Propoposed Supplemental Guidance to the IFC's Introduction ...€¦ · Changes in land use (e.g. from forest to agriculture) ... As more people populate a previously undeveloped area,

PROPOSED SUPPLEMENTAL GUIDANCETO THE IFC’S INTRODUCTION TOHEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

June, 2012

1 EPT Program: June 2012 - Draft

PROPOSED SUPPLEMENTAL GUIDANCE TO THE IFC’S INTRODUCTION TO HEALTHIMPACT ASSESSMENTS1

Emerging Infectious Diseases and HIAs

1. Development Projects and Emerging Infectious Diseases

Nearly three-quarters of emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife. Threewild animal groups, which comprise approximately 70 percent of mammal species, areconsidered most likely to spread new infections to people: bats (Corona virusresponsible for SARS and Marburg, Nipah and Rabies viruses), rodents (Lassa, hanta, andmonkeypox viruses) and non-human primates (Ebola and yellow fever viruses). Peoplecontract these diseases by inhalation of aerosolized contaminated feces and urine,through direct contact via scratches, bites, and bodily fluids—such as blood and saliva—that can occur during hunting and food preparation, and by ingesting contaminatedfood, water, or undercooked meat. Disease emergence is dynamic, and is influenced byecological, biological, and social factors. Factors that influence disease dynamics andincrease the likelihood of disease emergence include:

High population density (human or animal)

Movement of human and animal populations

Changes in land use (e.g. from forest to agriculture)

Pathogen adaptation and evolution

Presence and mobility of vectors

Behavior changes leading to increased potential for human-animal

interaction/exposure

Climate change.

Industry activities can contribute to disease emergence. These activities include, but arenot limited to:

Deforestation

Road and corridor development

Temporary labor camps and other facilities

Expansion of surrounding local communities and agriculture

Project-induced migration.

These activities bring people to previously wild areas and can fragment wildlife habitatand reduce biodiversity, which can alter the distribution and abundance of wildlife andtheir associated pathogens, and amplify the risk of pathogen “spillover” into newpopulations. Increasing contact between people, domestic animal (e.g. livestock), and

1(http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/Publications_Handbook_HealthImpactAssessment)


wildlife populations increases the likelihood of spillover and disease transmissionbetween species.

All animal species can carry zoonotic diseases. As habitats fragment and people enterpreviously undeveloped areas, wildlife species will seek alternate food and shelter thatwill bring them into closer contact with people.

Wildlife may become a nuisance or pest and take advantage of the new food sourcesand habitats created at construction camps, canteens, and villages. As a result, animalscome in closer contact with people, potentially increasing human exposure to disease.Other animals raid crops in fields that border their habitat, invade labor camps andhomes, become violent, or eat infected animals.

As more people populate a previously undeveloped area, hunting pressure oftenincreases. Agriculture may be introduced or intensified. These factors lead to increasedpotential for interaction between wildlife and people. These interactions may also beexacerbated by growing human populations that can stress local health care, water,food, and waste management infrastructures. In turn, stressed systems are more likelyto break down, creating ideal conditions for increased disease transmission andemergence. Table 1 summarizes some health impact issues that can increase thepotential of zoonotic disease transmission.

Table 1-1: Typical Health Impact Issues associated with Zoonotic Disease TransmissionImpact Issues Effect Emerging Infectious Disease

Issues

Influx (job seekers, family,service workers, campfollowers)

Increases population

Stresses communityinfrastructure.

Introduces an immunologicallysusceptible immigrantpopulation.

Increases person-to-personcontactIncreases potential forevolution and/oramplification of disease

Resettlement; Relocation Existing social/communitystructures alteredMix populations with differentendemic disease

Shift subsistence to peri-urban

Increased in person-personcontact

Immunological susceptibilityaltered

Water Management(Including creation of newwater bodies, altering existingwater bodies, and changes indrainage patterns)

Insect-breeding habitat createdor modified.

Animal watering areas createdor modified.

Increases stress on orcompetition for waterresources.

Food and water storagecontainers contaminated bynuisance wildlife.

Increases potential forshared use of andcompetition for waterbetween humans andwildlife.


Table 1-1: Typical Health Impact Issues associated with Zoonotic Disease TransmissionImpact Issues Effect Emerging Infectious Disease

Issues

Linear Features (roadways;transportation routes;transmission lines)

Increased access to remoteundeveloped areas

Increased bushmeat hunting

Modifies existing wildlifehabitat.

Increases human-wildlifecontact.

Potential consumption ofnuisance wildlife meat andtheir fluids.

Infrastructure Facilities(including on-site housingcatering facilities, housing &laundry, sewage treatmentplants (STP), surface-waterrunoff control, dams, andcontainment facilities)

Attracts nuisance wildlife dueto sewage, water and foodcontainers.

Increases habitat for rodentsand bats.

Increases potential human-wildlife or vector contact ifbuildings are not sufficientlywildlife/vector proofed.

Habitat Fragmentation, EdgeEffect, Biodiversity loss (dueto human population influx,construction of linearfeatures, and construction offacilities and labor camps)


Wildlife may search for foodand shelter in nearby humansettlements and labor camps.

Increase human-wildlifecontact

Agricultural Production(including nuisance wildlife,land clearing for agriculture,and food and waste storage)


Provides food source forwildlife.

Increases human-wildlifecontact.

Increases wildlife-domesticanimal contact.

Increases potential forwildlife-livestock diseasetransmission.

Adapted from IFC’s Introduction to Health Impact Assessment

2. Emerging Infectious Diseases and Impact Assessments

The International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Council of Mining andMinerals (ICMM), and IPIECA, the global oil and gas industry association forenvironmental and social issues, have procedures to conduct a Health ImpactAssessment. Although these guidelines include veterinary and zoonotic diseases, theyemphasize vector-borne diseases and diseases of livestock and domestic animals. Thisdocument provides the steps to incorporate emerging infectious diseases of zoonoticorigin into a health impact assessment.

3. Screening

Impact assessment procedures involve two initial phases: Screening and Scoping.Screening determines what policies and projects are selected for ESHIAs, and are usuallyrapid in-house evaluations by trained assessors investigating local contexts using setcriteria (e.g. location, climate, endemic disease, etc.). Because Screening determines therange and extent of all subsequent impact assessment activities, understanding the localendemic diseases with zoonotic potential is essential. The following screening checklist


seeks to identify whether the proposed/existing project is in an area with potential forzoonotic disease transmission and to identify if there will be/are activities that mightexacerbate the risk of transmission.

Screening Questions Yes/No Notes

1. Will the project be located in an areawhere there are wildlife species that hostzoonotic diseases? (See Appendix A)

Hot spots with a high concentration ofemerging infectious diseases are locatedthroughout the world.

2. Will the project be located in a previouslyundeveloped area? (Will existing land usechange significantly from undeveloped todeveloped?)

The likelihood of contact with wildlife, theirfluid, or excreta increases in areas beingconverted from natural habitats todeveloped areas.

3. Will the project require constructing roadsor corridors?

Roads and corridors increase the interactionof human and wildlife by opening up newareas for hunting. Roads are used totransport bush meat.

4. Will an onsite temporary or permanentcamp be established?

Camps, canteens, and waste managementfacilities can attract pest/wildlife, increasingpotential contact between people andwildlife and their excreta and increasingtransmission risk.

5. Will a new transportation network bedeveloped to move the resource (e.g.,timber, ore, oil) and/or staff to and fromthe facility? (roads, rail, airstrips, and

helipads)

Exposed people could leave the facilitywithout knowing that they are sick andexpose others along transportation routes.

6. Will a relatively large labor influx occurcompared to the existing population? Willpopulations be displaced or resettled?

New immigrants to an area may not haveimmunity to endemic diseases or may bringnew diseases to an area. Project-inducedlabor and other in-migration can strain thelocal health and other infrastructure system.Poorly functioning water and wastemanagement as well as health care systemscan result in the amplification of infectiousdisease transmission.

7. Will livestock be on-site or near the site?Will staff be allowed to have pets on-site?

Pathogens can be transmitted betweenwildlife and domestic animals. People canthen acquire pathogens from domesticanimals.

8. Will there be on-site agriculturalproduction? Will additional in-migrationlead to agriculture expansion in adjacentareas?

Grain and fruit production attracts wildlife.Food products can be contaminated fromanimal byproducts and/or direct contactwith wildlife.


Screening Questions Yes/No Notes

9. Will the infrastructure in surroundingcommunities be insufficient toaccommodate any anticipated populationexpansion? Is this already a problem?

Insufficient potable water, sanitation, healthcare, and vector control can amplify anyinfectious disease that occurs locally.

If you have answered yes to question 1 and two other questions, then it is worthwhile tofurther examine the potential of emerging infectious diseases for your project area.

4. Scoping

Scoping, the second phase of an assessment, sets the scale for the assessment,determines how key issues identified in the screening process are addressed, and whatresources will be available and allocated for further investigation. During the Scopingprocess, the range and types of hazards, geographic setting, timescale, and populationboundaries are determined to assess impacts. The activities to be evaluated and thepopulations to be considered for each phase of the project are identified. In addition,the potential for cumulative and/or residual impacts is determined.

Populations potentially at risk will have to be determined on a site-specific basis.Activities that should be evaluated with respect to emerging zoonotic diseasetransmission include:

The scale of vegetation/habitat removal

Biodiversity reduction

Linear infrastructure development (e.g., road, transmission line corridors)

Camp/facility management

o Waste management

o Food management/storage/disposal

Water management/sanitation – surface water runoff, dams, containment

facilities, sewage treatment plants

Project-induced migration

Agricultural expansion

Strains on the community infrastructure

Cumulative impacts to consider include:

The current and planned habitat removal and fragmentation in the region,

including the types of habitat to be removed or fragmented.

The number of existing and planned roads and other linear infrastructure in the

region.

The number of existing and planned resource development projects and the

number of workers and others likely to migrate to the area.


5. Baseline Data

To assess the risks and potential impacts of emerging infectious diseases, it is necessaryto identify wildlife species endemic to a project area. By linking these species to theirassociated known zoonotic pathogens it is possible to obtain a crude assessment of thepotential zoonotic disease risk. By analyzing the types of activities that are or will beundertaken, it is possible to identify those factors which increase potential exposureand/or wildlife-human interaction.

Recommended baseline data collection activities should include:1. Complete an inventory of biodiversity in the area.2

2. Obtain or generate a species list of wildlife endemic to the area. Determinewhether these species are carriers of zoonotic diseases, what their behaviors areand what they eat.

3. Determine sources of protein for existing and increased population; whetherbushmeat is used as a source of protein, what species are hunted

4. Determine the methods that bushmeat is harvested, butchered, transported,and prepared.

5. Determine how local communities interact with rodents, bats, and primates, andwhat potential exposure pathways exist between these animals and humans inthe area.

6. Determine the capacity of the local community’s infrastructure with respect topotable water supply, sanitation, vector control, and health care.

7. Assess potential sources of food for rapidly increasing population; including theextent and location of potentially arable land.

8. If possible, collect data from local governmental and non-governmentalorganizations regarding existing local wildlife diseases.

Project data that will be necessary to consider and evaluate:1. If temporary or permanent living quarters will be constructed at the facility

a. Quality of on-site housing with respect to ventilation, space, andsanitation

b. Measures to protect facilities against primate, rodents, and batsinfestation

2. If the facility will have a canteena. Food handling proceduresb. Quality and type of food storagec. Food disposal methods

3. If on-site healthcare facility will be availablea. Capacity (for treatment; for preventive services)b. Disease outbreak preparedness plan

2This information should be collected as part of the Environmental Social Impact Assessment process


4. Waste managementa. Pest control measures

5. Water managementa. Vector control measuresb. Water purification

6. Biodiversity monitoring and management strategy7. Bushmeat policy8. Agricultural development on-site (biosecurity of animal production; markets)

6. Stakeholder Engagement

Stakeholder engagement is a fundamental element of a health impact assessment.Discussions with stakeholders should supplement the evaluation of potentialtransmission routes and zoonotic disease risks. Topics to discuss could include:

Disease outbreaks among people, domestic livestock, wildlife

Bushmeat hunting – species hunted, butchering and cooking techniques

Contact with rodents, bats, and primates

Nuisance wildlife and methods of control

Infrastructure capacity – potable water, sanitation, health care, and vector

control


7. Assessing the Risk of a Zoonotic Disease Outbreak

Most HIAs evaluate risks of occurrence of potential health impacts either quantitativelyor to help prioritize management actions. To date, no methodologies have beendeveloped to quantify the risk of new infectious disease emergence or the potential fora zoonotic disease outbreak. However, certain areas of the world have been identifiedas “hot spots.” These are illustrated in the following figure.

The significance of potential health impacts are assessed by considering the magnitude,duration, frequency, and geographical limits of these potential impacts.

Magnitude and FrequencyDepending on the project’s location, the frequency of a zoonotic disease outbreak willlikely be very low or low, but the magnitude is likely to be very high to high. Thefrequency of zoonotic disease outbreaks should be considered in the context of thefrequency of disease outbreaks in the area in general. The frequency of infectiousdisease outbreaks reflects the effectiveness of public health, health care, and otherinfrastructure systems and can indicate whether there are vulnerabilities in the systems.


DurationThe duration of an outbreak is not predictable but, in general, would be several days toseveral months.

Geographic LimitsThe geographic limits of a zoonotic disease outbreak are not predictable because ofincubation times and global travel. The geographic extent of SARs illustrates this.However, it should be assumed that a disease outbreak affecting a facility would likelyspread to the nearby communities at a minimum.

8. Health Action Plan

Preventing emerging infectious disease of zoonotic origin should be addressed atmultiple levels.

At an individual level, mitigation measures should focus on preventing direct or indirectcontact with wildlife or their excreta by 1) not creating habitat or food sources forwildlife where people live and work, 2) limiting or preventing contact with wildlife ortheir excreta, and 3) educating individuals to safeguard against transmission where itcould occur.

At a community/regional level, mitigation measures should focus on 1) maintainingintact habitats and preserving biodiversity, 2) general public measures to preventinfectious disease transmission and outbreaks, and 3) preparedness for diseaseoutbreaks. While preventing an outbreak is preferable, all health action plans shouldalso have a preparedness plan for disease outbreaks

9. Monitoring and Verification

As discussed in the IFC’s Introduction to Health Impact Assessment, the mitigationstrategy, and the health action plan established by a company should include 1) long-term monitoring and evaluation (M&E), and 2) verification programs. These programsshould be built on key performance indicators.

Key performance indicators fall into three categories: structural, process, and outcomeindicators. The following are potential key performance indicators for successfulemerging infectious disease mitigation:

Structural

Staff housing characteristics (adequate and appropriate space per individual,

sanitation, food storage)

Landfill characteristics (adequate size; appropriate cover to discourage pests;

appropriate and adequate runoff control; appropriate distance from housing,

village, and other human-used facilities)


Waste bins (covered and secure to prevent raiding by wildlife)

Facility structure characteristics (measures to discourage bat roosting and

rodents invasion)

Process

Implementation of Biodiversity Monitoring Plan

Implementation of appropriate waste management procedures

Implementation of food – procurement, safety/security, handling, disposal –

procedures to eliminate potential contamination by pests

Operational disease monitoring, surveillance and reporting plan

Operational disease outbreak plan

Outcome

Maintenance of biodiversity in and around the facility

Number of infectious disease events or outbreaks

Number of pests trapped

Number of adverse wildlife encounters

Amount of on-site hunting

Number of occurrences of bushmeat procurement

Amount of bushmeat found in company vehicles


APPENDIX A

The following are examples of the types of tables that should be generated to identify wildlifepathogens that have been identified in and around the project area, potential pathogensassociated with wildlife endemic to the project area, and the corresponding transmissionpathways of infection associated with these pathogens.

These types of country level tables can be generated from WHO Global Health Observatory, FAOEMPRES, OIE WAHID databases, and may be supplemented by a tool on HealthMap(http://www.healthmap.org/en/). Otherwise, a literature search will have to be conducted bycountry and pathogen.

Table A-1. Known Zoonotic Pathogens of Concern – Gabon. This table is designed as a first level“Hazard Identification” element for supporting HIA screening tools.

Pathogen Type of Transmission Location Previously Known species (taxonomic group)Pathogen pathway Detected (if known) affected

Hendra Virus Virus Direct contact Eidolon helvum (bats)with infectedanimals

Nipah Virus Virus Direct contact Coastal zones, southern Eidolon helvum (bats)with infected savannah zones, and forestedanimals zones of interior

Yellow Fever Virus Vector-borne Coastal zones, southern Eidolon helvum (bats)Viurs savannah zones, and forested

zones of interior

St. Louis Virus Vector-borne Coastal zones, southern Eidolon helvum (bats)Encephalitis savannah zones, and forestedVirus zones of interior

Lake Victoria Virus Direct contact Coastal zones, southern Epomops franqueti, HypsignathusMarburg with infected savannah zones, and forested monstrosus, Micropteropus pusillus,Virus animal zones of interior Rousettus aegyptiacus, Miniopterus inflatus

(bats)

Rift Valley Virus Vector-borne Coastal zones, southern Micropteropus pusillus, Epomops franqueti,Fever Virus savannah zones, and forested Hipposideros caffer

zones of interior

West Nile Virus Vector-borne Coastal zones, southern Eidolon helvum (bats), humansVirus savannah zones, and forested

zones of interior

Ebola Virus Virus Direct contact Forested areas throughout Eidolon helvum, Epomops franqueti,with infected country (Mayibout, Booue Hypsignathus monstrosus, Micropteropusanimals region, Libreville, Mekambo, pusillus, Myonycteris torquata, Rousettus

Ogooue Ivindo province, Hau- aegyptiacus (bats), Gorilla gorilla, PanOgooue province, Moyen troglodytes (non-human primates), humansOgooue province)

Chickungunya Virus Vector-borne Northwest Gabon Rousettus aegyptiacus, Hipposideros caffer,Virus (bats) Mastomys natalensis (rodents),

humans


Table A-1. Known Zoonotic Pathogens of Concern – Gabon. This table is designed as a first level“Hazard Identification” element for supporting HIA screening tools.

Pathogen Type of Transmission Location Previously Known species (taxonomic group)Pathogen pathway Detected (if known) affected

Hepatitis B Virus Direct contact Forested areas throughout Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes (non-humanVirus with infected country: Lope Reserve, south primates)

animals and north of Ougoue River(forested zones)

Simian Virus Direct contact Forested areas throughout Cercopithecus cephus, Cercopithecusimmunodefici with infected country: Lope Reserve, south neglectus, Cercopithecus nictitans,ency virus animals and north of Ougoue River Lophocebus albigena, Mandrillus(SIV) (forested zones) leucophaeus, Mandrillus sphinx, Colobus

guereza (non-human primates)

Malaria Protozoa Vector-borne Coastal zones, southern Pan troglodytes (non-human primates)savannah zones, and forestedzones of interior

Monkeypox Virus Direct contact Cercopithecus nictitans, , CercopithecusVirus with infected pogonias, Pan troglodytes (non-human

animals primates), Cricetomys gambianus (rodents)

Lassa Fever Virus Direct contact Cricetomys gambianus, MastomysVirus with infected natalensis

animals (rodents)

Table includes known zoonotic pathogens in mammals and birds as documented in the scientific literature(2000-2011).

Table A-2. Zoonotic Pathogens and Animal Hosts – Gabon. This table enables a crude projectionof potential zoonotic pathogens in wildlife taxonomic groups by country. This table is designedas a first level “Hazard Identification” element for supporting HIA screening tools.

Animal Hosts (taxonomic group)Arthropods Birds Bats Rodents Non-human Primates

CountryChickungunya West Nile Virus Ebola virus Lassa SIV

Gabon Dengue Marburg virus Leptospira STLVMalaria Hanta HBVRift ValleyFever

Ebola virus


Appendix BEXAMPLE MITIGATION MEASURES

This table is meant to supplement the examples in the IFC’s Introduction to Health Impact Assessment document. It presentsexamples of mitigation measures that can be implemented for a large project within a community in a rural setting. It is not meantto serve as a template, but rather to illustrate some of the actions that can be taken.

█ = Specific Health Mitigation Target PE = Pre-Employment WHO = World Health OrganizationC&C = Company and Contractor Health Plan Co. = Company PACs = Potentially Affected CommunitiesRR = Resettled or Relocated Health Plan EHA = Environmental Health Area WATSAN = Water Sanitation AgencyTiming: C = Construction, O = Operations, DC = CDC = Centers for Disease ControlDecommissioning,PD = Predesign; D = Design phase

Table B-1 Illustrative Mitigation Measures

- - -

Timing Action Plan Responsibility CollaboratingAgency orOrganization

Indicators SurveillanceMethodC & C PACs

Emerging Zoonotic Disease TransmissionRisk: Direct contact with infected animals (Direct contact with infected animals can occur while working outdoors, in agricultural settings, inlocations where food or waste is stored)Institute a no bushmeat hunting policy withinthe concession

C→DC x Company Local environment department

Presence/absence ofon-sitepoaching,# of con-fiscations

Companysecurity


Table B-1 Illustrative Mitigation Measures

- -

-

Timing Action Plan Responsibility CollaboratingAgency or

-

-

Indicators

-

SurveillanceMethod

-

C & C PACsOrganization

-

Train workers about issues associated withbushmeat hunting

C→DC x Companyeducationdepartment

Local environment department

Presence/absence ofon-sitepoaching,# of con-fiscations

Companysecurity

Educate project workers about zoonotic diseaserisks, how to avoid encounters with wildlife, andwhat to do if bitten, scratched, etc.


Local environment depart-ment/healthdepartment

Number ofworkerstrained/Number ofadverseencoun-ters

Incidencerecorded atcompany clinic

Minimize habitat fragmentation/creation of edge D→O x Company Local Environmental Depart-ment.

Length oflinearcorridor

Annualmapping

Maintain biodiversity D→DC x Company Local Environmental Depart-ment.

Speciescounts

Semi annualinventories

Monitor on site agriculture for pest invasion. C→O x Company Local environment depart-ment/healthdepartment

Presence/absence ofpests; cropdestruc-tion

Companyenvironmentalaudit

Train locals about issues associated withbushmeat hunting and proper methods tobutcher

C→DC x Companyeducationd tment

Local environment department

Number ofpeopletrainedepar


Table B-1 Illustrative Mitigation MeasuresTiming

-

Action Plan Responsibility CollaboratingAgency orOrganizationL l i -

-

Indicators

Numb f

-

SurveillanceMethodC & C PACs

Educate locals about zoonotic disease risks,to avoid encounters with wildlife, and whatif bitten, scratched, etc.

howto do


oca env ronment depart-ment/healthdepartment

er olocalstrained/Number ofadverseencoun-ters atlocal clinicNumb f

Incidencerecorded atlocal clinic

Train locals about wildlife conflict mitigation &domestic animal biosecurity

C→DC x Companyeducationd tment

Local naturalresourced tment

er opeopletrainedepar epar

Risk: Indirect contact with infected animals (Indirect contact can occur through consumption of food or liquids that have been contaminatedwith animal excreta or from insect vectors)Review food safety and security procedures D→O x Company Local health

departmentFoodsafetproce

ydure

imple-mented

Food safetyaudit

Review food storage methods and protections D→O x Company Local environment depart-ment/healthdepartment

Presence/absencesof pestpreventionmeasures

Food safetyaudit

Review waste disposal and management D→O x Company Local environment depart-ment/healthd tment

Dailycover, pestcontrol

EnvironmentalManagementReview/Audit

Review housing design to ensure adequatemeasures exist not to promote or facilitateinfectious disease transmission

D >DC x Company,EngineeringDesign

eparLocal healthdepartment

Occupantsper room,Foodstorage,Sanitation

Housing audit


Table B-1 Illustrative Mitigation MeasuresTiming Action Plan Responsibility Collaborating

Agency or

-

-

-

Indicators

-


Organization

-

Conduct health education programs for projectworkers regarding infectious diseasestransmission

C→DC x CompanyHealth orEducationDepartment

District Environmental HealthOfficer

Number ofworkerstrained

Worker testing;audit practices,incidence ofinfectiousdiseases

Conduct health education programs for projectworkers regarding food safety.

C→DC x CompanyHealth orEducationDepartment

District Environmental HealthOfficer

Number ofworkerstrained

Worker testing;audit practices,incidence offood-borneillnesses

Assist with food sanitation awareness materialsto local district environmental sanitation officersfor educational sessions with food handlers andslaughterhouses, particularly vendors who sellfood t ject workers.

C→O x CompanyHealth orEducationDepartment

Local Environmental HealthDepartment.

FoodHandlerpractices

Audit of foodhandlerpractices

o proImplement an entomological survey program forinsect vectors at the facility and in the PACs

C→DC x x Company Country healthservices: vector-control division

Entomologicalinfectionrate/parasiteprevalencerates inchildren

Review surveyreports

Risk: Changes to the surrounding communities due to the presence of a facility could increase contact with wildlife (direct contact) and/orresult in increased transmission of infectious diseases that occur locally (amplification)Assist local community with spatial planning(location of agricultural, waste disposal, potablewater)

D→DC x x CompanyEngineer/Planner

Local Environmental Healthand PlanningDepartments.

Localspatialplan in

lace

Periodicreviews of thespatial layout

p



Agency orOrganization

-

-

-

Indicators

-


Assist the local community to plan infrastructureand utilities (waste disposal, potable water,health care facilities)


Local Environmental Health,Infrastructure,and UtilitiesDepartments.

Number ofplansdevelopedand imple-mented

Educate community representatives about vectorbreeding sites control and maintaining drainageduri i .



Number ofmeetings/worksh

Site audit

ng ra ny seasonsProvide support to district health vector controlprograms

D→DC x x CompanyEnvironmentalHealth Officer


opsNumber ofmeetingsand levelof t

Provide assistance with retrofitting or designingboreholes so that they comply with localregulations, are protected against potentialcontamination, and do not create vector breedinghabitat

D→DC x CompanyEnvironmentalHealth Officer


supporNumber ofboreholesthat arecompliant



Agency orOrganization

-

Indicators SurveillanceMethodC & C PACs

Collaborate with local waste managementservices to develop non-hazardous wastemanagement plans for local communities thatcan include:

Sufficient garbage cans and dumpsters Garbage stored in rodent-proof

containers Sanitary and solid waste is collected

daily and covered daily with a solid layerof soil (15 to 30 cm)

Appropriate container program to avoidwaterborne insect breeding

Prohibit moving large quantities offoodstuffs to animal farmers to avoid

ti dent or reptile habitat

D→DC x CompanyEnvironmentalHealth Officer


Number ofplans inplace andimple-mented

Site assessment

genera ng roSupport the training of local community healthpersonnel in infectious disease surveillance andoutbreak response

D→DC x CompanyHealth Officer

Local HealthDepartment

Number ofpeopletrainedPresence/absence of

lan

Presence of afunctioningdiseasesurveillanceprogram

Support improvement of local marketbiosecurity measures

D→DC x CompanyHealth Officer

Local HealthDepartment

pImprovedbio-securitymeasures(see list)

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Propoposed Supplemental Guidance to the IFC's Introduction ...€¦ · Changes in land use (e.g. from forest to agriculture) ... As more people populate a previously undeveloped area,