirima District Municipality (BDM) (District Code DC40) is approximately 47 478 km2 in extent (41% of the total area of the North West Province). The BDM has an estimated population of 480 456 people (14% of the total population of the North-West Province) (Kwezi V3 Engineers 2004). This district therefore has the smallest population of all the district municipalities of the NW Province. Refer to Figure 2-5 for a locality map of the DM and major towns within BDM.

Figure 2-5 The Bophirima District Municipality and Associated Local Municipalities.

The BDM consists of six local municipalities and these have been listed along with population estimates based on monthly income categories from the 2001 Census in Table 2-15 (StatsSA 2003). The BDM can be considered an outlying rural area on the western boundary of South Africa. This has significant ramifications on waste generation where rates are reduced in comparison to the other district municipalities owing to the population being located predominantly in the rural areas. Greater waste generation does however occur within the urban areas. It has been estimated that the entire population within the District Municipality generates up to 350 tonnes of waste per day, totalling 127 750 tonnes/annum (Kwezi V3 Engineers, 2004).



Table 2-15 Employed Population between 15 and 65 Ye ars Old, Divided According to Monthly Income for th e BDM (StatsSA 2003)

Monthly Income Categories Kagisano Naledi Mamusa Greater Taung Molopo Lekwa-

Teemane Very Low

None 274 213 239 458 73 151 R1-400 3 935 4 866 3 822 3 165 2 504 2 828

R401-800 1 484 2 757 2 090 2 171 303 2 102 Total Population 5 693 7 836 6 151 5 794 2 880 5 081 Percentage Pop. 64% 55% 70% 44% 81% 54%

Low R801-1 600 927 2 084 1 045 2 675 153 1 916

R1 601-3 200 1 117 1 932 727 2 393 237 1 154 Total Population 2 044 4 016 1 772 5 068 390 3 070 Percentage Pop. 23% 28% 20% 39% 11% 33%

Middle R3 201-6 400 808 1 458 588 1 650 146 804

R6 401-12 800 262 604 218 469 79 293 Total Population 1 070 2 062 806 2 119 225 1 097 Percentage Pop. 12% 15% 9% 16% 6% 12%

High R12 801-25 600 41 195 64 72 47 90 R25 601-51 200 28 42 16 25 17 20 R51 201-102 400 15 39 6 18 12 14

R102 401-204 800 8 13 9 6 0 6 Over R204 801 6 5 3 10 3 6 Total Population 98 294 98 131 79 136 Percentage Pop. 1% 2% 1% 1% 2% 1%

TOTAL POP. 8 905 14 208 8 827 13 112 3 574 9 384



There are no waste generation data available for the BDM owing largely to poor record-keeping and insufficient, or no, staff at the landfill sites. Therefore, an estimate based on waste management guidelines will be used for the calculation of waste generation. This will therefore need to be addressed to determine more accurately the specific generation rates per local municipality. However, the total waste quantities collected in 2004 by the landfill sites of the BDM are recorded in Table 2.18. Both the Kagisano and Molopo Local Municipalities have no formal waste disposal sites (table 2-18). No areas in Molopo LM are receiving waste services. Most of the waste generated within these areas is therefore burnt or buried in the back gardens. In general there are no preventative measures in place to dissuade any illegal dumping although this is generally not the normal practice. Of concern is the lack of information surrounding hazardous waste generation and disposal for the BDM.


Table 2-16 Waste Quantities collected in 2004 by th e Landfill Sites for the LM’s of BDM, North-West Province (Source: Bophirima IWMP; 2004, LM IWMP’s and High Level

Questionnaires; 2007).

Greater Taung Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sit es Landfills

Issue Taung Reivilo Pudimoe

Waste Quantities 730t/annum 292t/annum 1 533t/annum

Kagisano Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue None

Waste Quantities N/A

Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sit es Landfills

Issue Bloemhof Christiana Utlwanang

Waste Quantities Information not available 2 920t/annum 5 110t/annum

Mamusa Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Schweizer-Reneke Amalia

Waste Quantities 10 950t/annum 365t/annum



Molopo Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

None Receives no waste services

Waste Quantities N/A

Naledi Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue Vryburg Stella

Waste Quantities 32 120t/annum 730t/annum


Efforts to minimise and recycle waste are limited to a number of private operators within the BDM. These efforts focus on collection of recyclable waste from businesses and very little is reclaimed from the landfill sites. Informal reclaimers are present on a number of the landfill sites. Owing to the volumes of waste generated being so variable within the BDM, the feasibility of recycling methods employed across the district is questionable. Owing to the informal nature of the recycling efforts employed, no data on recycled volumes is available.


Apart from the local municipalities that do not receive a service, service coverage for the BDM is poorly understood (Table 2-17). Waste collection is conducted on a weekly basis for the majority of the local municipalities where waste services are offered (Table 2-18). Collection points are restricted to the commercial and residential properties associated with the larger towns. Farms, smallholdings, and other informal populated areas receive no formal waste collection service. The local municipalities offer a door-to-door service and restricted bulk services for commercial businesses. Street-sweeping is not commonly practised across the LM’s of the BDM.



Figure 2-6 Road and Rail Infrastructure for the BDM .

Road linkages for the BDM comprise a number of linkages with major regional and metropolitan centres (Table 2-19). This DM is considered rural and relatively isolated from a regional and spatial perspective. In parts of the district, waste services are provided via gravel roads, greatly reducing delivery in unfavourable weather conditions. The road infrastructure presents major challenges for the efficient delivery of waste services to the entire population of the BDM. Equipment for the effective handling of waste is generally limited if at all available ( Table 2-19). Poor maintenance routines and insufficient capital expenditure has meant equipment available for waste management is generally old and in poor condition. More information will be necessary for a greater insight into each LM capacity to handle waste volumes generated.



Table 2-17 Percentage of the Population receiving W aste Services for each LM within the BDM, North-West Province (Source: Bophirima IW MP; 2004, LM IWMP’s and High

Level Questionnaires; 2007).

Local Municipality Population numbers Household numbers

Service Coverage 2004

Greater Taung 201 683 41 450 25% Kagisano 88 780 Information not

available 0%

Lekwa Teemane 42 966 11 120 100% Mamusa 48 366 Information not available Molopo 11 690 800 0% Naledi 58 104 9 500 87%

Table 2-18 Number of Service Points, Type of Recept acle, and Frequency of Service for the LM’s of the BDM, North West Province (Source: B ophirima IWMP; 2004, LM

IWMP’s).

Greater Taung Local Municipality

Service Points Receptacles Frequency of Service Number of Service

points Residential 85 l Plastic Bags Weekly 2 033

CBD 85 l Plastic Bags Weekly 100

Industrial 85 l Plastic Bags Weekly Information not available

Kagisano Local Municipality

Service Points Receptacles Frequency of Service Number of Service points

Residential N/A N/A None CBD N/A N/A None

Industrial N/A N/A None

Lekwa Teemane Local Municipality


Residential 85 l Plastic Bags Weekly 10 820

CBD 240l Wheely Bins & 85 l

Plastic Bags Three times weekly 246

Industrial 85l Plastic Bags Weekly 8

Mamusa Local Municipality


Residential 85 l Plastic Bags Weekly 7 900 CBD 200 l Drums Twice weekly 192

Industrial Unknown Unknown Unknown



Molopo Local Municipality


Residential N/A N/A None CBD N/A N/A None

Industrial N/A N/A None

Naledi Local Municipality


Residential 85 l Plastic Bags Weekly 8 300

CBD 240l Wheely Bins & 85 l Plastic Bags

Twice weekly 800

Table 2-19 Equipment Available, Plant Condition, an d Access for the Landfills Sites within the BDM, North West Province (Source: Bophir ima IWMP; 2004, LM IWMP’s).



Resources TLB Access to TLB None Plant/equipment

Condition Fair N/A N/A





Kagisano Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

None Resources N/A


N/A

Access and Transport Type N/A

Lekwa Teemane Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sit es

Landfills Issue

Bloemhof Christiana Utlwanang

Resources Front-end Loader (FEL)

Front-end Loader (FEL)

Front-end Loader (FEL)












Landfills Issue

Schweizer-Reneke Amalia

Resources Front-end Loader

(FEL) None


Information not available N/A





Landfills Issue

None Resources N/A

Plant/equipment Condition N/A


N/A

Naledi Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Vryburg Stella Resources Compactor Bulldozer

Plant/equipment Condition Fair Poor





Ten disposal sites have been listed for the BDM and are presented in Table 2-20. The majority of the landfill sites have been classified as general waste (G), communal landfills (C), with no significant leachate produced (B-). Spatial information for each landfill site is vague, with information on site life and volumes needing updating. The absence of landfill sites and waste services in two of the local municipalities is exacerbated by the rural condition of the district with poor infrastructure reducing capacity and hampering service delivery. Landfill sites are generally poorly maintained with limited access control and no organisation of dumping. Insufficient staff and waste management training aggravates conditions on site. The Kagisano and Molopo LM’s are in need of a complete waste management strategy that will include waste disposal infrastructure, waste collection infrastructure as well as human resource capacity (Kwezi V3 Engineers, 2004).



Table 2-20 Waste Disposal Site Classification, Loca tion, Site Life, and Other Waste Facilities Present for the Different Landfills of the LM’s in BDM (Source: Bophirima IWMP; 2004, LM IWMP’s).



Site Classification G:C:B- G:C:B- G:C:B-

Location The site is situated approximately 2 km south of the centre of town

The site is situated approximately 2 km east of the centre of town

The site is approximately 1 km east of the town

Co-ordinates Information not available Information not available Information not available Volume Information not available Information not available Information not available Site Life >10 Years >15 Years Reaching capacity

Other Waste Facilities No No No

Kagisano Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

None Site

Classification N/A

Location N/A Co-ordinates N/A

Volume N/A Site Life N/A




Lekwa Teemane Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sit es

Landfills Issue

Bloemhof Christiana Utlwanang Site

Classification G:C:B- G:C:B- G:C:B-

Location The site is approximately 3 km west of the town

The site is approximately 4 km west of the town

The site is approximately 750 m south east of Utlwanang

Co-ordinates Information not available Information not available Information not available

Volume Information not available Information not available Information not available

Site Life 2 Years 2 Years Information not available Other Waste

Facilities No No No


Landfills Issue

Schweizer-Reneke Amalia Site

Classification G:C:B- G:C:B-

Location The site is approximately 2.5 km west of the town, adjacent Ipelegeng

The site is approximately 1 km west of the town

Co-ordinates Information not available Information not available Volume Information not available Information not available Site Life In need of closure >15 Years

Other Waste Facilities No No




Landfills Issue

None Site

Classification N/A

Location N/A Co-ordinates N/A

Volume N/A Site Life N/A


Naledi Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Vryburg Stella Site

Classification Class 2 G:C:B-

Location Approximately 2.5 km south east of

the centre of Vryburg Approximately 1.5 km south of the

centre of Stella

Co-ordinates Information not available Information not available Volume Information not available Information not available Site Life Reaching capacity Undetermined




2.3.6. Budgets and Economic Consideration

Information surrounding waste generation and current infrastructure will need to be gathered and incorporated into a specific assessment of costs for waste services. This will need to address costs for expansion of existing waste services as well as addressing the need for a full waste management strategy for the Kagisano and Molopo LM’s.


The BDM can be classified as a rural district where farms, smallholdings, and rural areas receive no formal waste services. Waste generation rates for these areas are minimal and waste is generally burnt or buried in each household’s backyard. In general, illegal dumping is restricted to isolated areas and is not the normal practice. There are no procedures in place to educate or prevent the current levels from escalating in the future.


Current service delivery and institutional capacity is generally very limited and benefits are only received in the more developed towns of the BDM. Demand for effective waste management and services is underestimated owing to the rural nature of the district and current waste management practices, which result in no significant waste-related issues other than poor service delivery. Kagisano and Molopo LM’s are in need of a complete waste management strategy, whereas the other LM’s may be able to expand on existing infrastructure. Resources and training of staff are generally poor and may prohibit the effective expansion of existing service delivery into the more rural areas. Current reclaiming and recycling initiatives need to be formalised and expanded to extend landfill site life. The reliance or utilisation of private contractors for the delivery of waste services within the BDM is poorly understood. This will need further investigation to assess the economic feasibility of the potential to expand on current service delivery.


The gaps in information for the Bophirima District Municipality can be summarized in five main categories: disposal, collection, minimization, capacity and budget. Molopo LM and Kagisano LM do not have landfill sites, therefore it is not strictly a gap in information for these LM’s but rather a lack of facilities.



2.4. Southern District Municipality (SDM)


The Southern District Municipality (SDM) (District Code DC40) consists of five local municipalities (Refer to Table 2-21 and Figure 2-7). The total population of the SDM is approximately 629 915.

Figure 2-7 The Southern District Municipality and A ssociated Local Municipalities

An Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP) was drafted by Kwezi V3 Engineers (2005a) when the Merafong City local municipality was not yet integrated into the NW Province. A High-Level Questionnaire was completed by the LM. The Potchefstroom Local Municipality has since been renamed to Tlokwe Local Municipality. Table 2-21 summarises population estimates for each local municipality based on monthly income categories from the 2001 Census (StatsSA 2003). These data refer specifically to individuals between 15 and 65 years old. The majority of the population can be considered very low to low income earners. This information has particular relevance and bearing on the delivery of waste services from an economic perspective.



Table 2-21 Employed Population between 15 and 65 Ye ars Old, Divided According to Monthly Income for the SDM (StatsSA 2003)

Monthly Income Categories Ventersdorp Tlokwe Klerksdorp Maquassi

Hills Merafong

City Very Low

None 216 634 1 740 207 949 R1-400 3 920 5 257 13 644 5 601 7 007


Low R801-1 600 1 032 7 939 24 496 1 790 27 210

R1 601-3 200 837 7 380 20 297 1 228 25 638 Total Population 1 869 15 319 44 793 3 018 52 848 Percentage Pop. 20% 42% 47% 22% 63%

Middle R3 201-6 400 599 5 190 11 488 931 7 902 R6 401-12 800 271 2 693 6 486 470 4 308

Total Population 870 7 883 17 974 1 401 12 210 Percentage Pop. 9% 21% 19% 10% 15%

High R12 801-25 600 87 907 1 704 125 1 297 R25 601-51 200 21 266 440 46 313 R51 201-102 400 11 199 158 25 148

R102 401-204 800 5 90 91 9 80 Over R204 801 5 17 33 3 23 Total Population 129 1 479 2 426 208 1 861 Percentage Pop. 1% 4% 3% 2% 2%

TOTAL POP. 9 431 36 867 95 870 13 441 83 623


Although waste generation rates are not well unders tood for the SDM due to poor record-keeping for some of the landfill sit es, waste volumes collected and type generally are well understood. T hese have been summarised and presented in

Table 2-22. The Hartebeeskop Landfill of the Tlokwe Local Municipality accounts for the greatest volume of waste collected for the SDM. This landfill site is a new development and represents a model example for a G:C:B- landfill site.



Table 2-22 Waste Quantities collected in 2004 by th e Sites for the LM’s of SDM, North-West Province (S ource: Southern District Municipality IWMP, 2005, High-Level Questionnaires, 2007).

Ventersdorp Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Issue Landfills

Ventersdorp

Waste Quantities 8 395t/annum

Maquassi Hills Local Municipality Waste Disposal Si tes Issue Landfills

Wolmaransstad Makwassie Leeudoringstad Witpoort

Waste Quantities 7 300t/annum 1 898t/annum 1 898t/annum 438t/annum

Tlokwe Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Issue Landfills

Old Potchefstroom Hartebeeskop

Waste Quantities 40 880t/annum 10 0740t/annum

Matlosana Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Issue Landfills

Klerksdorp Orkney Stilfontein Hartbeesfontein

Waste Quantities Information not available 35 040t/annum 23 944t/annum 5 548t/annum

Merafong City Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sit es

Issue Landfills

Rooipoort Fochville

Waste Quantities Unknown Unknown




Waste minimisation, re-use, and recycling can be summarised for the five LM’s within the SDM as follows:

• Ventersdorp LM – Although there is no formal recycling of waste, a contract with a resident is being investigated. There are no records available for volumes of recycled waste within the LM. No special programmes are in existence.

• Maquassi Hills LM – An extensive recycling and composting project was implemented in Leeudoringstad in 1999. However, owing to misappropriation of funds and general mismanagement, the project failed. There are no records available for volumes of recycled waste within the LM.

• Tlokwe LM – There are currently three active waste recycling companies within the LM. Additionally, there are a number of reclaimers on the Old Potchefstroom landfill site (approximately 200). A composting plant is being investigated. Approximately 15 % of waste is recycled through informal salvaging. Other initiatives include waste awareness at schools.

• Matlosana LM – No formal recycling methods are employed, however an attempt at formalising reclamation activities on the landfill sites has been made with little success. Different town are in the process of establishing buy-back centres.

• Merafong City LM – No information has been received from this local municipality.


Service coverage for the SDM is poorly understood and additional information is to be collected in the near future. More than 60% of the population of the Ventersdorp LM receive a waste service (Table 2-23). Further adjacent rural areas are to be incorporated into this service delivery in the near future. Waste collection is done regularly throughout the SDM and this has been summarised and presented in Table 2-24. All residential areas receive at least a weekly collection service and the CBDs are serviced between two and four times a week depending on the specific requirements. Outsourcing to waste contractors is being utilised within the SDM to great effect. Discrepancies do exist between the service levels for rural areas and the more formally developed areas. However, in comparison to the other district municipalities, service coverage is generally good.



Figure 2-8 Road and Rail Infrastructure for the SDM .

The SDM has a well-developed road and rail network with all major settlement areas connected with surfaced roads. The majority of these have a rail link to the main Gauteng/Cape Town route. (Refer to Figure 2-8). However, upgrading and development of the road network will be necessary to improve service delivery and decrease maintenance costs. Table 2-25 summarises the resources available and plant condition for the landfill sites of the SDM. In general, access to adequate waste management equipment is good, the only exception being Maquassi Hills LM. Additional information for the landfill sites is however still needed.



Table 2-23 Percentage of the Population receiving W aste Services for each LM within the SDM, North-West Province (Source: High-Level Qu estionnaires, 2007).

Local Municipality Population numbers Household numbers

Service Coverage 2004

Ventersdorp 43 076 7 307 70% Maquassi Hills 69 037 Questionnaire not completed Tlokwe 128 353 35 500 95% Matlosana 359 203 80 000 Information not available Merafong City 308 237 29 222 82

Table 2-24 Number of Service Points, Type of Recept acle, and Frequency of Service for the LM’s of the SDM, North-West Province (Source: S outhern District Municipality

IWMP, 2005, LM IWMP’s, High-Level Questionnaires, 2 007).

Ventersdorp Local Municipality

Service Points Receptacles Frequency of Service

Number of Service points

85l household bins or any other container used Weekly 4712

Residential Refuse bags Weekly 1089

CBD 240l Wheelie bins

2 – 4 times per week depending on

specific requirements.

208

Industrial 240l Wheelie bins Twice weekly 2

Maquassi Hills Local Municipality



85l household bins or any other container used Weekly 9 800

Residential Refuse bags Twice weekly 2 083

CBD 240l Wheelie bins Three times per week 1 200

Industrial Information not available

Tlokwe Local Municipality

Service Points Receptacles Frequency of

Service Number of Service

points 240l Wheelie Bins Weekly

Refuse bags Twice weekly 7 121

Residential Refuse bags Weekly 22 000

CBD 240l Bins Information not available 490

Industrial Refuse bags Twice weekly 250 CBD daily Street

Containers Concrete Braunton sidewalk

containers Weekly 1 500



Matlosana Local Municipality



Region 1 (Klerksdorp, Manzilpark, and Alabama 240l Wheelie Bins Weekly Unknown

Residential Refuse bags (85l) Weekly 16 000 85l household bins 500

CBD & Industrial 1.1m2 containers

Weekly to daily 200

Region 2 (Jouberton, Hartbeesfontein, and Tigane Township Refuse bags (85l) Weekly 400 Residential and

Small Commerce 85l household bins, no liner Weekly 31 000 Region 3 (Orkney and Kanana Township)

240l Wheelie Bins Weekly and twice weekly 3400 Residential and

Commercial 85l household bins, no liner Weekly 19 000

Region 4 (Stilfontein and Khuma Township)

240l Wheelie Bins Weekly and twice

weekly 3 700 Residential and Commercial

85l household bins, no liner Weekly 10 500

Merafong City Local Municipality



Residential CBD

Industrial Information not available



Table 2-25 Equipment Available, Plant Condition, an d Access for the Landfills Sites within the SDM, No rth-West Province (Source: Southern District Municipality IWMP, 2005, LM IWMP’s, High-L evel Questionnaires, 2007).

Ventersdorp Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills Issue Ventersdorp

Resources Grader and TLB twice weekly; Front-end Loader (FEL)


Both Fair



Maquassi Hills Local Municipality Waste Disposal Si tes

Landfills Issue Wolmaransstad Makwassie Leeudoringstad Witpoort

Resources None None None None Plant/equipment Condition

N/A N/A N/A N/A


Information not available Information not available Information not available


Tlokwe Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue Old Potchefstroom Hartebeeskop

Resources Compactor and FEL Information not available Plant/equipment Condition

Information not available Information not available





Matlosana Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue Klerksdorp Orkney Stilfontein Hartbeesfontein

Resources Two Landfill Compactors and one 6ton Tipper

FEL and Landfill Compacter

FEL FEL


Poor and good respectively Poor and fair respectively Good Good


Information not available Information not available Information not available



Landfills Issue Carltonville Fochville

Resources Two Front-End Loaders (FEL)

Unknown








Thirteen disposal sites have been listed for the SDM and are presented in Table 2-26 along with site classification and spatial information. Additional information is still required to improve the understanding of capacity to handle waste across the SDM. However, waste disposal facilities are generally adequate. Increases in waste generation may be problematic in the near future for some of the LM and vehicle condition is poor in some of the landfill sites. A local incinerator is approximately 2km east from the centre of Klerksdorp. It is permitted and is a temporary solution to medical waste - temporary permission has been granted to dispose the hazardous ash content into Klerksdorp Landfill Site. This will continue only until the new landfill site is permitted. The subsequent closure of Klerksdorp landfill will force an alternative to ash disposal.



Table 2-26 Waste Disposal Site Classification, Loca tion, Site Life, and Other Waste Facilities Present for the Different Landfills of the LM’s in SDM (Source: Southern District Municipality IWMP, 2005, LM IWMP’s, High-Level Questionnaires, 2007).

Ventersdorp Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites Landfills

Issue Ventersdorp

Site Classification G:S:B-

Location Approximately 5km west

of the centre of Ventersdorp

Co-ordinates Information not available Volume Information not available Site Life 10 Years

Other Waste Facilities No

Maquassi Hills Local Municipality Waste Disposal Si tes

Landfills Issue

Wolmaransstad Makwassie Leeudoringstad Witpoort Site Classification G:S:B- G:C:B- G:C:B- G:C:B-

Location Approximately 7.5 km south of the centre of

Wolmaransstad

Approximately 5.2 km west of Makwassie town

Approximately 3 km east of Leeudoringstad town

Approximately 2.5 km east of the town of Witpoort

Co-ordinates Information not available Information not available Information not available Information not available Volume Information not available Information not available Information not available Information not available Site Life >5 Years Information not available Information not available Information not available




Tlokwe Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Old Potchefstroom Hartebeeskop Site Classification G:S:B- G:M:B-

Location 12 km West from the Potchefstroom town

centre

14 km northwest of the centre of Potchefstroom

Co-ordinates Information not available Information not available Volume Information not available Information not available Site Life Site Closed >30 Years


Matlosana Local Municipality Waste Disposal Sites

Landfills Issue

Klerksdorp Orkney Stilfontein Hartbeesfontein Site Classification Class 2 N/A N/A Unknown

Location 2 km East from the Klerksdorp town centre

Approximately 4 km West of Orkney

Approximately 500 m South of Stilfontein

1 km South of Hartbeesfontein

Co-ordinates Information not available Information not available Information not available Information not available Volume Information not available Information not available Information not available Information not available Site Life Reaching capacity Reaching capacity Operating for closure 20 Years





Landfills Issue

Rooipoort Fochville Site Classification Information not available Information not available

Location Carltonville Fochville Co-ordinates Information not available Information not available

Volume Information not available Information not available Site Life Life span reached Life span reached

Other Waste Facilities Unknown Unknown



2.4.6. Budgets and Economic Consideration

Tlokwe LM has a budget for waste management, however this amount is deemed insufficient by the municipality to cover both personnel and operational expenses. The Matlosana LM has a separate budget for refuse removal with a total expenditure for the 2007/08 financial year of approximately R23 million. The Matlosana LM also has a separate budget for the landfill sites, which is included in the budget of the roads section for approximately R4.16 million. Ventersdorp also has a specific budget allocated to waste services but figures are unclear. Capital expenditure allocated and budgeted for Merafong LM and Maquassi Hills LM is currently unclear.


Illegal dumping is prevalent within the SDM and strategies are in place to identify and remove this refuse. These include dedicating staff and equipment to the removal of this refuse, and locating skips throughout the SDM for adequate disposal.


Although information specific to service delivery is still required, the overall effectiveness of the SDM to deliver waste services within each of the LM’s would appear to be good. Areas still requiring waste services have been identified and incorporated into future expansion and planning. The SDM has been proactive in addressing waste service needs and employing adequate procedures to address these issues. Waste services are subcontracted effectively where the need arises and this has resulted in consistent and effective waste management and delivery in general across the SDM. Recycling and waste minimisation needs attention and if properly addressed will serve to extend the site life of the landfill sites. The SDM has the existing infrastructure to provide an effective waste management service. Education and training will need to form an important part of the SDM waste management in the future.


The gaps in information for the Southern District Municipality can be summarized in five main categories: disposal, collection, minimization, capacity and budget.



2.5. Hazardous Waste Management

The Department of Agriculture, Conservation, and Environment (DACE) in the North West Province, initiated a project to develop a Hazardous Waste Management Plan (HWMP). Landfill Consult (2006) was appointed to draft this HWMP which included the following objectives:

1. Focus on the integration of fragmented waste services in each of the province’s district municipalities; and

2. Serve as a mechanism to manage and monitor hazardous waste management in the Province.

The following sections present a summary of the Status Quo report drafted by Landfill Consult (2006) and aim to highlight gaps in the information specific to the management and delivery of hazardous waste. Information collection by Landfill Consult (2006) involved site visits and telephonic interviews along with other correspondence.

2.5.1. Hazardous Waste Volumes per Category per Centre

The types, quantities, and disposal methods used for hazardous waste material have been summarised for the North West Province (Table 2-27 to Table 2-37). These tables have been divided according to specific waste streams. These cover a wide range of hazardous waste generation within the North West Province and permit a broad understanding of volumes generated and some of the more common disposal methods. In most instances, weigh bridges are not available and waste volumes have therefore been converted using specific density information for each waste stream. Where information is not available, data has been extrapolated for the province.



Table 2-27 Hazardous Waste - Agricultural Waste

A: AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & FOOD PRODUCTS

Hazardous Waste

Types Volumes/Weight Disposal

A1: Agriculture, Forest Management and Fisheries

Agriculture Yes Empty pesticide containers and bags 90 000 Bags/Year (of varying size) Buried and/or burnt

Used oils, grease, empty cans, filters, batteries, etc.

Unknown Some recycling

Forest Management N/A - -

Fisheries N/A - -

A2: Animal and Vegetable Products from the Food Sector

Animal Products

Red Meat Industry Yes Wash water, off-spec food, offal, off-cuts, and blood

120 tons/year/abattoir Landfill or converted to meal

Poultry Industry Yes Unknown Unknown Unknown

Dairy Industry No Caustic wash water 12 tons/year/dairy Treated in situ or used as pig swill Food/Vegetable

Products

Off-spec Products No - - -

A3: Drink Industry

Breweries Yes Laboratory chemical waste 600 lt/year Diluted 100 times, discharged to sewer. 100% biedegradable.

A4: Manufacture of Animal Feed

None - - - -



Table 2-28 Hazardous Waste – Waste from Mineral Ext raction and Upgrading

B: MINERAL EXTRACTION AND UPGRADING

Hazardous Waste Types Volumes/Weight Disposal

B1: Mining and Quarrying of Non-metallic Minerals

Yes Used oils Unknown Reclaimed, recycled or sold to locals.

Yes Oily sludge, rags, filters, etc. Unknown Disposed at Holfontein, Rosslyn or Rietfontein, most disposed at the local general waste sites.

Yes Fluorescent tubes Unknown Most disposed at the local general waste sites.

Yes Health-care risk waste Unknown Contractors (incineration).

Yes Empty containers and bags

Unknown Some disposed at Holfontein, Rosslyn, or Rietfontein, others burnt on site.

B2: Mining and Quarrying of Metallic

Minerals

Yes Oily rags, filters, sludge, etc

24 – 50 tons per year per mine. Disposed at Holfontein, Rosslyn or to local general waste landfill sites

Yes Used oils 45 kl to 168 kl per year per mine.

Reclaimed or recycled. Any sludge produced is disposed at the Holfontein, Rosslyn or Rietfontein Landfills

Yes Used grease 15 – 110 kl per year per mine. Disposed at Holfontein or Rosslyn

Yes Waste Batteries Unknown Returned to supplier

Yes Fluorescent tubes 3 – 11,5 tons per year per mine. Disposed at Holfontein

Yes Redundant chemicals 24 – 33 m3 per year per mine.

Disposed at Holfontein

Yes Health-care risk waste 18 – 30 tons per year per mine. Incinerated

Yes Empty containers and bags

420 – 468 tons per year per mine.

Disposed at Holfontein, Rosslyn, or Rietfontein or on site

Yes Laboratory assay waste 336 m3 per year per mine. Disposed at Holfontein

Yes Lead oxide cupels 400 tons per year per mine.

Disposed on site



Yes Lead oxide dust and flux bags

120 kg per year per mine. Disposed at Holfontein

Yes Waste explosives

packaging and accessories

Unknown Incinerated on site

Yes Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) Sludge

54 750 tons per year per mine.

Disposed at Holfontein

Yes Waste acid 100 000 tons per year per mine. Disposed to tailings dams or Omnia recycling

Yes Radioactive waste Unknown Disposed on-site at mine

Yes Waste nuclear sources Unknown Necsa

Yes Asbestos containing waste Unknown Holfontein

Yes Sewage sludge 24 m3 per year per mine. Sludge generally disposed on-site

Table 2-29 Hazardous Waste – Waste for Energy Resou rces

C: ENERGY

Hazardous Waste

Types Volumes/Weight Disposal

C1: Coal Industry, including Gas Works and

Coking

None - - -

C2: Petroleum and Gas industry, including

Extraction and Refined Products

Fuel depots

Yes Separator / interceptor pits, sludge (mud water, spillages of product)

Volumes vary and are not recorded, but it is estimated that approximately 300 tons is generated per annum.

Removed by contractors such as Waste-tech, Tox-a-Clean, Singenile, etc.

Yes Tank sludge Unknown Removed only every 7 – 20 years by

contractors such as Waste-tech, Singenile, Artane Projects, etc.

Yes Used oils Unknown From vehicle maintenance only, removed by Oilkol

Distribution Outlets



Yes Used oils Unknown Give to community or treat timber, dump on-site, some use contractors such as Oilkol or

Oil Separation Solutions Fuel stations

Yes Used oils Of the 6,752 million litres sold in NWP, it is estimated that

approximately 2,7 million litres is recovered per annum, the rest is dumped

Removed by Oilkol or Oil Separation Services

Yes Oily rags, filters Most disposed with general waste to landfill

Yes Oily sludge Some disposed to Holfontein or Rosslyn or some dumped on site

Yes Grease Some disposed to Holfontein or Rosslyn, some disposed with the general waste to

landfill Yes Brake pads Approximately 35 000 pairs generated per year Mostly disposed with general waste

Yes Hydraulic hoses and pipes Mostly disposed with the general waste, some to Holfontein or Rosslyn

Yes Empty containers Either recycled, refilled, given away or disposed with the general waste

Yes Fluorescent tubes Mostly disposed with the general waste

Yes Solvents

Yes Cooking oil (food outlets) Approximately 60 kl is generated per year Mostly recycled

Yes Glycol anti-freeze Approximately 15 kl is generated per year Disposed with the general waste C3: Production of

Electricity

Eskom Transmission

Yes Spent transformer oils (PCB and non-PCB) Unknown Incinerated at Thermopower in Gauteng

Yes Oil contaminated soil from spillages (PCB and non-PCB)

Unknown Disposed at Holfontein or via Thermopower

Yes Contaminated SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) gas cylinders

Unknown Returned to the supplier

Yes Asbestos waste from time to time Unknown Unknown Eskom

Distribution

Yes Fluorescent tubes Unknown Disposed at Holfontein

Yes Spent oils Unknown Recycled by the Distribution Group

Yes Empty pesticide containers Unknown Disposed at Holfontein or recycled



Table 2-30 Hazardous Waste – Waste from Metal Manuf acturers

D: METAL MANUFACTURERS


D1: Ferrous Metallurgy

No None - -

D2: Non-Ferrous Metallurgy

Yes Health care risk waste Unknown Sanumed

Yes Used Oil Approximately 20 kl is generated per year Disposal at Holfontein or

removed by Oil-X for recycling

Yes Used Thinners Approximately 2 kl is generated per year Holfontein

Yes Paint tins Unknown Holfontein or Rosslyn

Yes Fluorescent tubes Approximately 5 tons is generated per year Holfontein or Rosslyn

Yes Activated Carbon from Dioxin/Furan trap Approximately 20 tons is generated per year Holfontein

Yes Printer Cartridges Approximately 5 000 cartridges are generated per year Re-used (EGT)

Yes Empty chemical bags Unknown Rosslyn

Yes Waste slag Unknown Sent to Blastrite for use in their product

Yes SO2 Unknown Converted to H2SO4 and sold

D3: Foundry and Metal Working Operations

No None - -

D4: Metal Finishing and Electroplating

Yes Sludge from the plating baths (contaminated with heavy metals)

Unknown

Industry claims to be disposing of the above waste

via EnviroServ or other contractors

Yes Spent alkaline (containing cyanide) Unknown



Yes Spent acid (either sulphuric or chromic) Unknown



Yes Oil and metal dust Unknown Industry claims to be disposing of the above waste




Yes Sand and grit Unknown



Table 2-31 Hazardous Waste - Waste from Non-Metal M ineral Products

E: MANUFACTURING OF NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS


E1: Construction Materials, Ceramics and Glass

No None - -

E2: Salt Recovery and Refining

No None - -

E3: Asbestos goods

Yes Asbestos sheeting or pipes Unknown Holfontein, Rosslyn, Rietfontein or Platkop landfill sites

E4: Abrasive Products

No None - -



Table 2-32 Hazardous Waste - Waste from the Chemica l Industry

F: CHEMICALS AND RELATED INDUSTRIES


F1: Petrochemicals

No None - -

F2: Production of Primary Chemicals and Feedstock

Yes Chromic acid waste - solid 11 500 tons Removed from site and disposed at Holfontein Landfill

Yes Chromic acid waste – slurry 7 500m3 Disposed on site to a permitted tailings dam

Yes Chromic acid waste – liquid 8 000m3 Evaporated on site

F3: Production of Fine Chemicals

Fertilizer manufacturing Yes Gypsum 96 000 tons per year Discharged into the gypsum dam on site

Coal Ash 1 200 tons per year Used for brick making

F4: Production of Inks, Varnish, Paint and Glue

No None - -

F5: Fabrication of Photographic Products

No None - -

F6: Production of Pharmaceuticals

No None - -

F7: Rubber and Plastic Materials

No None - -

F8: Production of Explosives

No None - -

F9: Production of Biocides

No None - -

F10: Waste and Water Treatment

Yes Sludge 240 tons/day Dried for fertiliser or disposed on site



Table 2-33 Hazardous Waste – Waste from the Enginee ring Industry

G: METAL GOODS, ENGINEERING & VEHICLE INDUSTRIES


G1: Mechanical Engineering;

No None - -

G2: Electronic and Electrical Engineering; and

No None - -

G3: Manufacture of Motor Vehicles and Parts.

No None - -

Table 2-34 Hazardous Waste – Waste from the Textile Industry

H: TEXTILE, LEATHER AND WOOD INDUSTRIES


H1: Textile, Clothing and Footwear Industry;

No None - -

H2: Hide and Leather Industry; and

Yes Brine effluent 365 kl is generated per year Discharged to sewer

H3: Timber, Wood and Furniture Industry.

No None - -



Table 2-35 Hazardous Waste – Waste from the Paper a nd Publishing Industry

J: MANUFACTURING OF PAPER PRODUCTS, PRINTING AND PU BLISHING


J1: Paper and Cardboard Industry; and

No None - -

J2: Printing, Publishing and Photographic Laborator ies.

Printing and publishing

Yes Inks, glue, solvents and water Approximately 50 kl is generated per year Disposed at local landfills

Photographic industry

Yes Mixture of starters, developers, and fixers Approximately 67 - 90 kl is generated per year Removed by

contractors for the recovery of silver

Table 2-36 Hazardous Waste – Waste from Health Serv ices

K: MEDICAL, SANITARY & OTHER HEALTH SERVICES


K1: Health, Hospitals, Medical Centers, Laboratorie s

Yes Health-care risk waste 57 and 61 tons per month Sanumed, EnviroServ

K2: Veterinary Services

Yes Carcasses and tissue waste Unknown but minimal Lanfilled or buried on site

Yes Infected blood samples, sharps Unknown Added to hospital waste streams



Table 2-37 Hazardous Waste – Waste from Commercial and Personal Services

L: COMMERCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES

L1: Laundries, Dyers and Dry Cleaners

Yes Perchloro-ethylene sludge Approximately 540 tons are generated per year Local municipal landfill

L2: Domestic Services

Sanitary Services

Yes Empty chemical containers Unknown Re-used or returned to suppliers

Yes Sanitary waste Unknown Incinerated at the North West Medical Waste incinerator in Klerksdorp

Leisure resorts and parks

Fluorescent tubes, empty paint drums, thinners bottles, etc

Waste-Tech

Used oils, grease, old batteries, etc. Waste-Tech, Oilkol, etc

Empty pesticide containers Buried / burnt on site or removed

Health-care risk waste Removed for disposal by North West Medical Waste or Sanumed

Sanitary waste Steiner Services

Kitchen waste: used cooking oil Red Socks for recycling

Grease from fat traps Approximately 30 kl is generated per year Usually disposed on site

Sewage: treatment sludge Approximately 60 m3 is generated per year Either disposed on site or have soak-away systems

L3: Cosmetic Institutions

No None - -



2.5.2. Hazardous Waste Minimisation, Reuse, and Recycling

Integrated waste systems represent a shift in focus from hazardous waste storage, collection, and disposal to waste avoidance as a first priority. Waste generation is unavoidable and where waste is produced, some efforts are in place for its re-use and/or recycling. Table 2-27 to Table 2-37 outline, in part, efforts for the re-use of certain hazardous wastes. Recycling of hazardous waste is conducted almost entirely through private contractors such as Oilkol, ROSE Foundation, and Envirodrum etc. Recycling is normally conducted outside the province. The specific volumes of hazardous waste recycled are not recorded for each sector.

2.5.3. Hazardous Waste Storage, Collection, and Transportation

The Environment Conservation Act (Act 73 of 1989) specifies types, quantities, and duration hazardous waste is allowed on-site for temporary storage before application is needed for a hazardous waste site. Legislative requirements for the packing of hazardous waste are covered by the following:

• SANS 10229: Packaging of dangerous goods for road and rail transportation

• SANS 10233: IBC’s for dangerous substances • The Explosives Act (Act 93 of 1996) • The Fire Brigade Services Act (Act 99 of 1987) • The Nuclear Energy Act (Act 92 of 1982)

Specific storage methods employed per sector are not clear and will need to be further explored. Collection and transportation have been largely privatised owing to a lack of appropriate skills and resources within the local municipalities.



2.5.4. Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal

There are four permitted hazardous waste facilities within the North West Province of which three are private and a fourth will be a public facility but is not yet operational. All have been permitted by DWAF in terms of the Environment Conservation Act 1989 (Act 73 of 1989) (Land Consult; 2006). They include the following:

1. The new Klerksdorp Landfill site: Class GLB- permit for the general waste with a Class H:h permit for two new cells be constructed.

2. Necsa Pelindaba Class H:H landfill site (Brits) for the disposal of CaF2. This site is no longer operational and is in the process of being rehabilitated.

3. Kynoch Gypsum Dam (Potchefstroom) for the storage of gypsum has a Class H:H permit. The Kynoch plant has closed down and no additional gypsum will be disposed in the dam. The gypsum is being removed by a cement manufacturer, who is using it in the manufacture of cement. This will continue over the next 20 – 25 years until all the gypsum is removed.

4. Pholo-Ntle Medical Waste (Mafikeng) has a class H:H permit for the storage of medical waste. However, their incinerator was never constructed and the company is not operational at present.

As mentioned above, a number of these facilities are no longer fully operational and hazardous waste is therefore frequently transported for disposal outside the province, mainly in Gauteng through the use of private contractors. An incinerator and two kilns are operated privately by The Wasteman Group, PPC, and Holcim respectively and they can handle only specific streams of hazardous waste.

2.5.5. Budgets and Economic Considerations

There was no evaluation of current provincial capacity to manage hazardous waste streams nor any potential escalation in the future. It is important to note that there is currently no understanding of the capital expenditure allocated or budgeted for by the local municipalities within the province. Information surrounding hazardous waste generation and current infrastructure will need to be gathered and incorporated into a specific assessment of costs for hazardous waste systems.



2.5.6. Rural Hazardous Waste Management

Currently the only hazardous waste service received within the province is provided by private contractors and no general hazardous waste service is supplied by any of the municipalities. Hazardous waste management is therefore negligible within the rural areas. Companies such as The ROSE Foundation have created incentive schemes and added levies to oil supplied to assist in the collection of rural oil and grease. These off-set the high cost of transport and improve the economic feasibility.

2.5.7. Institutional Capacity for Hazardous Waste Management

At present insufficient skills and resources have meant that the institutional capacity for hazardous waste management is wholly reliant on private contractors and the transport of hazardous waste generally involves the removal of waste outside the province. The NWP currently has no legislation requiring generators, transporters, or disposers of hazardous waste to register. Coupled with insufficient information on industrial operation within each LM, the estimation of hazardous waste generation is largely speculative and generic. This needs to be revaluated and updated with more recent statistics and figures.



3. POLICY AND LEGISLATION

3.1. Introduction

Waste management planning must be contextualised within the framework of national government, provincial government, district municipality and local municipality legal, regulatory and policy. Below is a brief summary of this framework together with the implications thereof on waste management and waste management planning in South Africa. Waste management in South Africa is not covered by one single Act either at the national or at the provincial levels. Current legislation dealing with waste is fragmented and is administered by a number of regulatory bodies across all tiers of government, resulting in duplication and the overlapping of functions. In January 2007 the National Environmental Management : Waste Management Bill was published for general comment. The Bill, once signed into effect, seeks to reform the law regulating waste management. At the time of this report, a number of workshops and public meetings had been conducted, but the Bill had not been signed into effect. The summary included in this section is not exhaustive but merely seeks to highlight the more important aspects in respect of waste management.

3.2. The National Waste Management Strategy 1 (NWMS)

3.2.1. Integrated Waste Management

The White Paper of Integrated Waste Management and Pollution Control2

identified a number of issues relating to waste management including:

• The lack of priority afforded to waste management

Historically, waste management was not afforded the priority it warranted as an essential function in respect of the prevention of pollution and protection of the environment and public health. Consequently, insufficient funds and human resources were allocated to this function. In many instances this has resulted in a lack of long-term planning, information, appropriate legislation and capacity to manage the waste stream generated in South Africa.

1 National Waste Management Strategy, Ver D dated 15th October 1999. 2 Gazette Notice No 227, Government Gazette 20978 dated 17th March 2000.



• Fragmented legislation and ineffective enforcement thereof The fragmented state of legislation applicable to waste management and the concomitant lack of government capacity have meant that the enforcement of existing legislation is frequently unfocused, especially with regard to waste disposal.

• Unacceptable safety, health and environmental practices for pollution and waste management

Environmentally and socially unacceptable practices characterise many aspects of waste management such as:

- substandard, ineffective or non-existent waste collection

and street-cleaning systems; - illegal dumping and littering and - poorly sited waste disposal sites.

• The absence of integrated waste management options

To date, the focus on waste in South Africa has been on waste disposal and impact control. This has resulted in concerns such as:

- a lack of focus on issues such as waste avoidance,

minimisation and cleaner production technology initiatives, as well as the regulatory initiatives to manage waste minimisation; inadequate resource recovery and a general lack of commitment to recycling; and

- a lack of a variety of appropriate waste treatment methods.

Integrated waste management is a process whereby the focus of waste management is upon a hierarchical approach. This can be compared to the previous waste management approach which had a strong focus on collection, transport and disposal. The application of the waste hierarchy dictates that disposal of waste to landfill is seen as a last resort, with increasing focus being placed on the minimisation of waste through cleaner production, recycling and treatment.



WASTE HIERARCHY

CLEANER PRODUCTION

Waste Prevention

Waste Minimisation

RECYCLING Reuse

Recovery

Composting

TREATMENT Physical

Chemical

Destruction

DISPOSAL Landfill

Figure 3-1 The Waste Hierarchy

The waste hierarchy as illustrated above can be divided into four main categories: cleaner production, recycling, treatment and disposal. Cleaner production results in the prevention, as well as minimisation, of waste. Recycling through composting, the recovery of materials as well as the reuse of materials, plays an important role in the waste hierarchy. Treatment of materials through the physical treatment, chemical treatment as well as destruction of materials is the third step in the waste hierarchy. The disposal of waste is the final step in the waste hierarchy and if the three previous steps are followed, the minimum amount of waste goes to landfill.

3.2.2. Integrated Waste Management Plans

The NWMS is government’s long-term plan (up to the year 2010) for addressing key issues, needs and problems experienced with waste management in South Africa. The strategy aims to reduce both the generation and the environmental impact of waste. It presents a plan for ensuring that the socio-economic development of South Africa, the health of its people and the quality of its environmental resources are no longer adversely affected by uncontrolled and uncoordinated waste management. It establishes a waste management system that concentrates on avoiding, preventing and minimising waste and makes provision for waste management services for all. It extends an acceptable standard of waste collection, as well as transportation, treatment and disposal services to all communities. Chapter 7 of the NWMS deals with Integrated Waste Management Planning, the primary objective of which is to integrate and optimise waste management so that the efficiency of the waste management



system is maximised and the impacts and financial costs associated with waste management are minimised, thereby improving the quality of life of all South Africans. In accordance with the NWMS the responsibilities for the generation of IWMPs are as follows:

• Local Government is responsible for the production of Integrated Waste Management Plans for General Waste.

• Provincial Government is responsible for the production of Hazardous Waste Management Plans.

• Individual industries/businesses are responsible for production of Waste Management Plans for their respective businesses.

The North West Province (NWP) is therefore charged with the development of an IWMP for the management of Hazardous Waste. However, in order to support both the District and Local Municipalities in the management of waste, the NWP seeks to integrate all the DM and LM IWMPs to form a Provincial IWMP to achieve effective waste management to comply with all health and environmental requirements.

3.2.3. The IWMP in the Context of the Integrated Development Plan (IDP)

The Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 defines the IDP as one of the core functions of a municipality and makes it a legal requirement for every council to adopt a single, inclusive and strategic plan for the development of the municipality. The IWMP is an integral part of the IDP and therefore it must align with each Municipality’s IDP. IWMPs ensure that service requirements arising from local development priorities are integrated into both the LM and DM IDPs. The IWMPs contain a summary of the current solid waste management priorities for inclusion within the IDPs and must include objectives, strategies and projects with targets and time frames. The LM IWMP ensures that solid waste management requirements arising from local development priorities are integrated into both the LM and DM IDPs. This ensures that these requirements are communicated to the District Municipality so that they are included into the District’s IWMP and IDP.



Key aspects identified in most IDPs that relate to general waste management which need to be taken into account in the development of their IWMP are summarised as follows:

The broad development goals in IDPs are as follows:

• Meeting Basic Needs: to alleviate poverty by ensuring that indigent residents have access to free lifeline basic services including food and security through the implementation of co-ordinated urban / peri-urban renewal and integrated development throughout the North West Province.

• Good Governance: to ensure sustainable and representative governance through efficient, effective and sustainable utilisation of resources in consultation with residents of North West Province.

The development priorities and strategic objectives may include:

• Developing regional landfill sites in order to ensure effective waste management and to contribute to a safe and healthy environment.

• Providing and sustaining solid waste collection services, to ensure that all areas are kept clean, to promote waste minimisation in municipalities; to promoting sanitary waste disposal in all disposal sites; extending the current services areas in Local Municipalities to all who require such services through refuse removal as well as a clean environment.

An IWMP constitutes the waste sector-planning instrument in respect of solid waste management and presents a summary of the relevant issues, priorities and requirements within each municipality. The local IWMP ensures that solid waste management requirements arising from local development priorities are integrated into both the LM and district IDPs. This ensures that these requirements are communicated to the District Municipality so that they are included in the district’s IWMP and IDP The district IWMP constitutes the solid waste management plans, proposals and targets for the entire area within the DM’s area of jurisdiction and is a comprehensive plan addressing all components related to solid waste management including social, economic, financial, technical, institutional and environmental issues. It therefore incorporates the solid waste targets and requirements of every local municipality within the district area. At a Provincial IWMP level, policy in terms of overall waste management is set and support levels are determined to ensure institutional and financial capacity are developed to implement all district and local IWMPs.



The content, format and processes associated with the development and adoption of IWMPs are specified by the national Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT).

3.3. National Legislation / Policy

3.3.1. The Constitution of South Africa – Act 108 of 1996

• Environmental Rights

Section 24 of the Constitution deals with Environmental Rights and gives the right to all citizens:

a) “to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well being; and

b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that: i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation; ii) promote conservation; and iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of

natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.”

Governments at the national, provincial and local level are, in terms of Section 24, obliged to take reasonable legislative, operational and other measures to ensure the rights stated above are fulfilled.

• Local Government Matters

Chapter 7 deals with Local Government Matters. Section 151 - Status of municipalities:

“(3) A municipality has the right to govern, on its own initiative, the local government affairs of its community, subject to national and provincial legislation, as provided for in the Constitution.”

Section 152 - Objects of local governments:

“(1)(b) to ensure provision of services to communities in a

sustainable manner; (1)(d) to promote a safe and healthy environment; and promote

social and economic development; encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in matters of local government.



(2) A municipality must strive, within its financial and administrative capacity, to achieve the objects set out in subsection (1).”

Section 156 - Powers and functions of municipalities:

(1) “A municipality has executive authority in respect of, and has the right to administer-

(a) the local government matters listed in Part B of Schedule

4 and Part B of Schedule 5; and (b) any other matter assigned to it by national or provincial

legislation.

2) A municipality may make and administer by-laws for the effective administration of the matters which it has the right to administer.

3) Subject to section 151(4), a by-law that conflicts with national

or provincial legislation is invalid. (5) A municipality has the right to exercise any power concerning

a matter reasonably necessary for, or incidental to, the effective performance of its functions.”

Section 162 – Publication of municipal by-laws

“(3) Municipal by-laws must be accessible to the public’”

Schedules Four and Five of the Constitution deal with the legislative, functional and executive competences of national, provincial and local government respectively and are divided into Parts A and B. Part B of both Schedules lists the areas over which local government has some executive authority. Schedule Four describes the functional areas of concurrent national and provincial legislative competence. Areas relevant in Part A of Schedule Four are: environment and pollution control and in Part B: air pollution. Schedule Five lists functional areas of exclusive provincial legislative competence. Relevant matters relating to local government in Schedule Five Part B are: cleansing, control of public nuisances, refuse removal, refuse dumps and solid waste disposal. Municipalities have executive authority over and the right to administer those local government matters listed in Part B of Schedules Four and Five or which were assigned to them in terms of national or provincial legislation. To this end municipalities may pass and administer by-laws for the effective administration of those matters.



Section 139 of the Constitution provides for provincial government to intervene in the event of local government not meeting this obligation. This could include issuing directives to local government or assuming responsibility to the extent necessary to ensure maintenance of essential national standards or establishing minimum standards for rendering the service to be met.

In cases where provision of basic services is unsatisfactory the MEC for Local Government may, in terms of Section 87 of the Municipal Structures Act, allocate the functions to another Municipality. Local Authorities can be subject to criminal legal liabilities in respect of actions that affect human health or cause pollution. Local Authorities are also subject to civil liabilities and the associated potential financial burdens, particularly in matters related to the closure and rehabilitation of dumps and remediation of contaminated land for urban development.

3.3.2. The White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management for South Africa4

The White Paper represents formal government policy regarding integrated pollution and waste management and deals with related vision, principles, goals and objectives. It highlights a number of important issues such as:

• A lack of priority afforded to waste management;

• Unacceptable high levels of water and air pollution;

• Sub-optimal use of natural resources; and

• Insufficient resources to monitor and implement the extensive South African waste and environmental legislation.

The White Paper seeks to invoke a paradigm shift from the ‘end-of-pipe treatment’ of waste management to an integrated pollution and waste management system which is a holistic and integrated system and process of management. This system is aimed at pollution prevention and minimisation at source, managing the impact of pollution and waste on the receiving environment and remediating damaged environments.

4 Gazette Notice No 227, Government Gazette No 20978 dated 17th March 2000



It identifies the following relevant strategic goals:

• Effective institutional framework and legislation; • Pollution and waste minimisation impact management and

remediation; • Holistic and integrated planning; • Participation and partnerships in integrated pollution and

waste management governance; • Empowerment and education in integrated pollution and

waste management; and • Information management.

3.3.3. National Waste Management Strategy5

The NWMS represents government’s strategy for Integrated Waste Management in South Africa which was dealt with briefly in Section 3.2.2 above. The strategy presents a first order plan to:

• Replace uncoordinated and fragmented waste management with integrated waste management;

• To change the historic focus of impact management and remediation with greater emphasis on waste prevention and minimisation;

• To provide waste management services to previously un-serviced communities; and

• To translate the Integrated Pollution and Waste Management Policy into practice.

Phase IV of the Strategy dealt with Action Plans and identified a number of strategic priority initiatives that needed to be addressed as a matter of urgency and a number of action plans were developed for implementation. This process was initiated in January 1999 and is still ongoing, although the majority of the defined targets and deadlines have not been met.

3.3.4. Service Goals

The primary goal of the municipal waste management service is to ensure that all citizens live in a clean, healthy, tidy and safe environment. This implies that all premises must be incorporated into a formal waste removal and disposal system for the different types of waste generated. Municipalities must develop comprehensive waste management strategies to ensure sustainable control over the generation, storage,

5 National Waste Management Strategy, Ver D dated 15th October 1999



collection, transfer, transport, processing and final disposal of waste within the municipality.

3.3.5. The National Environmental Management Act7

The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) is the framework Act dealing with environmental management in South Africa and all organs of State are bound by this Act. NEMA provides for cooperative governance and establishes principles for decision-making on matters affecting the environment such as:

• people and their needs must be placed at the forefront of environmental management;

• development must be sustainable and therefore requires avoidance of pollution and degradation of the environment, disturbance of landscapes and sites of cultural heritage and with respect to waste : “waste is avoided, or where it cannot altogether be avoided, minimised and reused or recycled where possible and otherwise disposed of in a responsible manner”;9

• the integrated nature of the environment and that responsibility for environmental management exists throughout the life cycle of an activity (from cradle to grave);

• public participation; • transparent decision making; • intergovernmental co-ordination and harmonisation of policies,

legislation and actions; • Polluter Pays Principle: the Act provides for the cost of

remedying pollution, environmental degradation etc. Section 28 of the Act contains a Duty of Care Provision which requires that: “every person who causes, has caused or may cause significant pollution or degradation of the environment must take reasonable measures to prevent such pollution or degradation from occurring, continuing or recurring, or, in so far as such harm to the environment is authorised by law or cannot reasonably be avoided or stopped, to minimise and rectify such pollution or degradation of the environment”. Pollution is defined in NEMA as: any change in the environment caused by-

(i) substances; (ii) noise, odours, dust or heat, emitted from any activity,

including the storage or treatment of waste or substances, construction and the provision of services, whether engaged in by any person or an organ of state, where that change has

7 Act 107 of 1998 9 S2(4)(a)(iv)



an adverse effect on human health or well-being or on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural or managed ecosystems, or on materials useful to people, or will have such an effect in the future10

Chapter Five of NEMA provides for integrated environmental management and defines the general objectives of IEM. Minimum procedures are laid down with respect to investigating, assessing and communicating the potential impacts of activities. The NEMA Amendment Act Eight of 2004 replaces S24 under Chapter Five and deals with Environmental Authorisations. Environmental Impact Assessments are controlled under NEMA, with the promulgation of three sets of regulations in terms of this Act. Regulation No. R385 (21 April 2006) sets out the procedures to be followed to obtain Environmental Authorisations for listed Activities that may have a substantial detrimental effect on the environment. Regulation No. 386 lists activities that are subject to a Basic Assessment, which includes:

“1(o) the recycling, re-use, handling, temporary storage or treatment of general waste with a throughput capacity of 20m³ or more daily average measured over a period of 30 days, but less than 50 tons daily average over a period of 30 days.

1(p) the temporary storage of hazardous wastes.” Regulation No. 387 lists activities that are subject to an EIA, which includes:- “1(o) the final disposal of general waste covering an area of 100m² or more, or 200m³ or more of airspace 1(q) the incineration, burning, evaporation, thermal treatment, roasting or heat sterilisation of waste or effluent, including cremation of human or animal tissue 1(r) the microbial deactivation, chemical sterilisation or non-thermal treatment of waste or effluent.”

10 S1



3.3.6. The Environment Conservation Act

The objective of the Environment Conservation Act (ECA) is to provide for the effective protection and controlled utilisation of the environment. This Act was historically the main act that governed waste disposal in South Africa. Although sections of the ECA have been repealed, those dealing with waste matter are still in effect. Section Nineteen provides for general prohibition against littering and illegal dumping. It further provides that “every person or authority in control of or responsible for the maintenance of any place to which the general public has access shall at all times ensure that containers or places are provided which will normally be adequate and suitable for the discarding of litter by the public” 12 Section 19A provides that “every person or authority in control of or responsible for the maintenance of any place to which the public has access, shall within a reasonable time after any litter has been discarded, dumped or left behind at such place (with the inclusion of any pavement adjacent to, or land situated between, such a place and a street, road or site used by the public to get access to such place) remove such litter or cause it to be removed’. Section 20(1) of the ECA stipulates that no person may establish or operate a landfill site without a permit. Although the ECA was passed in 1989, the application form for disposal site permits was published only in 1994. This resulted in landfill sites in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s being issued with what was known as “concept permits”. Section 20(6) of the ECA provides that no person shall discard waste in any manner except at a permitted site or such other manner and under such conditions as may be prescribed by the Minister. The ECA also contains a provision for the Minister to make regulations pertaining to waste management. This includes matters concerning “the location, planning and design of disposal sites and sites used for waste disposal”.15 Section 24(l) of the ECA allows for the Minister to introduce “the imposition of compulsory charging, deposits or related financial measures on waste types or specified items in waste types with the concurrence of the Minister of Finance” and furthermore Section 24(B) gives authority to the Minister the power “with regard to the prohibition, control, sale, distribution, import or export of products that may have a substantial detrimental effect on the environment or on human health” (new section 24B).

12 S19(2). 15 S24(f)



DWAF have produced a Trilogy of Documents entitled: the Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill; Handling and Disposal of Hazardous Waste; and the Water Quality Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities (September 2005). The Minimum Requirements documents cover:

• Classification of disposal sites. Ten classes of landfill sites are provided. The criteria used to classify a site is based on the type of waste, resulting in either a G (General) or H (Hazardous Classification), the size or volume of waste resulting in a either a C (Communal), M (Medium) or L (Large), as well as the water balance, resulting in either a B+ (positive water balance) or B- (negative water balance).

• Siting, investigation, design, permitting, operation, monitoring and closure requirements for landfills.

• Requirements for pre-treatment, disposal, handling, transportation and storage of hazardous waste, including waste prevention and minimisation.

• Water quality monitoring. While the Minimum Requirements documents are not law they form the basis for the permitting process and are normally included as permit conditions, thereby becoming legally binding on the permit holder.

3.3.7. The National Water Act22

The National Water Act deals with, inter alia, the protection of South Africa’s water resources. The NWA defines waste as: “any solid material or material that is suspended, dissolved or transported in water (including sediment) and which is spilled or deposited on land or into a water resource in such volume, composition or manner as to cause, or to be reasonably likely to cause, the water resource to be polluted”23 Along similar lines to NEMA, Section 19(1) of the NWA contains a pollution prevention requirement placing a pollution prevention duty on landowners, persons in control, users or occupiers of land to take all reasonable measures to prevent water pollution from occurring, continuing or recurring.

22 Act 36 of 1998. 23 S1.



Section 21 of the NWA defines water use and includes:

“(f) discharging waste or water containing waste into a water resource through a pipe, canal, sewer, sea outfall or other conduit;

(g) disposing of waste in a manner which may detrimentally impact on a water resource;

(h) disposing in any manner of water which contains waste from, or which has been heated in, any industrial or power generation process’”.

Section 22 deals with permissible water uses and deals with the use of water subject to a number of conditions which include registration and licensing provisions.

3.3.8. The Health Act24

The Act provides measures for the promotion of health of the inhabitants of South Africa. Section One of the Act includes a lengthy definition of nuisance, including:

“(c) any accumulation of refuse...which is offensive or is injurious or dangerous to health;

(g) any factory or industrial or business premises causing or giving rise to smells or effluvia which are offensive or which are injurious or dangerous to health and

(h) any area of land kept or permitted to remain in such a state as to be offensive”.

Section 14(1)(c) obliges the Department of National Health to ‘take steps for the promotion of a safe and healthy environment’. Section 20(1) compels local government to take measures:

“(a) To maintain its district at all times in a hygienic and clean condition;

(b) To prevent the occurrence within its district of- any nuisance; any unhygienic condition; any offensive condition; or any other condition which will or could be harmful or dangerous to the health of any person within its district or the district of any other local authority and

(c) To prevent the pollution of any water intended for the use of the inhabitants”.

Proposed Regulations for the Control of Environmental Conditions Constituting a Danger to Health or a Nuisance were published in Government Gazette No 20796 dated 14th January 2000 dealing, inter

24 Act 63 of 1977 to be repealed by the National Health Act 61 of 2003 at a date still to be published in the Government Gazette.



alia, with medical waste and including a schedule of 50 trades which are potentially polluting and which will require registration.

3.3.9. The Occupational Health and Safety Act 25

The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) provides for the health and safety of persons at work and the protection of persons other than persons at work against hazards to health and safety arising out of or in connection with the activities of persons at work. It places duties on employers and employees not to endanger the health of others and to provide a safe place of employment. A number of regulations promulgated under the Act are important with respect to the management of hazardous substances (and therefore) hazardous wastes:

• Hazardous Chemical Substances Regulations26

• Asbestos Regulations27

• Lead Regulations28

3.3.10. The Hazardous Substances Act29

The Act provides for ‘the control of substances, which may cause injury or ill-health to or death of human beings by reason of their toxic, corrosive, irritant, strongly sensitising or flammable nature or the generation of pressure thereby …’ and for ‘…prohibition and control of importation, manufacture, sale, use….disposal or dumping of such substances or products...’ The Act makes provision for the Minister to declare Grouped Hazardous Substances. Group I and II are substances dangerous to humans owing to their toxic nature30 . Group III are electronic products and Group IV are radio-active material (as defined in the Act.) The disposal of containers having held Group I substances are dealt with in regulations for Group I Substances31 .

25 Act 85 of 1993. 26 Gazette Notice No R1179, Gov Gazette No 16596 of 25 August 1995. 27 Gazette Notice No R155, Gov Gazette No 23108 of 10th February 2002. 28 Gazette Notice No R236, Gov Gazette No 23175 of 28th February 2002. 29 Act 51 of 1973. 30 Group I substances declared in Gazette Notice No R452, Govt Gazette No 467 of 25th March 1977 and Group II substances declared in Gazette Notice R1382, Govt Gazette No 15907 of 12th August 1994 31 Gazette Notice No R453, Govt Gazette No 5467 of 25th March 1977



3.3.11. The National Road Traffic Act32

Chapter 8 of the Road Traffic Act deals with the Transportation of Dangerous Goods. Regulations33 in terms of Section 75 of Act have been promulgated and set out responsibilities in relation to transport of dangerous goods and substances which include hazardous wastes, inter alia: the prohibition of transportation of dangerous goods; the duties of operator, consignor and consignee; exemptions; compatibilities; classification of hazardous substances; driver training requirements; and documentation requirements. A number of South African National Standards have been incorporated into the regulations and thus are enforceable by law. These are:

• SABS 1398 “Road tank vehicles for petroleum-based flammable liquids34.

• SABS 1518 “Transportation of dangerous goods-design requirements for road tankers”35

• SABS 0228 “The identification and classification of dangerous substances and goods”.

• SABS 0229 “Packaging of dangerous goods for road and rail transportation in South Africa”.

• SABS 0230 “Transportation of dangerous goods-Inspection requirements for road vehicles”.

• SABS 0231 “Transportation of dangerous goods-Operational requirements for road vehicles”.

• SABS 0232-1 “Transportation of dangerous goods-Emergency information systems”, Part 1: “Emergency information system for road transportation”.

• SABS 0232-3 “Transportation of dangerous goods-Emergency information systems”, Part 3: “Emergency action codes”.36

• SABS 0233 “Intermediate bulk containers for dangerous substances”.

Regulations 222 and 231 to 249 set out parameters related to vehicle dimensions and axle loadings which have an impact on the selection and use of collection vehicles.

32 Act 96 of 1993 33 Gazette Notice No R225, Govt Gazette 20963 of 17th March 2000. 34 Since withdrawn and replaced with SANS 1398 part 1, Part 2 and Part 3. 35 Since withdrawn and replaced with 1518-1 : Transport of dangerous goods - Design requirements for road vehicles and portable tanks : Part 1 Requirements applicable to all vehicles 1518-2 : Part 2 Requirements for road tank vehicles 1518-3 : Part 3 Design requirements for portable tanks. 36 Part 4 published : SANS 10232-4 Transport of dangerous goods - Emergency information systems Part 4 : Transport emergency card.



3.3.12. The Advertising on Roads and Ribbon Development Act37

The Act regulates, inter alia, the depositing or leaving of disused vehicles, machinery or refuse within 200m of the centre of a public road.

3.3.13. The Local Government Transition Act38

This Act sets out the powers and duties of Metropolitan Councils and, in respect of waste management, includes aspects concerning waste disposal and bulk transfer facilities. The powers and duties of Metropolitan Local Councils include ‘the disposal of waste, the provision of municipal health services and the provision of cleansing services in streets and public places’.

3.3.14. The Municipal Structures Act39

This Act provides for the establishment of the three categories of Municipalities envisaged in the Constitution (which will replace the transitional structures given in the Local Government Transition Act) and the division of powers and functions between the categories of Municipality. Under Section 15 of the Act, if an existing municipality is wholly or partially superseded in terms of the act, the by-laws, regulations and resolutions of the existing municipality, to the extent that they continue to apply in the area or part of the area of the superseding municipality, must be reviewed and where necessary rationalised by the superseding municipality. Section 84(1) of the Act relates to the functions and powers of the district municipality and details, inter alia:

“(a) Integrated development planning for the district as a whole, including a framework for integrated development plans of all municipalities in the area of a district municipality

(b) Solid waste disposal sites in so far as it relates to (i) the determination of a waste strategy (ii) the regulation of waste disposal (iii) the establishment, operation and control of waste disposal sites, bulk waste transfer facilities and waste disposal facilities for more than one local municipality in the district”.

37 Act 21 of 1940 38 Act 209 of 1993. 39 Act 117 of 1998 as amended by the Local Government: Municipal Structures Act 33 of 2000.



Section 88 deals with the co-operation required between the District and Local Municipalities.

3.3.15. The Local Government Municipal Systems Act40

This Act provides the enabling framework for planning processes. It also ensures environmentally sustainable service delivery by including the following definition in Chapter 1, with respect to the provision of a municipal service in a manner aimed at ensuring that:

“(a) the risk of harm to the environment and to human health and safety is minimised to the extent reasonably possible under the circumstances;

(b) the potential benefits to the environment and to human health and safety are maximized to the extent reasonably possible under the circumstances; and

(c) legislation intended to protect the environment and human health and safety is complied with”.

The process to facilitate development at a local level is referred to as Integrated Development Planning (IDP).41 Chapter 5 of the Act provides for IDPs with Part 2 detailing the core components of IDPs. They must include, inter alia: “a spatial development framework which must include the provision of basic guidelines for a land-use system for the municipality”42. The Act aims to:

• Clarify the executive power of municipalities and in particular, develop the notion of a separation between the roles of “service authority” and “service provider”. This lays the basis to enable municipalities to choose the most appropriate service provider from a menu of options, ranging from internal departmental delivery to corporatisation and joint ventures to private sector delivery options;

• Rationalise the system of planning into a single five yearly planning cycle, subject to annual monitoring and review, in which IDPs are adopted by Council as their core planning and management instrument;

• Provide a clear regulatory framework for municipal service partnerships; and

• Augment the legal capacity of municipalities to prosecute for contraventions of by-laws.

40 Act 32 of 2000. 41 Op cit note 35 78 42 S 26(e)



Section Four of the Act confirms the right and the duty of Council to: “ensure the provision of municipal services to all residents and communities in a financially and environmentally sustainable manner; and promote a healthy and safe environment in the Municipality”. Section 78 assessments must be undertaken by a Municipality in terms of Section 78 of the Municipal Systems Act 2000 and Section 11 of the Municipal Systems Amendment Act 2003 whenever a municipality decides on a service delivery mechanism or whenever a municipality reviews a service delivery mechanism. There is no discretion in this regard - it is legal requirement. The content processes and format of the study are prescribed in the legislation. S 78 assessments are usually implemented in two distinct phases, viz.:

• Phase I: Situation Assessment, Output Specifications and S78(1) Analysis

• Phase II: Section 78(3) Analysis Phase I of the analysis includes a detailed current situation assessment that generally includes:

• The current status of service delivery; • Service coverage, service levels, demographics and

projections; • Physical assets; • Organisation structure & staffing; • Cost of the service; • Tariff structure; • Comment on current situation; • The identification of the policy and regulatory framework; • The determination of needs and priorities; • A study of existing reports, studies and documentation; • Consultation with all stakeholders, including officials,

councillors and other interested and affected parties; and • Field investigations may have to be undertaken to inform this

phase of the assignment. Phase I of the assessment also provides for an assessment of the ability of an internal mechanism to render the service within the Municipality and includes:

• The determination of the optimal internal mechanism; • The direct and indirect costs and benefits of service provision

through an internal mechanism; • The effects on the environment, human health, well-being and

safety of the internal mechanism;



• The LM present and potential capacity to furnish the skills, expertise and resources for an internal mechanism;

• The potential for re-organisation and human resource development to effect delivery through an internal mechanism;

• The likely effect on development, job creation and employment patterns of an internal mechanism;

• The views of organized labour; and • The effect of any developing trends in the sustainable

provision of municipal services generally. The municipality may, on the completion of this phase, per Section 78(2) of the Act, decide on an appropriate internal mechanism or it may decide to explore the possibility of providing the service through an external mechanism. Phase II, the Section 78(3) Assessment, usually proceeds only if the Council decides to explore the possibility of providing waste management services through an external mechanism and usually includes:

• The identification of the optimal external service delivery mechanism;

• The direct and indirect costs and benefits; • The capacity and future capacity of prospective service

providers; • The views of the local community; • The likely impact on development and employment patterns; • The views of organized labour; and • Feasibility studies per Section 11 Of the MSA Amendment

Act.

3.3.16. The Municipal Finance Management Act (Act 56 of 2003)

In the event of a municipality deciding to pursue a PPP external mechanism as a means of service delivery then s120 of the MFMA must be complied with. In terms of this section of the Act, municipalities are required to conduct feasibility studies in accordance with the requirements of the National Treasury and must include a Public Sector Comparator together with all PPP options in the analysis in order to determine the best option for the municipality. The analysis required is detailed and exhaustive.



3.3.17. The National Environmental Management: Integrated Waste Management Bill

The Integrated Waste Management Bill is still in the draft stage and has been released for public comment (January 2007). The purpose of the Bill is to propose reform to law regulating waste management. It proposes this by “providing reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation and for securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; to provide national norms and standards for regulating the management of waste by all spheres of government; for specific waste management measures; and for matters incidental thereto”. Once the Bill becomes law it will set the framework for Integrated Waste Management in South Africa including:

• Giving effect to the National Waste Management Strategy. • Setting National Standards in terms of classification of wastes,

provision of waste management services, the waste management hierarchy, remediation of contaminated land, and waste treatment and disposal. Provincial Standards may also be set, but Local Standards must include Municipal By-Laws.

• Integrated Waste Management Plans must be prepared by Local and District Municipalities, and Provincial Waste Management Plans must be incorporated into Provincial Integrated Development Plans contemplated under the Municipal Systems Act.

• Institutional arrangements including setting the general powers and duties of the Minister and the Provincial Departments, the general powers and duties of MEC’s and Provincial Departments, and Municipalities.

• The provision to identify priority wastes and set requirements for the management of such wastes

• Establishing the concept of General Duty of any holder or generator of waste to avoid the generation of waste, to re-use, recycle or recover waste and manage waste so that it does not endanger health or the environment

• Establishing a list of waste management activities that may have a detrimental effect on the environment which require a waste management licence, and the licensing procedures

• General requirements for the storage, collection and transportation of waste

• The separation, treatment, processing, transformation and disposal of waste

• Requirements for Industrial Waste Management Plans • The establishment of Waste Information Systems at both

National and Provincial levels



• Compliance and enforcement in accordance with Chapter 7 of NEMA

3.3.18. The Polokwane Waste Summit Declaration

During September 2001 a National Waste Summit at Polokwane set a vision and goals for waste management in South Africa: Vision: - To implement a waste management system, which contributes to sustainable development and a measurable improvement in the quality of life by harnessing the energy and commitment of all South Africans for the effective reduction in waste. Goals: - To reduce waste generation and disposal by 50% and 25% respectively by 2012 and develop a plan for zero waste by 2022. This declaration has significant implications for local government as it directs the way forward in accordance with the waste hierarchy, and supplies time frames for specific goals to be achieved.

3.4. Municipal By-Laws

Waste management By-Laws at the local municipalities in the Province were generally passed either in the 1970s or 1980s. A number of municipalities are currently preparing new By-Laws, all of which are not yet out for public comment. The earlier By-Laws focus upon the business of waste removal and aim to reduce the nuisance value of waste, rather than address the negative environmental impacts of waste. Generally, these by-laws do not take into account the waste management hierarchy and the aims of the NWMS. A typical early by-law contains the following provisions.

• A promulgation notice that established the By-Law’s legality; • A definitions section – this defines the various terms in use

within the By-Law. Terms include the definitions of household waste, commercial waste, garden waste, a property owner and property occupier;

• An operations section which states how the municipality will collect waste and the power of the waste operatives to enter and collect waste from individual properties;

• The property owner’s obligations are stipulated and are in accordance with the assumption that waste collection is carried out using curb-side collection on a weekly basis. This section of the By-Laws states that owners should package the waste, place it out for collection within certain periods of the day and ensure that the waste remains packaged until collection;



• The By-Laws allow for enforcement of the owners’ responsibilities through the establishment of inspectors who have the power to enter premises and issue fines;

• The following typical section deals with offences. A listing of offences is provided and these include illegal dumping, placing of waste in inappropriate containers and the improper transporting of waste;

• The final typical section covers tariff setting for the various waste sources. Typically tariffs are set according to the source of the waste rather than the type of waste. Waste volumes are typically measured in waste package loads.

Later By-Laws are more comprehensive, but follow a similar pattern and focus to those of the earlier By-Laws. There is very little attention paid to overall waste management, rather just the collection of waste, ensuring that waste is not left unattended in public places and the management of waste sites. A typical later By-Law contains the following provisions:

• A promulgation notice that established the By-Law’s legality; • A definitions section – this defines the various terms in use

within the By-Law. Terms include the definitions of different types of waste that are generated within the municipality. These definitions include what is now known as general waste and hazardous waste, although the terminology is slightly different. Hazardous wastes are referred to as toxic, harmful or objectionable or special industrial wastes. General wastes are categorised into household waste, commercial waste, dry industrial waste and bulky refuse. Definitions are provided for a property owner and property occupier and a tariff.

• The operations section covers the mechanics of domestic waste removal using a curb-side system, once a week. In this section the duties of the owner to store the waste in bins complete with bin liners is laid out. Requirements for the convenient collection of waste by the municipality are stipulated;

• Garden waste is to be removed by the owner to sites designated by the municipality. This waste can be removed by the municipality providing it is not too heavy and has been properly packaged. In general, the designated sites are the municipal landfills. Composting is allowed on private property, providing it does not cause a nuisance;

• Builders’ waste, and bulky waste, is handled in the By-Laws by giving private contractors permission to remove such waste from waste generators. Builders’ waste and bulky waste is also to be dumped at municipal landfills. The option is left open for municipalities to collect builders’ waste and bulky waste in skips, on the payment of a tariff;

• Hazardous waste is handled by requiring that the generator inform the council of the waste’s generation and making provision to dispose of the waste internally. The generator is



made responsible for proper storage of the waste and proof of final disposal is to be provided to the municipality. All the arrangements for storage and disposal, generally, have to be approved by the municipality;

• Typically, the section on disposal sites details the conditions under which residents are to use the site. These stipulations generally include paying a tariff, dumping in the manner prescribed by council employees and the operating times of the landfills;

• There are ancillary matters dealt with in the By-Laws. These include the stipulation that all waste is owned by the municipality; that littering and dumping are made offences; the waste is not allowed to accumulate on private premises; and the application process to commence or terminate a waste collection service;

• The By-Laws allow for enforcement of the owners’ responsibilities through the establishment of inspectors who have the power to enter premises and issue fines.

• Offences are generally listed, along with the actions to be taken against offenders;

• The final typical section covers tariff-setting for the various waste types. Waste volumes are typically measured in waste package loads or units, in the case of carcasses or bulk waste.

A small number of municipalities have modern By-Laws that incorporate principles of the waste management hierarchy. These municipalities include the Tlokwe and Rustenburg Local Municipalities. By-Laws in this era typically include the following:

• The purpose of the By-Laws. Terms are defined and the local municipality’s role in waste management is explained;

• The development of a strategy to facilitate the proper management of waste often covers the local IWMP and a Waste Information system;

• Covers the need for the prevention of pollution and the schema for the categorisation of waste. Gives waste minimisation objectives;

• This section of the By-Laws deals with the waste management service that will be provided by the local municipality;

• Describes the local municipal waste management facilities and defines the duty to provide local municipal waste management facilities;

• Covers the registration and licensing of all waste service providers within the municipality jurisdiction;

• Discusses regulations on waste management. These sections include waste category regulations; regulations regarding the provision of council waste services; regulations with regards to waste management facilities; and regulations with regards to waste service providers;



• Covers the powers of the executive authority to establish advisory committees for different purposes and functions;

• Outlines the general power of the executive authority and its responsibilities;

• Covers the entry and inspection of waste management facilities on private property;

• Offences and penalties. This section typically lists the acts and omissions which are offences under the by-law, with the associated penalties. It gives the courts and waste management institutions certain powers associated with prosecutions for these offences;

• Covers administrative enforcement provisions. This section deals with powers to question, supervision of owners and occupiers, supervision of licensees; notification of an offence, addresses appeals and dispute resolution. Provides for appeals against decisions made by the executive mayor or authorised official, deals with enforcement and infringement notices and the issuing thereof.

By-laws in the province generally require an overhaul, in line with the NWMS and the Waste Hierarchy. Examples of modern By-Laws are those being promulagated in the Rustenburg LM.



4. WASTE GENERATION RATES

4.1. Introduction

The current waste generation/collection volume (or mass) data within the Status Quo Report has limitations and inconsistencies. This is mainly due to little or no formal measurement been done through the use of weigh-bridges at landfills, annual surveys of landfills to determine disposal volumes, or even vehicle tally systems. Some waste data is presented in the form of volume (m3), while some is presented as mass (tonnes). These estimations were generally made by viewing the waste entering the formal waste collection stream, which thus ignores waste generated but not entering the collection stream. A waste generation model was created with the aim to estimate the likely amount of waste being generated within each area, and comparing it to reported amounts. This information can then be used to highlight any large discrepancies between waste expected to be generated and reported waste amounts which could then indicate either inadequate service levels, or that waste is being diverted elsewhere within an area (illegal dumping etc.) A large discrepancy should indicate that some further investigation ito waste management within the area is required. The model was also created to estimate waste generated in areas where no information was available as recorded in the Status Quo Report, and to provide a consistent set of estimated waste generation data for the province.

4.2. Waste Generation and Category Norms

Typical waste generation rates for various socio-economic groups, commercial and industrial centres, and institutions have been presented in the National Framework Guidelines for Integrated Waste Management Plans, DEAT, May 2006, (unpublished Guidelines), and are presented in Table 4.1.

Table 4-1 Typical Waste Generated per Land Use/Acti vity

Land use type/activity Typical Waste Generated Typical Generation Rates

Residential Houses: • Low Income • Medium Income • High Income

Kitchen/Food Packaging Clothing Furniture Electronic Ash Garden Waste

(Rate: kg/person/day) • Low: 0.2 – 0.7 • Medium: 0.7 – 1.9 • High: 1.5 – 3.0

Residential Flats Kitchen/Food Packaging Clothing Furniture

(Rate: kg/person/day) 0.5 – 2.2



Land use type/activity Typical Waste Generated Typical Generation Rates

Electronic

Schools, hostels, educational centres and other institutions

Office paper and books Packaging Electronic Furniture Kitchen/Food Plants and grass cuttings

(Rate: kg/occupant/day) 0.5 – 1.3

Suburban business centre/office park

Old office material Packaging Furniture Electronic Food Plants and grass cuttings

(Rate: kg/employee/day) 0.8 – 1.7

Central business area/office buildings and towers

Old office material Packaging Furniture Electronic Food Street sweepings/litter


Restaurants, hotels and fast food outlets

Food Packaging Cutlery Electronic Textiles

(Rate: kg/client/day) 0.5 – 1.5

Industrial: • Light • Heavy • Services/Garages • Chemical and Allied

Packaging/crates Used chemicals Old lubricants Used spares Old tyres Old office material


Building/construction Demolished buildings, wood, concrete, tiles, roof sheeting, bricks, pipes, packaging, old paint, used chemicals

(Rate: kg/company/day) 10 – 1 000

Hospitals, clinics, doctors, dentists and healthcare facilities

Old medicines, food, human organs/tissue, textiles, syringes, needles and sharps, packaging, bloodstained bandages/material

(Rate: kg/patient/day) 1.0 – 3.0

In the BPDM IWMP Jarrod Ball applied waste generation rates (WGR) as indicated in Table 4-2. It is immediately apparent that the figures used in the BPDM IWMP appear to be generally in accordance with the approximate midrange of those suggested in the Guidelines. As these generation rates are based on Jarrod Ball’s experience in the BPDM region, it is considered that these would be fairly representative for the Province. Therefore the Jarrod Ball WGRs have been used in the preparation of estimated waste generated in the .remaining regions.



Table 4-2 Waste Generation Rates for the BPDM

Jarrod Ball WGR (kg/c/d)

Low Income 0.45

Middle Income 1.10

High Income 1.85

These waste generation rates have been utilised as category norms and applied to population data from Census 2001 where required to corroborate or provide waste volume information where required.

Methodology

The model has three main steps, these include • the generation of a model, • the calibration of the model and then; • the implementation of the model.

Waste Generation Model: The first step, generation, involved using the Census 2001 data as well as the above-mentioned waste generation rates based on broad income levels.. These data were then multiplied and an estimated mass of waste generated mass was obtained. For example in the Kgetlengrivier LM for 2001 the number of low-income earners was 34 892 and the waste generation rate of 0.45kg/p/d. Therefore the Waste Generation Rate is 5 730 t/a. This was then done for each of the three broad income levels in each Local Municipality, and a total estimated mass of waste generated was obtained. As waste collection/disposal data for 2004 was available from a number of the LM’s and DM’s, the amount of waste calculated from the model was escalated from 2001 (date of Census data) to 2004 in order to check the possible relevance of the model data. As economically active (in 2004) population data was available from the Status Quo data, it was possible to estimate the amount of commercial and industrial (and mining where applicable) waste generated using the factors supplied in Table 4-1. To further add value to the model, it is possible to estimate amounts of the various waste fractions using factors developed in various waste stream studies conducted elsewhere in South Africa. Table 4-3 presents the typical waste characterisation derived from a detailed waste stream analysis undertaken by Durban Solid Waste (eThekwini Municipality) in 1998.



This information is useful to estimate the amount of the various recyclable materials that may be available in the waste generated. Waste recyclable fractions were generated from the above information for each DM.

Table 4-3 Waste Recyclable Fractions

Typical Waste Characterisation by Mass (% by Mass)

Waste Fraction Paper Glass Metal/Tin Plastics Organic Other Total

Urban Residential 11% 6% 2% 9% 58% 14% 100%

Commercial 29% 8% 5% 13% 19% 26% 100%

Model Calibration The calibration of the model involved comparing, where possible, the values generated by the model to actual waste collection and/or disposal values obtained in the Status Quo. This comparison would possibly give an indication of the integrity of the model. The figures obtained from the waste generation model were, for example, in line with those of the Rustenburg LM’s IWMP, from this it was concluded that the model gives representative estimates of waste produced in the various Local Municipalities.. It must be noted that all the data generated for comparison purposes is based on 2004 estimates. Model Implementation The next step of the model is implementation. Estimates of waste generated were created for every LM within each DM using the above process and compared to any available waste collection and/or disposal amounts. Assumptions and Limitations As for all models, there are several assumption and limitations that must be considered when reviewing the model’s output, these are:

• The waste generation rates used are by necessity an average of a range of waste generation rates measured in many studies around the country, and as such any data generated using this average will be a generalistaion.

• The amount of waste generated in the model is only an estimate of waste generated in a Local Municipality. Local socio-economic conditions may vary significantly from location to location for similar income levels, hence the “average” waste generation rate may not apply.



• The model outputs are raw data and do not represent real landfill or transported waste volumes. The actual waste volumes at the landfill will therefore be less than stated since the rural/urban split is not provided in the population figures and rural waste tends to reach landfill at a lower proportion than urban waste.

Due to these assumptions and limitations, the data generated by the model must not be seen as accurate, but rather an “educated estimate”. The amounts of waste, and the various recyclable fractions, estimated by the model should only be used as a basis for high level planning. More detailed studies must be undertaken at an appropriate local level for detailed design of services and infrastructure.

4.3. Confirmation of Status Quo Waste Volumes

4.3.1. Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM)

An estimate of waste volumes entering all landfill sites in the BPDM area was made for 2004 in the IWMP. The waste generation figures for 2001 were escalated at 2.5% (as recommended in the BPDM IWMP) to produce Table 4-4 below. The estimated waste quantities entering landfills from the IWMP are included for comparison. The following comments are made on the data presented below.

• The estimated domestic (General) waste generated in the BPDM IWMP was estimated to be approximately 225 000 tons/annum in 2004;

• However, as the IWMP states the following for 2004, 306 000 t/a domestic waste and garden refuse was disposed at landfills in the BPDM. It is apparent that possibly large volumes of garden refuse and other wastes (possibly industrial and commercial are entering the landfill sites;

• It is suggested that although there appears to be reasonable correlation in these figures, they are all based on estimates with little real data obtained from secure sources, e.g., weighbridges, truck tally systems, etc; and

• The above issues highlight the critical need for better measurement of waste volumes following through the waste management system in order to establish real needs for planning and implementation.

No information is available regarding the proportion of population in urban and rural areas. This is critical as waste collection and waste disposal services are by necessity directed towards urban areas first. Waste volumes generated in rural areas are generally very low and traditional methods of handling (often recycling) and disposal cause little or no environmental nor health impacts.



Table 4-4 Bojanala Platinum District Municipality - Estimated Waste Generation

Kgetlengrivier LM Madibeng LM Moretele LM Moses Kotane LM Rustenburg LM BOJANALA PLATINUM DM

2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015

Low Income (R 0 to R 38 000 /y) Low Income

Population 34 892 42 439 47 317 324 379 445 953 507 020 175 731 192 193 201 996 230 117 275 010 289 037 366 239 588 939 766 805 1 131 358 1 544 534 1 812 175

WGR (kg/p/d) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

Waste Generated (t/a) 5 731 6 971 7 772 53 279 73 248 83 278 28 864 31 568 33 178 37 797 45 170 47 474 60 155 96 733 125 948 185 826 253 690 297 650

Middle Income (R38 400/y to R153 000/y) Middle Income

Population 1 407 1 710 1 906 11 588 15 930 18 110 2 024 2 212 2 324 5 907 7 058 7 417 24 939 40 102 52 213 45 865 67 012 81 970

WGR (kg/p/d) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Waste Generated (t/a) 565 687 765 4 653 6 396 7 271 813 888 933 2 372 2 834 2 978 10 013 16 101 20 964 18 415 26 905 32 911

High Income (R153 000 upwards) High Income

Population 177 214 237 2 294 3 152 3 583 147 159 166 820 978 1 027 4 361 7 011 9 128 7 799 11 514 14 141

WGR (kg/p/d) 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85

Waste Generated (t/a) 120 145 160 1 549 2 128 2 419 99 107 112 554 660 693 2 945 4 734 6 164 5 266 7 775 9 549

Total Population 36 476 44 363 49 460 338 261 465 035 528 713 177 902 194 564 204 486 236 844 283 046 297 481 395 539 636 052 828 146 1 185 022 1 623 060 1 908 286

Total Waste Gen (t/a) 6 415 7 802 8 697 59 481 81 772 92 969 29 776 32 563 34 223 40 722 48 665 51 146 73 113 117 568 153 075 209 507 288 370 340 109



Table 4-5 BPDM Comparison of Estimated Waste Genera ted vs Disposal in Landfill (Disposal in 2004)

Kgetlengrivier LM Madibeng LM Moretele LM Moses Kotane LM Rustenburg LM BOJANALA PLATINUM DM

2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed

6 415 6 909 2 400 59 481 64 054 61 790 29 776 32 065 30 000 40 722 43 853 35 790 73 113 78 734 146 210 209 507 225 616 306 190



Commercial, Industrial and Institutional Wastes Approximately 59% of the “total labour force” is employed (BPDM IWMP), with the majority employed in the mining industry. Employment figures in the various commercial centres and industries are not readily available at this stage. However the Census 2001 population figures for population between 15 and 65 years old, divided according to monthly income have been used as a basis for number of people employed. As the waste generation rates for the various commercial categories and industry are relatively similar, estimates have been made of the numbers of people employed in each sector to generate indicative waste generation volumes. It must be stressed that these volumes are estimates only. The mass presented for mining is the estimated figure obtained from the BPDM IWMP.

Table 4-6 BPDM - Estimates of Other Wastes

BOJANALA PLATINUM DM

Population WGR Total Waste per

(2004) (kg/c/d) Category (t/a)

Population Economically Active 318 320

Estimate Employed in Mines 159 160 37 144

Estimate Employed in Industry 95 496 1.75 56 820

Estimate Employed in Commerce 63 664 1.3 28 139

Comparing the Table 4-6 with Table 4-4 and Table 4-5, the following comments may be made: • If the above category waste generation figures are added to

the general domestic waste, it appears that approximately 347 000 t/a of general waste is generated.

• When this is compared to the estimate of 306 000 t/a being

disposed, it appears that most commercial and industrial General Waste generated in the BPDM enters landfills, but this must be confirmed in future reviews of LM IWMPs.

• It is not known if more mining waste is generated than is

estimated in the IWMPs. This must also be investigated further when reviewing LM IWMPs.



Waste Minimisation, Recycling, Re-use Waste fraction norms have been applied to the waste generation categories to estimate the total mass of recyclable material available from the waste stream in the BPDM area.

Table 4-7 Estimated Waste Generation by Recyclable Fraction (t/a)




Commercial 29% 8% 5% 13% 19% 26% 100%

Industrial Fraction 56 820 t/a

Commercial Fraction 28 139 t/a

Domestic Fraction 225 616 t/a

Estimated Waste Characterisation by Mass (t/a)


Domestic 24 818 13 537 4 512 20 305 130 857 31586 225 616

Commercial 8 160 2 251 1 407 3 658 5 347 7 316 28 139

Total Mass/Fraction 32 978 15 788 5 919 23 964 136 204 38 903 253 755

The table presents the estimated amounts of recyclables available in the waste stream. It must be stressed, however, that even highly efficient recycling initiatives seldom recover anywhere near all the materials available. Recycling initiatives out of economic necessity will be more successful if associated with the main waste generating areas, in this case Rustenburg and Hartebeespoort. If all recyclables were removed from the waste stream, the waste to landfill would reduce by approximately 80%. Obviously this is difficult to achieve practically, but illustrates that significant savings can be made.



The BPDM IWMP lists the following known recycling amounts: “Salvaging” 3 090 t/a Paper 9 600 t/a Food 195 t/a Total 12 886 t/a

The above represents approximately 7% recycling in the BPDM area. Summary of Waste Generation and Disposal

Table 4-8 Comparison of Estimated Waste Generated v s Estimated IWMP Waste Quantities

Waste stream Estimated Generation t/a

Estimated IWMP t/a

Domestic Waste Commercial Waste Industrial Waste Mining Waste Recycled Waste

225 000 28 150 56 820 37 150

-

306 000

12 900

Total Waste 347 120 318 900

Bearing in mind that the estimated waste generation figures are approximations and the estimates in the IWMP are not based on accurate records, the above shows a high degree of correlation and indicates that only approximately 28 000 t/a is not entering the waste collection and disposal system. It is expected that during future refinements and reviews of LM and DM IWMP’s, this figure will probably be shown to be low. Gaps in Waste Management Waste minimisation, Re-use and Recycling There is no co-ordinated programme to minimise waste generation at source. The BPDM has undertaken a small number of recycling projects focusing on SMME development, but this needs to be co-ordinated and expanded. There are a few small private recycling initiatives in the BPDM area, but mostly rely on scavenging with little separation at source. Mondi appears to run a paper recycling initiative in the Moses Kotane LM, but it is not recorded in the larger centres.



Apart from a pilot project in Rustenburg, composting of waste is not undertaken in the BPDM area. Waste Collection Moretele LM does not at present operate or offer a waste collection service, although negotiations are reported to be proceeding with a Contractor to provide a service to ensure a “100%” delivery. It is not clear whether this is 100% of urban households or 100% of all households in the LM. In the remainder of the LMs most urban households appear to receive some level of waste collection service, but is not uniform across the DM. Collection equipment is varied and often old and poorly maintained. Rural households do not receive a waste collection service. Collection services consist of a door to door collection in more formal areas or a householder delivery to centralised skips in less formal areas. Waste Disposal The district is served by 13 Municipal owned landfills, and 10 privately owned landfills, mostly located in or near main centres of waste generation. However, only 2 of the Municipal landfills are permitted. Only 1 of the private landfills is not permitted. It appears that the majority of the landfills are not operated properly with inadequate infrastructure, inadequate plant equipment and untrained personnel. Although most have 10 years airspace or more, many of the landfills may have “fatal flaws’ and may not be able to be permitted, hence the District, and in particular certain areas, may be facing a landfill capacity problem in the medium term. Institutional and Funding Moretele LM has no staff in waste management, and therefore no dedicated budget. In general, all LMs are understaffed with poor access to funding, resources and infrastructure. Two divisions of the BPDM are responsible for waste management:

• Technical Services Department; and • Environment and Waste Management.



This leads to a lack of co-ordination and communication within the BPDM and between the DM and the LMs.

4.3.2. Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM)

General Waste – Residential Virtually no information exists on types and volumes of wastes generated, collected or disposed of in any of the five Local Municipalities making up the NMMDM. For high level planning, an estimate of waste generated per LM based on WGR’s suggested in Table 4-1 applied to 2001 population figures is used to produce Table 4-9. The typical waste generation rates were applied to population figures for the low, middle and high income groups. It must be noted that due to the very high proportion of rural dwellers in this DM, the lower waste generation rate of 0,3 kg/p/day has been used for the low income group. It is common experience throughout South Africa that rural dwellers generate very small amounts of waste compared to equivalent income earners in urban and peri-urban areas.



Table 4-9 Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality - Estimated Waste Generation

Ratlou LM Tswaing LM Mafikeng LM Ditsobatla LM Ramotshere Moila LM NGAKA MODIRI MOLEMA

DM

2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015


Population 103 518 129 280 146 268 111 718 139 520 157 855 245 989 307 207 347 576 142 536 178 008 201 400 134 362 167 800 189 850 738 123 921 814 1 042

948

WGR (kg/p/d) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3



Population 715 893 1010 2 094 2 615 2 959 11 937 14 908 16 867 4 430 5 532 6 259 2 824 3 527 3 990 22 000 27 475 31 085

WGR (kg/p/d) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Waste Generated (t/a) 287 359 406 841 1 050 1 188 4 793 5 985 6 772 1 779 2 221 2 513 1 134 1 416 1 602 8 833 11 031 12 481


Population 84 105 119 337 421 476 1 547 1 932 2 186 626 782 885 251 313 355 2 845 3 553 4 020

WGR (kg/p/d) 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85

Waste Generated (t/a) 57 71 80 228 284 322 1 ,045 1 305 1 476 423 528 597 169 212 239 1 921 2 399 2 714

Total Population 104 317 130 278 147 397 114 149 142 556 161 290 259 473 324 046 366 629 147 592 184 322 208 544 137 437 171 640 194 195 762 968 952 842

1 078 054




Table 4-10 Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipalit y - Comparison of Estimated Waste Generation vs Dis posal in Landfill

Ratlou LM Tswaing LM Mafikeng LM Ditsobotla LM Ramotshere LM NGAKA MODIRI

MOLEMA DM 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed

11 679

12 577 nil

13 301

14 324 unknown

32 773

35 293 unknown

17 809

19 178 unknown

16 016

17 247 unknown

91 579

98 620 unknown



The NMMDM residential households generate an estimated 91 580 tons per annum (2001) rising to 114 000 t/a in 2004. This estimate needs to be confirmed during the next review of the NMMDM IWMP. No records or estimates have been made for waste collected or disposed of in the DM, hence it is difficult to confirm the estimated waste generation. The above issues highlight the critical need for better measurement of waste volumes following through the waste management system in order to establish real needs for planning and implementation. No information is available regarding the proportion of population in urban and rural areas. This is critical as waste collection and waste disposal services are by necessity directed towards urban areas first. Waste volumes generated in rural areas are generally very low and traditional methods of handling (often recycling) and disposal cause little or no environmental nor health impacts. General, Commercial, Industrial and Institutional Waste As no records of these sectors’ wastes are available, an estimate has been made by applying typical waste generation rates to the economically active population statistics (2001) escalated to 2004 for uniformity.

Table 4-11 NMMDM - Estimates of Other Wastes

An estimated 30 300 t/a industrial general waste, and 33 800 t/a commercial general waste is generated in the NMMDM. This would be generated in the larger commercial and industrial centres in Mafikeng and Ditsobotla. Again, as no records of such waste exist, it is stressed that these are estimates, and must be checked in any future review of LM and DM IWMPs.

NGAKA MODIRI MOLEMA DM








Waste Minimisation, Recycling and Re-use

Typical recyclable waste fractions have been applied to the general waste estimations to obtain a very broad estimate of recyclable materials in the waste stream. These are presented in Table 4-12.

Table 4-12 NMMDM - Estimated Waste Generation by Re cyclable Fraction




Commercial 29% 8% 5% 13% 19% 26% 100%


Commercial Fract. 33 765 t/a

Domestic Fract. 98 620 t/a



Domestic 10 848 5 917 1 972 8 876 57 200 13 807 98 620

Commercial 9 792 2 701 1 688 4 389 6 415 8 779 33 765


The Table presents the estimated amounts of recyclables available in the waste stream. It must be stressed, however, that even highly efficient recycling initiatives seldom recover anywhere near all the materials available. Recycling initiatives out of economic necessity will be more successful if associated with the main waste generating areas, in this case Mafikeng and Lichtenburg. If all recyclable materials were removed from the waste stream, the waste disposed to landfill would reduce by approximately 80%, or increase the life of landfills by up to 5 times. Obviously this would be difficult to achieve practically by recycling alone, but illustrates that significant savings may be achieved. Currently it is estimated that less than 10% of general waste is being recycled, mostly by the private sector and scavenging. No composting of waste is undertaken in the NMMDM.



Summary of Waste Generation and Disposal

Table 4-13 Comparison of Estimated Waste Generated vs Estimated IWMP Waste Quantities


Estimated IWMP t/a

Domestic Waste Commercial Waste Industrial Waste Recycled Waste

114 000 33 800 30 300

-

- - -

<10%

Total Waste 178 100 -

The above represents a broad estimate only of general waste generated within the NMMDM. Gaps in Waste Management in NMMDM Waste Minimisation, Recycling, Re-use There is no co-ordinated programme to minimise waste generation at source. Currently recycling and re-use is undertaken only to a small extent by private enterprise and scavenging, with virtually no separation at source. No composting of waste is undertaken in NMMDM. Waste Collection Ratlou LM does not operate a waste collection service and no households or towns receive a collection service. There is generally a lack of road infrastructure in this area. The remaining LMs service the majority of urban households with at least a weekly collection service. CBDs in the remaining LMs are serviced daily by the LMs, hence may be adequate. Rural areas throughout the DM do not receive a collection service. Collection equipment is varied, and often old and poorly maintained.



Waste Disposal Ratlou LM has no disposal sites. The remainder of the LMs are served by eight landfills near the main towns. Of the 7, 5 appear to be permitted, but from the lack of information about infrastructure, plant, equipment and personnel, it can be concluded that it is unlikely they are operated to acceptable standards. Estimates of remaining site life have been made for some of the landfills. Zeerust has approximately 4 years remaining, Mafikeng 5 years, Lichtenburg 15 years, and the remainder are unknown. Institutional and Funding It is apparent that there is no waste management department or personnel (and therefore no budget) in Ratlou LM. The remaining LM’s obviously have some institutional capacity, but the extent is not known. Funding is considered to be inadequate. The waste management institutional status in the DM is unknown.

4.3.3. Bophirima District Municipality (BDM)

General Waste - Residential The BDM IWMP (Kwezi V3, January 2004) has where possible, identified various categories of settlements as follows:

• Urban, Dense, Villages and Scattered. A comparison of waste generation rates used in the BDM IWMP with those suggested in Table 4-14 is presented below.

Table 4-14 Comparison of WGR's for BDM

Kwezi V3 WGR Suggested WGR (Guidelines)

Category (kg/c/d) Category (kg/c/d)

Urban/Dense 0,9 High Income 1,5 – 3,0

Villages/Dense 0,7 Middle Income 0,7 – 0,9

Villages/Scattered 0,25 Low Income 0,2 – 0,7



As can be seen in the above, there is a reasonable correlation between the WGRs. However, the WGRs appear to have been rather arbitrarily applied across the BDM in the IWMP. For example, a WGR of 0,25 kg/c/d has been applied to the entire population of Kagiso LM (111 397 for 2003), but a figure of 0,9 kg/c/d has been applied to the entire population of Lekwa-Teemane, LM and Mamusa LM, both of which only have few urban and dense settlements. The BDM IWMP estimates a total waste generation of 350 t/d or 127 750 t/a, but the LM’s estimated waste generation is significantly less than 200 t/d in the LM IWMPs. An estimate of total domestic (General) waste in the LMs and the DM is presented below in Table 4-15. This has been generated by applying the suggested WGRs to the 2001 population census data. No information is available regarding the proportion of population in urban and rural areas. This is critical as waste collection and waste disposal services are by necessity directed towards urban areas first. Waste volumes generated in rural areas are generally very low and traditional methods of handling (often recycling) and disposal cause little or no environmental nor health impacts.



Table 4-15 Bophirima District Municipality Estimate d Waste Generated

Kagisano LM Naledi LM Mamusa LM Greater Taung LM Malopo LM Lekwa- Teemane LM BOPHIRIMA DM

2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015


Population 78

516 98

056 110 941 55

487 69

296 78 402 47

332 59

111 66 879 179 471

224 135 253 588

11 349

14 173 16 036

41 544

51 883 58 701

413 699

516 653 584 546

WGR (kg/p/d) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

Waste Generated (t/a)

12 896

16 106 18 222 9 114

11 382 12 877 7 774 9 709 10 985 29 478 36 814 41 652 1 864 2 328 2 634 6 824 8 522 9 642 67 950 84 860 96 012


Population 1 231 1 537 1 739 2 254 2 815 3 185 886 1 106 1 252 2 362 2 950 3 337 250 312 353 1 257 1 570 1 776 6 983 8 721 9 867

WGR (kg/p/d) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Waste Generated (t/a) 494 617 698 905 1 130 1 279 356 444 503 948 1 184 1 340 100 125 142 505 630 713 2 804 3 501 3 962


Population 215 269 304 358 447 506 140 175 198 325 406 459 83 104 117 160 200 226 1 121 1 400 1 584

WGR (kg/p/d) 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 0.9 0.9 0.9

Waste Generated (t/a) 145 181 205 242 302 342 95 118 134 219 274 310 56 70 79 108 135 153 368 460 520

Total Population

79 962

99 862 112 984

58 099

72 558 82 092

48 358

60 393 68 329

182 158

227 490 257 384

11 682

14 589 16 506

42 961

53 652 60 703

421 803

526 774 595 997

Total Waste Gen (t/a)

13 536

16 904 19 126

10 260

12 814 14 498 8 225

10 271 11 621 30 646 38 273 43 302 2 020 2 523 2 855 7 436 9 287 10 507 71 122 88 822 100 494



Table 4-16 Bophirima District Municipality Comparis on of Estimated Waste Generation vs Disposal in Lan dfill

Kagisano LM Naledi LM Mamusa LM Greater Taung LM Malopo LM Lekwa-Teemane LM BOPHIRIMA DM

2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed

13 536 14 576 unknown 10 260 11 049 32 850 8 225 8 857 11 315 30 646 33 002 2 555 2 020 2 176 nil 7 436 8 008 8 030 71 122 76 591 54 750



The estimated domestic waste generated in the BDM (2004) was 76 600 t/a. The IWMP estimated waste generation (2004) for Naledi LM and Mamusa LM appears to be very conservative, but are supported to some extent by high estimates of waste entering landfill sites in both LM areas. The above issues highlight the critical need for better measurement of waste volumes following through the waste management system in order to establish real needs for planning and implementation. 4.3.3.2 Commercial, Industrial and Institution General Waste The economically active portion of the population (2001 escalated to 2004) was used along with WGRs suggested in the Guidelines to estimate the amount of Industrial and Commercial General Wastes being generated.

Table 4-17 BDM Estimated Waste Generated as per Sec tor

BOPHIRIMA DM






It must be stressed that these are very broad estimates and must be considered approximate only. Comparing Table 4-17 with Table 4-18, it appears that most industrial and commercial waste is entering Vryburg and Schweizer-Reneke landfills. However, this needs to be confirmed in the next review of the DM IWMP. Waste Minimisation, Recycling and Re-use Waste fraction norms have been applied to waste generation categories to estimate the total mass of recyclable material available in the waste stream. If all recycled materials were recovered for re-use, the waste disposed to landfill would reduce by 80%. However, this would not be practical but illustrates the significant savings that may be made.



Table 4-18 BDM Estimated Waste Generation by Fracti on (t/a)




Commercial 29% 8% 5% 13% 19% 26% 100%






Domestic 8 425 4 595 1 532 6 893 44 423 10 723 76 591

Commercial 4 925 1 359 849 2 208 3 226 4 415 16 981


Taung LM -Private recycling initiatives are taking place in Taung, Reiviles and Pudimoe. In Taung, the recycler collects from businesses and scavenges the landfill, while the others scavenge from the landfills. Kagisamo LM – No recycling initiatives exist. Lekwa Teemane LM – Private initiatives collect mostly paper and plastic from businesses in Bloemfontein and Christiana. Little or no scavenging takes place from landfills. Mamusa LM – Paper and can recycling occurs at Schweizer-Reneke, with little scavenging from the landfill. Malopo LM – No initiatives currently taking place. Naledi LM – NA recycling company collects paper and plastics directly from businesses in Vryburg. There are no composting initiatives in the DM. The amount of existing recycled materials (paper and plastics) is not recorded so no comment can be made on the percentage recovered.



Summary of Waste Generation and Disposal



Estimated IWMP t/a

Domestic Waste Commercial Waste Industrial Waste Recycled Waste

76 600 17 000 15 000

-

54 750

Unknown

Total Waste 108 600 54 750 Table 4-19, although based on broad estimates, indicates that a significant portion of general waste is not entering the waste collection and disposal system in the BDM. This needs to be addressed in reviews of LM and DM IWMP’s in order to identify areas that require waste management services. Gaps in Waste Management Waste Minimisation, Recycling and Re-use There is no waste minimisation taking place in the BDM. There are small recycling initiatives taking place in some commercial centres, but there is no co-ordination or DM and LM involvement. No composting initiatives occur in the BDM. Waste Collection The majority of larger urban centres receive an adequate service, but no service is extended to farm and rural areas. There may be domestic, commercial and industrial waste generators that do not currently receive a service. Kagisamo and Molopo LM’s do not operate a waste collection service. Waste collection equipment is generally inadequately maintained and in poor condition.



Waste Disposal Kagisamo and Molopo LM’s have no landfills Greater Taung LM is served by 3 landfills, none of which is permitted and are not operated in accordance with accepted standards. Lekwa Teemane LM has 3 unpermitted landfills, and are not operated in an acceptable manner. Mamusa LM has 2 landfills. Amalia landfill is permitted but not operated properly. Schweizer-Reneke landfill is not permitted nor operated properly. Naledi LM has 2 landfills. The Vryburg landfill has an old concept permit and is not operated properly. The Stella landfill is not permitted and also not operated properly. Some landfills, Vryburg, Pudimore, Bloemhof, Christiana and Schweizer-Reneke are reaching full capacity, while the remaining landfills’ airspace is undetermined to 15 years. Institutional and Funding Kagisamo and Molop LM’s have no waste management departments, staff nor budget. Remaining LM’s have some staff, infrastructure and budget but is insufficient to deliver acceptable services.

4.3.4. Southern District Municipality (SDM)

General Waste – Residential The SDM IWMP (Kwezi V3, January 2005) has used actual estimates of waste entering landfills in the various LM’s and no attempt was made to correlate these with any WGRs. Table 4-20 was generated using the 2001 publication census and the WGRs suggested in Table 4-1. This table was then compared with the estimates presented in the IWMP. Generally, the IWMP estimates showed reasonable correlation with the estimated waste generation, with an estimated waste generation of 117 000 t/a in 2004 compared with 113 581 t/a disposed in 2004 (excluding Merafong City).



Estimated waste generated and estimated waste disposed of showed reasonable correlation in each LM. However, it must be noted that the estimated waste generation includes for domestic waste only, not commercial and industrial. As accurate methods of measuring waste volumes collected or disposed of do not exist in the DM, the actual volumes are not known. The above issues highlight the need for better measurement of waste volumes following through the waste management system in order to establish real needs for planning and implementation. No information is available regarding the proportion of population in urban and rural areas. This is critical as waste collection and waste disposal services are by necessity directed towards urban areas first. Waste volumes generated in rural areas are generally very low and traditional methods of handling (often recycling) and disposal cause little or no environmental nor health impacts.



Table 4-20 Southern District Municipality Estimated Waste Generated

Ventersdorp LM Tlokwe LM Klerksdorp LM Maquassi Hills LM Merafong City LM SOUTHERN DM

2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015 2001 2010 2015


Population 41 906 52 335 59 212 117 599 146 865 166 164 335 972 419 583 474 720 67 204 83 929 94 957 195 034 243 571 275 578 757 715 946 282 1 070 631

WGR (kg/p/d) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45



Population 1 012 1 264 1 430 9 077 11 336 12 826 20 504 25 607 28 972 1 584 1 978 2 238 13 350 16 672 18 863 45 527 56 857 64 328

WGR (kg/p/d) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1



Population 154 192 218 1 670 2 086 2 360 2 720 3 397 3 843 244 305 345 2 090 2 610 2 953 6 878 8 590 9 718

WGR (kg/p/d) 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85


Total Population 43 072 53 791 60 860 128 346 160 287 181 350 359 196 448 587 507 535 69 032 86 212 97 540 210 474 262 853 297 394 810 120 1 011 729 1 144 678




Table 4-21 SDM - Estimated Waste Generation vs Disp osal in Landfill

Ventersdorp LM Tlokwe LM Klerksdorp LM Maquassi Hills LM Merafong City LM SOUTHERN DM

2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed 2001 2004 Disposed

7 393 7 962 8 395 24 088 25 940 29 120 65 252 70 270 64 532 11 839 12 749 11 534 38 806 41 789 unknown 147 378 158 710 113 581



General Commercial, Industrial and Mining Wastes No records of these sectors’ general wastes are available, with the partial exception of mining. An estimate has been made using typical sector waste generation rates to the economically active population statistics (2001) escalated to 2004 for uniformity. In the SDM IWMP it indicates that very small quantities of general waste from the major mines are disposed of in the municipal landfill sites.

Table 4-22 SDM - Estimated Waste Generated as per S ector

SOUTHERN DM




Estimate Employed in Mining 105 627



An estimated 47 000 t/a of industrial and 35 000 t/a commercial general waste may be generated in the SDM, mainly in the larger commercial and industrial centres. A portion of industrial waste may be entering the waste stream for collection and disposal, and needs to be investigated further. It is expected that most of the commercial waste is entering the waste stream for collection and disposal by municipalities. Waste Minimisation, Recycling and Re-use Waste fraction norms have been applied to the waste generation categories to make a broad estimate of the total mass of recyclable materials available in the waste stream.



Table 4-23 SDM Estimated Waste Generation by Recycl able Fraction




Commercial 29% 8% 5% 13% 19% 26% 100%






Domestic 17 458 9 523 3 174 14 284 92 052 22 219 158 710

Commercial 10 154 2 801 1 751 4 552 6 653 9 104 35 015


Unfortunately no records are available for waste actually recycled in the SDM, but certain initiatives are in operation as summarised below. Table 4-23 presents the estimated amounts of recyclables available in the waste stream. It must be stressed, however, that even highly efficient recycling initiatives seldom recover anywhere near all the materials available. Recycling initiatives out of economic necessity will be more successful if associated with the main waste generating areas. Ventersdorp LM – Although there is no formal recycling of waste, a contract with a resident is being investigated. There are no records available for volumes of recycled waste within the LM. No special programmes are in existence. Maquassi Hills LM – An extensive recycling and composting project was implemented in Leeudoringstad in 1999. However, owing to misappropriation of funds and general mismanagement, the project failed. There are no records available for volumes of recycled waste within the LM. Tlokwe LM – There are currently three active waste recycling companies within the LM. Additionally, there are a number of reclaimers on the Old Potchefstroom landfill site (approximately 200). A composting plant is being investigated. Approximately 15% of waste is recycled through



informal salvaging. Other initiatives include waste awareness at schools. Matlosana LM – No formal recycling methods are employed, however an attempt at formalising reclamation activities on the landfill sites has been made with little success. The establishing of buy-back centre in different towns is in process. Merafong City LM – No information has been received from this local municipality. Summary of Waste Generation and Disposal



Estimated IWMP t/a

Domestic Waste Mining Waste Commercial Waste Industrial Waste Recycled Waste

117 000 -

35 000 47 100

-

113 581

Unknown

Total Waste 199 100 113 581

Even allowing for, say, a 10% recycling recovery of materials, it appears that a significant quantity of general waste is not entering the same waste collection and disposal system. Some waste may be disposed of in Gauteng, but it is not expected to be significant due to transport costs. Gaps in Waste Management Waste Minimisation, Recycle and Re-use There is no co-ordinated programme to minimise waste generation at source. There appear to be many initiatives to recycle, both private and municipal, but little co-ordination across the SDM. A composting operation was operational in Maquassi Hills LM but has stopped owing to mismanagement. Another composting plant is being investigated in Potchefstroom.

Waste Collection All formal urban residential areas receive a weekly collection service, and CBD’s are serviced between two and four times per week, but



informal areas, peri-urban and rural generally do not receive a waste collection service. It appears that some areas of waste generation may not be receiving a service. Where collection vehicles are owned and operated by the LM, vehicles are generally old with maintenance and vehicle serviceability generally becoming problematic. Waste Disposal The SDM (excl. Merafong City LM) has ten operational landfills, and in 2004, a new permitted landfill in the Tlokwe LM that was not yet operational. Of the ten operational landfills, six have permits, but four landfills are operating without permits. All landfills are not operated in accordance with acceptable standards due to personnel and plant shortages. Most landfills share plant with other departments and are therefore only periodically available for operation on landfills. The new Potchefstroom landfill has an expected life of more than thirty years, Hartebeesfontein more than fifteen years. Ventersdorp and Wolmeransstad have life spans of more than five years. Klerksdorp and Orkney are reaching full capacity. The remaining have unknown airspace and lifespan. Institutional and Funding All LMs have a waste management department with staff and budgets. However, there are many vacant posts in Maquassi Hills LM and Matlosana LM. The split structure of Cleansing Department and Landfills falling under different Directorates in the Matlosana LM may require restructuring. In general, more trained personnel are required to operate all the landfills. Funding needs to be increased in all LMs for new plant and equipment and to replace and maintain existing plant, as well as to improve collection and disposal services. Waste management training is required in all LMs and DM. The estimates of waste generated in the IWMP, by estimating waste entering the landfill, appear very conservative when compared to the



volumes of waste estimated by applying waste generation rates to population data. As accurate methods of measuring waste volumes collected or disposed of do not exist in the DM, the actual volumes are not known. It also appears that other wastes (e.g., mining etc.) may be entering the waste stream. The above issues highlight the critical need for better measurement of waste volumes following through the waste management system in order to establish real needs for planning and implementation. No information is available regarding the proportion of population in urban and rural areas. This is critical as waste collection and waste disposal services are by necessity directed towards urban areas first. Waste volumes generated in rural areas are generally very low and traditional methods of handling (often recycling) and disposal cause little or no environmental nor health impacts.



APPENDIX A – HIGH LEVEL WASTE QUESTIONNAIRE

Page 1 of 5

Provincial Integrated Waste Management QUESTIONNAIRE

Created July 2007 Please complete the following information for your municipality and return to Nemai Consulting. Where information is unavailable, indicate with an Unknown. Additional information may be included as an appendix. Where appropriate, mark applicable with an X. All sources for the information need to be given at end (I.e. Census 2001, Estimate, Weigh Bridge etc.). This questionnaire consists of five (5) pages.

A) RETURN & CONTACT INFORMATION

Nemai Consulting

Siloshini Naidoo Elani Brits

Phone: 014 592 3448 Phone: 014 592 3448

Fax: 014 592 4326 Fax: 014 592 4326

Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

B) CONTACT DETAILS

Date Questionnaire Completed:

Municipality:

Contact Person:

Position:

Phone and cell no:

Fax:

Email:

Postal Address:

C) POPULATION DATA

Total Population:

Number of Households:

Number Receiving Waste Services:

Page 2 of 5

Areas Not Receiving Waste Services (Give details, Name of villages etc):

D) WASTE GENERATION (Estimates) per month [Tons]

Total Waste Volumes Generated:

Domestic Waste Generated:

Commercial Waste Generated:

Industrial Waste Generated:

Hazardous Waste Generated:

E) WASTE COLLECTION (per month) [Tons]

Total Waste Volumes Collected:

Domestic Waste Collected:

Commercial Waste Collected:

Industrial Waste Collected:

Private waste collectors (Estimate)

Names of Private Waste Contractor:

No. of Collection Points

Type of Receptacle Frequency of Service

Residential:

CBD:

Industrial:

Page 3 of 5

How is Hazardous Waste Being Handled? (Give an indication of volumes & contractors involved. Where is the majority of this waste disposed?)

F) RECYCLING & REUSE INITIATIVES [Tons]

Waste Volumes Recycled:

Estimate Percentage Recycled Through Informal Salvaging:

What Reuse &/or Recycling Initiatives Are There?

What Special Waste Programmes are active in your area (if any)?

G) HR and BUDGETS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

Specify directorate responsible for Waste management

Is There A Specific Budget For Waste Management? YES NO

If YES, Give Details:

Page 4 of 5

H) LANDFILL TRANSFER FACILITIES Site Name Location (Coordinates, if

not available specify the town/suburb)

Class (e.g. GSB)

Available Airspace [m3]

Remaining Site Life [years]

Weigh bridge available

Type Waste Facilities

Equipment on site (No. and Type) (e.g. 2 Front-end loaders)

Facility Permitted or not [Yes/No]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Page 5 of 5

I) WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE

Indicate Type & No. of Equipment Available:

J) SOURCES FOR THE INFORMATION GIVEN

Section Source details (Census 2001, Estimate, Weigh Bridge etc.)

C)

D)

E)

F)

G)

H)

I)