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Protists Bacteria Viruses

Protists Bacteria Viruses Protists Bacteria Viruses

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Page 1: Protists Bacteria Viruses Protists Bacteria Viruses

ProtistsBacteriaViruses

ProtistsBacteriaViruses

Page 2: Protists Bacteria Viruses Protists Bacteria Viruses

ProtistsProtists

First Single-Celled Eukaryotes Protists means “first” Protists are eukaryotes that are NOT

members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms.

Why?

First Single-Celled Eukaryotes Protists means “first” Protists are eukaryotes that are NOT

members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms.

Why?

Page 3: Protists Bacteria Viruses Protists Bacteria Viruses

Uni or Multi? That is the question…..Uni or Multi? That is the question…..

Most protists are unicellular. Some are multicellular. The largest protist is KELP - a brown algae.

Most protists are unicellular. Some are multicellular. The largest protist is KELP - a brown algae.

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An Evolutionary TaleAn Evolutionary Tale

Genetic & fossil evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes and are more closely related to present-day Archaea than Bacteria.

It is from multi-cellular protist that plants, animals & fungi are thought to arose.

Genetic & fossil evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes and are more closely related to present-day Archaea than Bacteria.

It is from multi-cellular protist that plants, animals & fungi are thought to arose.

Page 5: Protists Bacteria Viruses Protists Bacteria Viruses

EndosymbosisEndosymbosis Proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1966 Ancestors of eukaryotes lived in

association with prokaryotes. Prokaryotes entered a host cell as

undigested food. They eventually began to supply

energy to the cell and became an organelle called the mitochondria.

Proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1966 Ancestors of eukaryotes lived in

association with prokaryotes. Prokaryotes entered a host cell as

undigested food. They eventually began to supply

energy to the cell and became an organelle called the mitochondria.

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Grouping of ProtistsGrouping of Protists Protists are often grouped by their

mode of nutrition (a.k.a what they eat).

Protozoans - animal-like protists that are heterotrophs

Plant-like protists - autotrophs, include algae

Fungus-like protists - decomposers

Protists are often grouped by their mode of nutrition (a.k.a what they eat).

Protozoans - animal-like protists that are heterotrophs

Plant-like protists - autotrophs, include algae

Fungus-like protists - decomposers

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Animal - like ProtistsAnimal - like Protists

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Plant-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists

Diatoms

Volvox

Spirogyra

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Fungus-like ProtistsFungus-like Protists

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How do Protists move?How do Protists move?

Amoeboid Movement - moving by changing shape: process uses pseudopods

Cilia & Flagella - structures supported by microtubules that protrube from the cell surface

Passive Movement - non-motile, depend on other means of transportation (I.e. water , water currents)

Amoeboid Movement - moving by changing shape: process uses pseudopods

Cilia & Flagella - structures supported by microtubules that protrube from the cell surface

Passive Movement - non-motile, depend on other means of transportation (I.e. water , water currents)

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PseudopodPseudopod

Greek word for “false foot” The cytoplasm of the amoeba streams

into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows.

Amoebas also use pseudopods to surround and ingest prey.

Greek word for “false foot” The cytoplasm of the amoeba streams

into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows.

Amoebas also use pseudopods to surround and ingest prey.

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Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella

Cilia: Short & numerous and they move like oars of a rowboat; protists that move using cilia are known as ciliates.

Flagella: relatively long, usually only one or two per cell & they move like a wave from basic to tip; protists that move using flagella are called flagellates.

Cilia: Short & numerous and they move like oars of a rowboat; protists that move using cilia are known as ciliates.

Flagella: relatively long, usually only one or two per cell & they move like a wave from basic to tip; protists that move using flagella are called flagellates.

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Euglena can use chloroplasts to undergo photosynthesis if light is available or live as a heterotroph by absorbing nutrients from the environment.

Euglena can use chloroplasts to undergo photosynthesis if light is available or live as a heterotroph by absorbing nutrients from the environment.

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Passive Movement Passive Movement

These protists form spores that can enter the cells of other organisms and live as parasites.

These protists form spores that can enter the cells of other organisms and live as parasites.

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Most protists inhabit the body fluids, tissues, or cells of their hosts.

Some parasitic protists are important pathogens of animals, including those that cause potentially fatal diseases in humans.

For example, Typanosoma causes African sleeping sickness.

Malaria is also cause by a parasitic protist.

Most protists inhabit the body fluids, tissues, or cells of their hosts.

Some parasitic protists are important pathogens of animals, including those that cause potentially fatal diseases in humans.

For example, Typanosoma causes African sleeping sickness.

Malaria is also cause by a parasitic protist.

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Protists are found almost anywhere there is water.

This includes oceans, ponds, and lakes but also damp soil, leaf litter and other moist terrestrial habitats.

In aquatic habitats, protists may be bottom-dwellers attached to rocks or creeping through sand and silt.

Phytoplankton (including algae and prokaryotic bacteria) are the bases of most marine and freshwater food chains.

Protists are found almost anywhere there is water.

This includes oceans, ponds, and lakes but also damp soil, leaf litter and other moist terrestrial habitats.

In aquatic habitats, protists may be bottom-dwellers attached to rocks or creeping through sand and silt.

Phytoplankton (including algae and prokaryotic bacteria) are the bases of most marine and freshwater food chains.

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BacteriaBacteria Bacteria are prokaryotic unicellular

organisms. What does prokaryotic mean? No nucleus! What kingdom are bacteria in? Monera What Domain are bacteria in? Archaea and Eubacteria

Bacteria are prokaryotic unicellular organisms.

What does prokaryotic mean? No nucleus! What kingdom are bacteria in? Monera What Domain are bacteria in? Archaea and Eubacteria

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ArchaeaArchaea• Single-celled prokaryotes - NOT

BACTERIA but sort of like a cousin• Tough outer cell walls that have different

amino acids which means that antibiotics may have no effect on these

• Most live in extreme environments (extremophiles)

1.Such as undersea hydrothermal vents2.Great Salt Lake

• Single-celled prokaryotes - NOT BACTERIA but sort of like a cousin

• Tough outer cell walls that have different amino acids which means that antibiotics may have no effect on these

• Most live in extreme environments (extremophiles)

1.Such as undersea hydrothermal vents2.Great Salt Lake

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Did you know….Did you know….

That your intestinal gas (a.k.a farts) are caused by archaea - now there is something to share with your parents at the dinner table tonight!

That your intestinal gas (a.k.a farts) are caused by archaea - now there is something to share with your parents at the dinner table tonight!

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EubacteriaEubacteria

Domain of Germs This domain is responsible for the five second

rule and why you don’t eat potato salad left in the sun all day.

Have been known and studies for over 150 years

All known bacterial pathogens are Eubacteria

Domain of Germs This domain is responsible for the five second

rule and why you don’t eat potato salad left in the sun all day.

Have been known and studies for over 150 years

All known bacterial pathogens are Eubacteria

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Discover of BacteriaDiscover of Bacteria

Bacteria were unknown to people until the 1600s,

when Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed them in his newly made microscope

Bacteria were unknown to people until the 1600s,

when Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed them in his newly made microscope

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So how do Bacteria fit into our timeline of life?So how do Bacteria fit into our timeline of life?

They have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old, in fact!

They have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old, in fact!

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As photosynthesis in cyanobacteria depleted CO2 in the water, layers of calcium carbonate formed STROMATOLITES seen above.

As photosynthesis in cyanobacteria depleted CO2 in the water, layers of calcium carbonate formed STROMATOLITES seen above.

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Probably most important..Probably most important..

They shaped the course of evolution and ecological change throughout earth's history because they are aquatic (that is they live in water) and are photosynthetic (they can manufacture their own food and produce what along the way?)

They shaped the course of evolution and ecological change throughout earth's history because they are aquatic (that is they live in water) and are photosynthetic (they can manufacture their own food and produce what along the way?)

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The genetic material of bacteria is one double-stranded, circular DNA molecule (not surrounded by a nuclear membrane).

The genetic material of bacteria is one double-stranded, circular DNA molecule (not surrounded by a nuclear membrane).

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ClassificationClassification

Rod shape is called Bacillus.

 Spiral shape is called Spirillium.

 Spherical is called Coccus.

Rod shape is called Bacillus.

 Spiral shape is called Spirillium.

 Spherical is called Coccus.

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Classify this….Classify this….

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Many ancient oil deposits are attributed to the activity of cyanobacteria.

They are also important providers of nitrogen fertilizer in the cultivation of rice and beans.

Many ancient oil deposits are attributed to the activity of cyanobacteria.

They are also important providers of nitrogen fertilizer in the cultivation of rice and beans.

Other important contributions…Other important contributions…

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Other fun bacteria informationOther fun bacteria information

Where are Bacteria Found? Bacteria are found almost everywhere on

Earth: including in the seas and lakes on all continents (including Antarctica), in the soil, and in tissues of plants and animals

Where are Bacteria Found? Bacteria are found almost everywhere on

Earth: including in the seas and lakes on all continents (including Antarctica), in the soil, and in tissues of plants and animals

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Food!!!!Food!!!!

Bacteria have a wide range of diets. Some are heterotrophs. What are heterotrophs? They eat other organisms. Others are autotrophs. What are autotrophs? They make their own food.

Bacteria have a wide range of diets. Some are heterotrophs. What are heterotrophs? They eat other organisms. Others are autotrophs. What are autotrophs? They make their own food.

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Why do you care?Why do you care?

Negative effects: a. illnesses (including dental caries, strep

throat, cholera, and tuberculosis)

Positive effects: a. release nitrogen to plants b. decompose organic material c. fermentation (used in manufacture of cheese

and yogurt.)

Negative effects: a. illnesses (including dental caries, strep

throat, cholera, and tuberculosis)

Positive effects: a. release nitrogen to plants b. decompose organic material c. fermentation (used in manufacture of cheese

and yogurt.)

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Viruses: Are They Alive?Viruses: Are They Alive?

§ Life-like in that they have genes and a highly organized structure

§ However, they are not made of cells nor are they able to reproduce on their own (parasite).

§ Essentially they are “genes in a box” with a protein coat.

§ Life-like in that they have genes and a highly organized structure

§ However, they are not made of cells nor are they able to reproduce on their own (parasite).

§ Essentially they are “genes in a box” with a protein coat.

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ExamplesExamples

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Damage by a VirusDamage by a Virus

Depends how quickly the immune system responds to fight the infection

Ability of the infected tissue to repair itself For example, recovery from a cold is

common b/c our respiratory tissue replaces damaged cells by cell division (mitosis).

Depends how quickly the immune system responds to fight the infection

Ability of the infected tissue to repair itself For example, recovery from a cold is

common b/c our respiratory tissue replaces damaged cells by cell division (mitosis).

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Damage - continuedDamage - continued

However, nerve cells don’t divide so damage done by polio is permanent.

So prevention of virus diseases like polio is accomplished with vaccines.

First vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner for smallpox in the late 1700’s.

However, nerve cells don’t divide so damage done by polio is permanent.

So prevention of virus diseases like polio is accomplished with vaccines.

First vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner for smallpox in the late 1700’s.

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VaccinesVaccines

are harmless variations of the virus

stimulate the immune system to mount defenses before you get infected

are harmless variations of the virus

stimulate the immune system to mount defenses before you get infected

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SmallpoxSmallpox

Contagious No specific treatment Variola major & minor Last case in the US - 1949; last case in

the world - 1977 (Somalia)

Contagious No specific treatment Variola major & minor Last case in the US - 1949; last case in

the world - 1977 (Somalia)

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Emerging VirusesEmerging Viruses

Viruses that have suddenly appeared or have recently come to the attention of scientists.

E.g. HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Avian flu, West Nile Virus, SARS - just to name a few

Viruses that have suddenly appeared or have recently come to the attention of scientists.

E.g. HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Avian flu, West Nile Virus, SARS - just to name a few

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Where do they come from?Where do they come from?

Mutations Contact between species which gives way to species jumping through contact and mutations Spread from isolated species

Mutations Contact between species which gives way to species jumping through contact and mutations Spread from isolated species

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PandemicsPandemics

World-wide outbreaks of a disease Spanish flu (18-month period - 1918

to 1919) killed 20 MILLION ppl world-wide - that is about the same number as the number of ppl who have died in 25 years of fighting AIDS.

World-wide outbreaks of a disease Spanish flu (18-month period - 1918

to 1919) killed 20 MILLION ppl world-wide - that is about the same number as the number of ppl who have died in 25 years of fighting AIDS.

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BacteriophagesBacteriophages

Called phages for short - what do you think they infect?

Their reproductive cycle

is called THE LYTIC

CYCLE.

Called phages for short - what do you think they infect?

Their reproductive cycle

is called THE LYTIC

CYCLE.

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An analogy of The Lytic CycleAn analogy of The Lytic Cycle

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Alternative to Lytic CycleAlternative to Lytic Cycle

Lysogenic Cycle -

Viral DNA

reproduces w/o

phage production

or death of the

cell.

Lysogenic Cycle -

Viral DNA

reproduces w/o

phage production

or death of the

cell.