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PROTISTS. Protist classification. eukaryotic mostly unicellular The protist kingdom is a “dumping ground” –includes organisms that have exceptions to the many rules that scientists attempt to apply to them. Kingdom Protista. Animal like -- Protozoa (zooplankton) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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PROTISTS
Protist classification• eukaryotic
• mostly unicellular
• The protist kingdom is a “dumping ground” –includes organisms that have exceptions to the many rules that scientists attempt to apply to them.
Kingdom Protista
Animal like -- Protozoa (zooplankton)Plant like-- Alga (phytoplankton)Fungi like -- Slime and Water Molds
Protozoa
• Heterotrophic (eat dead things or other organisms)
• No cell walls• Are all capable of asexual
reproduction usually by binary fission
What distinguishes these? By
locomotion
Animal-like Protists-ProtozoaPhylum Sarcodinian -move with pseudopods
-ex. amoebas (& foraminifera and radiolaria) -One type of amoeba causes dysentery.
Phylum Ciliphora - ciliates (cilia)-ex Paramecium, Blepharisma, Stentor & Vorticella.
Phylum Zooflagellates - flagellates also called zoomastigina. Many cause disease in humans. -ex Trypanosoma which causes African s.s.; or Giardia
Phylum Sporozoa -nonmotile, spore bearing, -all parasitic-ex. Plasmodium which causes malaria.
Sarcodinian • Locomotion:– pseudopodia all– allows for great flexibility
• Types (life styles)– Amoeba
marine/terres/parasitic
• Distinctive feature– Ameobiod movement– Cytoplasmic streaming
Sarcodinian
• Examples– Amoeba proteus– Entamoeba hixtolyca (causes amoebic dysentery)
Nucleus
Water Vacuole
Food vacuole
Pseudopodia
Contractile Vacuole
(not shown)
Ciliaphorans• Locomotion
– cilia
• Lifestyle– most free living– aquatic
• Distinctive feature– two nuclei
• macro: boss• micro: sex. repro
• Examples– Paramecium– Stentor, Vorticella– Blepherisma
Cilliates
Oral groove
Paramecium Conjugaton
Zooflagellates
(zoomastigote)
• Locomotion– flagella
• Lifestyle– most free-living– some parasitic
• Distinctive features– most carried by
vectors– from reservoir
• Examples – Trypanosoma African
s.s.– Giardia
Vector
• An organism– usually an arthropod or mollusca
• Carries a pathogen– without being effected by it
• Example : Bubonic plague– Flea carries the disease
Flagellates
Sporozoans
(Apicomplexians
)
• Locomotion– none (flagella in some
phases)
• Lifestyle– all parasitic
• Examples– Plasmodium vivax
• causes Malaria
– Toxoplasma gondii• causes toxoplasmosis
Sporozoans
Mosquito Facts
• Mosquitoes are responsible for more human death than any other living creature.
• Male mosquitoes do not bite. The real risk is from female mosquitoes which bite when in search of a blood meal to provide protein for their eggs.
• Most adult mosquitoes live for about two weeks.
• There are over 2,500 species of mosquitoes in the world.
• The welts that appear after a mosquito leaves isn't from the bite - it's an allergic reaction to saliva the mosquito injected under the skin to prevent the blood from clotting
• Mosquitoes like dark areas and will suck the juice out of plants in order to live - including tree leaves, grass, shrubs, etc
AlgaePlant like Protists
• Autotrophic (all have chlorophyll a)• Have cell wall• Alga are divided by pigments, cell wall
types, and food storage compounds
FYI• Thallus - body portion of an algae• Blue green algae are not protists at all-- they are Cyanobacteria, a
moneran (lab)• Watch the green algae, because of their similarities with them, they are
probably the ancestors of modern plants
Algae: Plant-like ProtistsUnicellular
• Phylum Euglenophyta– Euglena
• Phylum Chyrsophyta (Bacillariophyta) – golden algae – diatoms
• Phylum Pyrrophyta – fire algae – Dinoflagellates
Multicellular• Phylum Rhodophyta
– red algae– red seaweed.
• Phylum Phaeophyta – brown algae – kelp
• Phylum Chlorophyta – green algae– Volvox
Chlorophyta“green algae”
• Pigments (like plants)
– chl a,b – carotenoids
• Cell wall = cellulose (like
plants)
• Storage = starch (like plants)
• Ancestors of plants• Can be unicellular, filimentous, colonial, and multicellular• Motile - uni and colonial• Habitat – fresh water
Algae Structure• Unicellular
– single cell– phytoplankton
• Filamentous– the cells divide but do not separate
causing long strands– cells do not differentiate
• Colonial– groups of cells acting in a
coordinated manner
• Multicellular– Some differentiation
Example 1 of Chlorophyta“green algae”
Chlamydomonos- Unicellular
- Motile, Flagellated
Example #2 of Chlorophyta
“green algae”
• Spirogyra• Filimentous
- the cells divide but do not separate causing long strands-cells do not differentiate
Example #3 of Chlorophyta
“green algae”
• Volvox , Pandorina
• Colonial:Cells have different roles– flagellated
cells– photosynthetic– gametocytes
Cells not trully differentiated
Example #4 of Chlorophyta
“green algae”
• Ulva (sea lettuce)
• Multicellular• Reproduces by
alternation of generations
Pigments– chl a,c– carotenoids– Fucoxanthin
Phaeophyta“brown algae”
• Examples – kelp
parts of kelp
• holdfast, stipe, • blade, • bladder
– temperate seaweed
• All multicellular
• habitat– salt water
• nonmotile*
Phaeophyta“brown algae”
blade
bladder
stipe
holdfast
Rhodophyta“red algae”
• pigments– chl a– carotenoid
s– Phycoblins
• cell wall– CaCO3
Rhodophyta“red algae”
• examples– tropical – red seaweed
• multicellular• habitat
– salt water• nonmotile
“agar”
• pigments– chl a,c– carotenoids– peridinum
• cell wall– cellulose
• food storage– starch
Pyrrophyta“fire algae”
dinoflagellata
• Examples: dinoflagellates
• unicellular• habitat
– fresh/salt• motile:
– biflagellates
Pyrrophyta“fire algae”
PyrrophytaDinoflagellate
sred tidecause “red tide”
often phosphorescent
Algal bloom
Toxins
Chrysophyta“golden algae”
• Pigment– chl a,b – carotenoids– fucoxanthin
• cell wall– silica cell wall
• food storage– oil
Chrysophyta “golden algae”• Example: diatoms
• Unicellular (some colonial)
• motile : raphe• habitat
– salt/fresh water
• reproduction– asexual– sexual
FORM:
Diatomaceous Earth
Petroleum Deposits
Euglenophyta
• Pigment – chl a– chl b – carotenoids
• Cell Wall– protein pellicle
• Food Storage– polysaccharide
Euglenophyta•Examples:
– Euglena,– Astasia (can lose its
chloroplasts and become heterotrophic)
•all unicellular
• motile: flagella• Habitat
– fresh water
eyespot
Fungus-like protists• Heterotrophic with external
digestion.– Absorptive nutrition
• similar lifestyle as fungi• multicellular multinucleate
2 groups (based on cell type) • Water molds are composed of
filaments of cells. – Phylum Oomycota
• Slime molds are amoeba-like.– Phylum Myxomycota – Phylum Acrasiomycota
Oomycetes
• Known as– “water molds”
• have cellulose in cell wall
• ex water molds and downy mildews
• have branching filaments called hyphae
• Causes– one cause of
“ick”grows on decaying aquatic life
Oomycetes
Oomycetes
• Cell wall– cellulose
• Body structure– branching filaments– few cell walls
Oomycetes
• Causes– potato blight– root, fruit, crown rot– puckeye rot
Oomycetes
• Causes– downy mildew– round worm
parasite
Chytridiomycota
• Known as– Water Mold
• Reproduction– flagellated
sex cells
• Probable ancestor of modern fungi
Sprogyra with chytrid parasite
Chytridiomycota
• Habitat – aquatic
• Cell wall– chitin like fungi
• Body structure– long filaments
• Mostly Unicellular • Mostly Parasites
Myxomycota
• Example is plasmodial slime molds– multinucleate
Myxomycota
• Body structure– One enormous cell
(plasmodium)– many nuclei
•covered in slime sheath
•leaves a slime track
•Habitat : Terrestrial
Myxomycota
• Life Cycle (reproduction)– spends most of life as a plasmodium– produces fruiting bodies with gametes– gametes behave like amoebas– two gametes meet--> produce new
plasmodium
Myxomycota
• Life Cycle (reproduction)– spends most of life as a
plasmodium– produces fruiting bodies
with gametes– gametes behave like
amoebas– two gametes meet-->
produce new plasmodium
Acrasiomycota• Example is cellular
slime molds
Acrasiomycota
• Life Cycle– most of life as AMOEBA
• one nucleus• haploid
– in stress, come together • form “slug” or “grex”• send up fruiting body
– newly hatched cells are amoeba
b y locom otion
P seu d op od iaam oeb a
F lag e llag ia rd ia
N o m otionp lasm od iu m
C iliap aram ec iu m
A n im a l like
b y p ig m en tan d ce ll w a ll
U n ice llu la rflag e lla tes
G o ld en A lg aed ia tom s
F ire A lg aed in o flag e lla tes
B row n A lg aeke lp
R ed A lg aeseaw eed
G reen A lg ae
P lan t like
b y lifes tylean d ce ll typ e
W ater M o ldw /ce llu lose
W ater M o ldw /ch it in
Tru eS lim e M o ld
C e llu la rS lim e M o ld
F u n g i like
U n ice llu la rE u karyo tes