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ProtistsBacteriaViruses
ProtistsBacteriaViruses
ProtistsProtists
First Single-Celled Eukaryotes Protists means “first” Protists are eukaryotes that are NOT
members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms.
Why?
First Single-Celled Eukaryotes Protists means “first” Protists are eukaryotes that are NOT
members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms.
Why?
Uni or Multi? That is the question…..Uni or Multi? That is the question…..
Most protists are unicellular. Some are multicellular. The largest protist is KELP - a brown algae.
Most protists are unicellular. Some are multicellular. The largest protist is KELP - a brown algae.
An Evolutionary TaleAn Evolutionary Tale
Genetic & fossil evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes and are more closely related to present-day Archaea than Bacteria.
It is from multi-cellular protist that plants, animals & fungi are thought to arose.
Genetic & fossil evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes and are more closely related to present-day Archaea than Bacteria.
It is from multi-cellular protist that plants, animals & fungi are thought to arose.
EndosymbosisEndosymbosis Proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1966 Ancestors of eukaryotes lived in
association with prokaryotes. Prokaryotes entered a host cell as
undigested food. They eventually began to supply
energy to the cell and became an organelle called the mitochondria.
Proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1966 Ancestors of eukaryotes lived in
association with prokaryotes. Prokaryotes entered a host cell as
undigested food. They eventually began to supply
energy to the cell and became an organelle called the mitochondria.
Grouping of ProtistsGrouping of Protists Protists are often grouped by their
mode of nutrition (a.k.a what they eat).
Protozoans - animal-like protists that are heterotrophs
Plant-like protists - autotrophs, include algae
Fungus-like protists - decomposers
Protists are often grouped by their mode of nutrition (a.k.a what they eat).
Protozoans - animal-like protists that are heterotrophs
Plant-like protists - autotrophs, include algae
Fungus-like protists - decomposers
Animal - like ProtistsAnimal - like Protists
Plant-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists
Diatoms
Volvox
Spirogyra
Fungus-like ProtistsFungus-like Protists
How do Protists move?How do Protists move?
Amoeboid Movement - moving by changing shape: process uses pseudopods
Cilia & Flagella - structures supported by microtubules that protrube from the cell surface
Passive Movement - non-motile, depend on other means of transportation (I.e. water , water currents)
Amoeboid Movement - moving by changing shape: process uses pseudopods
Cilia & Flagella - structures supported by microtubules that protrube from the cell surface
Passive Movement - non-motile, depend on other means of transportation (I.e. water , water currents)
PseudopodPseudopod
Greek word for “false foot” The cytoplasm of the amoeba streams
into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows.
Amoebas also use pseudopods to surround and ingest prey.
Greek word for “false foot” The cytoplasm of the amoeba streams
into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows.
Amoebas also use pseudopods to surround and ingest prey.
Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella
Cilia: Short & numerous and they move like oars of a rowboat; protists that move using cilia are known as ciliates.
Flagella: relatively long, usually only one or two per cell & they move like a wave from basic to tip; protists that move using flagella are called flagellates.
Cilia: Short & numerous and they move like oars of a rowboat; protists that move using cilia are known as ciliates.
Flagella: relatively long, usually only one or two per cell & they move like a wave from basic to tip; protists that move using flagella are called flagellates.
Euglena can use chloroplasts to undergo photosynthesis if light is available or live as a heterotroph by absorbing nutrients from the environment.
Euglena can use chloroplasts to undergo photosynthesis if light is available or live as a heterotroph by absorbing nutrients from the environment.
Passive Movement Passive Movement
These protists form spores that can enter the cells of other organisms and live as parasites.
These protists form spores that can enter the cells of other organisms and live as parasites.
Most protists inhabit the body fluids, tissues, or cells of their hosts.
Some parasitic protists are important pathogens of animals, including those that cause potentially fatal diseases in humans.
For example, Typanosoma causes African sleeping sickness.
Malaria is also cause by a parasitic protist.
Most protists inhabit the body fluids, tissues, or cells of their hosts.
Some parasitic protists are important pathogens of animals, including those that cause potentially fatal diseases in humans.
For example, Typanosoma causes African sleeping sickness.
Malaria is also cause by a parasitic protist.
Protists are found almost anywhere there is water.
This includes oceans, ponds, and lakes but also damp soil, leaf litter and other moist terrestrial habitats.
In aquatic habitats, protists may be bottom-dwellers attached to rocks or creeping through sand and silt.
Phytoplankton (including algae and prokaryotic bacteria) are the bases of most marine and freshwater food chains.
Protists are found almost anywhere there is water.
This includes oceans, ponds, and lakes but also damp soil, leaf litter and other moist terrestrial habitats.
In aquatic habitats, protists may be bottom-dwellers attached to rocks or creeping through sand and silt.
Phytoplankton (including algae and prokaryotic bacteria) are the bases of most marine and freshwater food chains.
BacteriaBacteria Bacteria are prokaryotic unicellular
organisms. What does prokaryotic mean? No nucleus! What kingdom are bacteria in? Monera What Domain are bacteria in? Archaea and Eubacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotic unicellular organisms.
What does prokaryotic mean? No nucleus! What kingdom are bacteria in? Monera What Domain are bacteria in? Archaea and Eubacteria
ArchaeaArchaea• Single-celled prokaryotes - NOT
BACTERIA but sort of like a cousin• Tough outer cell walls that have different
amino acids which means that antibiotics may have no effect on these
• Most live in extreme environments (extremophiles)
1.Such as undersea hydrothermal vents2.Great Salt Lake
• Single-celled prokaryotes - NOT BACTERIA but sort of like a cousin
• Tough outer cell walls that have different amino acids which means that antibiotics may have no effect on these
• Most live in extreme environments (extremophiles)
1.Such as undersea hydrothermal vents2.Great Salt Lake
Did you know….Did you know….
That your intestinal gas (a.k.a farts) are caused by archaea - now there is something to share with your parents at the dinner table tonight!
That your intestinal gas (a.k.a farts) are caused by archaea - now there is something to share with your parents at the dinner table tonight!
EubacteriaEubacteria
Domain of Germs This domain is responsible for the five second
rule and why you don’t eat potato salad left in the sun all day.
Have been known and studies for over 150 years
All known bacterial pathogens are Eubacteria
Domain of Germs This domain is responsible for the five second
rule and why you don’t eat potato salad left in the sun all day.
Have been known and studies for over 150 years
All known bacterial pathogens are Eubacteria
Discover of BacteriaDiscover of Bacteria
Bacteria were unknown to people until the 1600s,
when Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed them in his newly made microscope
Bacteria were unknown to people until the 1600s,
when Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed them in his newly made microscope
So how do Bacteria fit into our timeline of life?So how do Bacteria fit into our timeline of life?
They have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old, in fact!
They have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old, in fact!
As photosynthesis in cyanobacteria depleted CO2 in the water, layers of calcium carbonate formed STROMATOLITES seen above.
As photosynthesis in cyanobacteria depleted CO2 in the water, layers of calcium carbonate formed STROMATOLITES seen above.
Probably most important..Probably most important..
They shaped the course of evolution and ecological change throughout earth's history because they are aquatic (that is they live in water) and are photosynthetic (they can manufacture their own food and produce what along the way?)
They shaped the course of evolution and ecological change throughout earth's history because they are aquatic (that is they live in water) and are photosynthetic (they can manufacture their own food and produce what along the way?)
The genetic material of bacteria is one double-stranded, circular DNA molecule (not surrounded by a nuclear membrane).
The genetic material of bacteria is one double-stranded, circular DNA molecule (not surrounded by a nuclear membrane).
ClassificationClassification
Rod shape is called Bacillus.
Spiral shape is called Spirillium.
Spherical is called Coccus.
Rod shape is called Bacillus.
Spiral shape is called Spirillium.
Spherical is called Coccus.
Classify this….Classify this….
Many ancient oil deposits are attributed to the activity of cyanobacteria.
They are also important providers of nitrogen fertilizer in the cultivation of rice and beans.
Many ancient oil deposits are attributed to the activity of cyanobacteria.
They are also important providers of nitrogen fertilizer in the cultivation of rice and beans.
Other important contributions…Other important contributions…
Other fun bacteria informationOther fun bacteria information
Where are Bacteria Found? Bacteria are found almost everywhere on
Earth: including in the seas and lakes on all continents (including Antarctica), in the soil, and in tissues of plants and animals
Where are Bacteria Found? Bacteria are found almost everywhere on
Earth: including in the seas and lakes on all continents (including Antarctica), in the soil, and in tissues of plants and animals
Food!!!!Food!!!!
Bacteria have a wide range of diets. Some are heterotrophs. What are heterotrophs? They eat other organisms. Others are autotrophs. What are autotrophs? They make their own food.
Bacteria have a wide range of diets. Some are heterotrophs. What are heterotrophs? They eat other organisms. Others are autotrophs. What are autotrophs? They make their own food.
Why do you care?Why do you care?
Negative effects: a. illnesses (including dental caries, strep
throat, cholera, and tuberculosis)
Positive effects: a. release nitrogen to plants b. decompose organic material c. fermentation (used in manufacture of cheese
and yogurt.)
Negative effects: a. illnesses (including dental caries, strep
throat, cholera, and tuberculosis)
Positive effects: a. release nitrogen to plants b. decompose organic material c. fermentation (used in manufacture of cheese
and yogurt.)
Viruses: Are They Alive?Viruses: Are They Alive?
§ Life-like in that they have genes and a highly organized structure
§ However, they are not made of cells nor are they able to reproduce on their own (parasite).
§ Essentially they are “genes in a box” with a protein coat.
§ Life-like in that they have genes and a highly organized structure
§ However, they are not made of cells nor are they able to reproduce on their own (parasite).
§ Essentially they are “genes in a box” with a protein coat.
ExamplesExamples
Damage by a VirusDamage by a Virus
Depends how quickly the immune system responds to fight the infection
Ability of the infected tissue to repair itself For example, recovery from a cold is
common b/c our respiratory tissue replaces damaged cells by cell division (mitosis).
Depends how quickly the immune system responds to fight the infection
Ability of the infected tissue to repair itself For example, recovery from a cold is
common b/c our respiratory tissue replaces damaged cells by cell division (mitosis).
Damage - continuedDamage - continued
However, nerve cells don’t divide so damage done by polio is permanent.
So prevention of virus diseases like polio is accomplished with vaccines.
First vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner for smallpox in the late 1700’s.
However, nerve cells don’t divide so damage done by polio is permanent.
So prevention of virus diseases like polio is accomplished with vaccines.
First vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner for smallpox in the late 1700’s.
VaccinesVaccines
are harmless variations of the virus
stimulate the immune system to mount defenses before you get infected
are harmless variations of the virus
stimulate the immune system to mount defenses before you get infected
SmallpoxSmallpox
Contagious No specific treatment Variola major & minor Last case in the US - 1949; last case in
the world - 1977 (Somalia)
Contagious No specific treatment Variola major & minor Last case in the US - 1949; last case in
the world - 1977 (Somalia)
Emerging VirusesEmerging Viruses
Viruses that have suddenly appeared or have recently come to the attention of scientists.
E.g. HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Avian flu, West Nile Virus, SARS - just to name a few
Viruses that have suddenly appeared or have recently come to the attention of scientists.
E.g. HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Avian flu, West Nile Virus, SARS - just to name a few
Where do they come from?Where do they come from?
Mutations Contact between species which gives way to species jumping through contact and mutations Spread from isolated species
Mutations Contact between species which gives way to species jumping through contact and mutations Spread from isolated species
PandemicsPandemics
World-wide outbreaks of a disease Spanish flu (18-month period - 1918
to 1919) killed 20 MILLION ppl world-wide - that is about the same number as the number of ppl who have died in 25 years of fighting AIDS.
World-wide outbreaks of a disease Spanish flu (18-month period - 1918
to 1919) killed 20 MILLION ppl world-wide - that is about the same number as the number of ppl who have died in 25 years of fighting AIDS.
BacteriophagesBacteriophages
Called phages for short - what do you think they infect?
Their reproductive cycle
is called THE LYTIC
CYCLE.
Called phages for short - what do you think they infect?
Their reproductive cycle
is called THE LYTIC
CYCLE.
An analogy of The Lytic CycleAn analogy of The Lytic Cycle
Alternative to Lytic CycleAlternative to Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle -
Viral DNA
reproduces w/o
phage production
or death of the
cell.
Lysogenic Cycle -
Viral DNA
reproduces w/o
phage production
or death of the
cell.