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Promotion of Clean Emission Charcoal Productivity by cost effective technologies at field scale:
Use of Biochar
in Kitchen Garden
Jay Anand 6/7/2015
“Project undertaken with the financial support of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), www.idrc.ca, and the Government of Canada, provided through Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada (DFATD), www.international.gc.ca”
Stubble burning to create Artificial smog
Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=82409
Adaptation Measures on Biochar Improves farm productivity More moisture & More Nutrients Enhance nutrient use efficiency Keeps Carbon largely intact
Community Reliance
The Science & Policy of Biochar
•our field experience and many researchers ascertained that it is good for the soil pH (raises), supplies nutrients, improves water retention improved productivity •Traps carbon in soil for the long term (100s or 1000s of years) climate change mitigation
Why are we interested in biochar?
Definitions
Charcoal: Pyrolysed wood as a clean-burning energy-dense (bio)fuel
Biochar: Biomass pyrolysed to store carbon, recycle nutrients and enhance structure and function of soil in agriculture.
Both can be produced cleanly, with correct Technology
Definitions
C, H, O
C, H, O
C
air smoke
char
C, H, O
C, H, O
C
Heat
Heat
Source: UK Biochar Research centre
Conversion process has an effect
CharChar
Char
Vapouror oil
Vapouror oil
Gas
Gas
Gas
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Slowpyrolysis
Fastpyrolysis
Gasif-ication
mins-hours seconds < 1 second
Indicative mass
fractions from biomass
conversion
Typical product mix for biomass conversions
UK Biochar Research centre
fossil carbon
(energy)
CO2
biomass C
fossil C
pyrolysis
soil C biochar C
2
7Gty-1
60Gty-1
?
?
photosynthesis
Drivers: making biochar stabilises C and stores it in soil…
60 Gt / yr
7 Gt / yr
60 Gt / yr
Chris Watts, Rothamsted Research
Carbon in soil is associated with soil structure and function – but as “organic matter”
Biochar and carbon – purpose or benefit?
Carbon storage – with (local) agronomic benefit, or Agricultural product – with carbon storage benefit?
Carbon storage is “one-off” and simple to ascertain but its current / future value is not certain
– could provide an important incentive to develop and test the agronomic value of biochar
Biochar is distinct from other organic matter added to soil – its diverse properties matter
and not all biochar looks or behaves the same
UK Biochar Research centre (UKBRC)
Effects on plant productivity: unpredictable, small on average … and under-estimated?
Change in crop ‘productivity’ with biochar addition to soil100%0%–40% 20%
Jeffery et al., 2011, AGEE
Change in crop ‘productivity’ with biochar addition to soil100%0%–40% 20%
Jeffery et al., 2011, AGEE
Raw Material situation
Vermi-Compost
Biochar
Sources
Crop Residues
wood Residues Exotic
Byproduct Rice husk Char
Centralized De -Centralized
Field Level
1
2
3
Indigenous
Excess at field
Y N
Y N
Y N
Y N
Y N Wood Char
Cassava Y N
Y N Govt.
Institution
Agencies
Y N
Y N
* Costs are need to explore, rice husk at salem
Centralized De -Centralized
Forest depo Y N
Y N Y N
Y N Y N
Paddy Y N
Different people/locations are interested in biochar for different reasons ....
State1/ location
Interest in biochar, modest (√) to strong (√√√) Soil quality/ productivity
C sequestration/ climate change mitigation
Bioenergy production
Waste management
Odisha √ √√ √ √√ Kolli hills
√√ √√ √√ √
• Different stakeholders (government, farmers etc.) are interested in different things • Interest and perspective may change ... In 5 years, 10 years etc.??? 13
Bicochar (Gasification process – Cook stove/retort/ drum & Earth kiln)
Field Application (Acidic Soil)
Biomass growth (Plant/ Vegetable)
Analyze chemical properties of soil - PH (Before & After)
Crop root analysis
Expected Outcomes
Social, Gender, Environment & Economical benefits
Fuel wood – Agri residues
Micro industry waste – Rice husk Char
Fertile Soil Sub Soil
Available Choice
Selection
Biochar
Land Use
Upland Low Land Kitchen garden
Performance
Cottage industry
Developing Typologies
Some factors that might affect biochar suitability (+ = suitable; ++= very suitable; - = unsuitable; -- = very unsuitable; -/+ = mixed or uncertain
suitability).
Location Biochar status (product type)
Cost/tech level
Source of feedstock
1ary 2ndary waste high med/ low
Plentiful/ available (climate)
Scarce/ competing
uses /scattered
Rural, community level
- + ++ -- -/+ + +
Rural "niche"1 -/+ ++ ++ + ++ ++ +
15
Hypothesis to study synergistic response in growth of crop/vegetable
when biodigester effluent will combined with/ without Biochar
Sub questions to address CC adaptation?
• Is all biochar (different agri residues) the same? • How stable (mean residence time) is biochar in soil?
• Is biochar/biochar compost (Clean/ contaminated)
safe to use in Alkaline/Acidic soil?
• What are the agronomic benefits (crop productivity through increased nutrient use efficiency, increased water-holding capacity and decreased bulk density)?
Interested to go through Biochar sampling .....
What are the main soil constraints? e.g. N, P, pH. How well do biochars made from the feedstocks in the
area address these? Which feedstock/biochar comes out best? Optimization of biochar production “fit” of selection with current demands/uses “best” biochar!
18
Situation Analysis for both research sites
• Time (15 days) to apply char in Agriculture field (Upper, Lowland) • Crop is standing in Kitchen garden and limited space to do
experiment As per local climate and acidic soil (Expert advice – India &
Abroad): • Apply Biochar compost instead of Biochar only • 15 days are required to mature biochar compost • Kitchen gardens are best field to apply biochar compost at this
point of time • Selection of field (time constraints/unexpected rain – Odisha &
KH) • Two different ways – either you wait until harvesting or apply
char immediately and compare with control vs. experimental plot
Soil Health +
Energy Saving (3) Livelihood
(2,3) Gender
Biochar
Energy Saving
-Increase farm/ kitchen garden production -per crop income -Reclamination of degraded soil - Biochar sale
-Dredging -Reduce fuel wood consumption -Increase HH income -Waste management
- pH, mineral nutrients and labile carbon - Water retention – Sandy & loamy soils (Black & Red) - GHG suppression, limiting diffuse, water pollution - Long term impacts: change in microbial community, carbon neutralizing
(1) Introduce Cook stove & Kiln
(4) Kitchen garden + Field
(5) nutrition
Policy (9)
Conceptual framework
Conceptual framework 1. Developing and deploying location specific, socially inclusive innovative char application
to increase productivity in farm agriculture 2. Harnessing the strength the women and men in working together, their skill in processing
of farm produces and their readiness to get out of drudgery in processing 3. Relative ease in promotion of local food for cultivation, consumption and value addition
analysis, nutrition and income 4. Developing value chain for farm produces, involving network of women SHGs and
supported by skill development, access to char credit, market linkage, and also char advocacy (no chemical fertilizers)
5. The potential of off livelihood option for employment and income generation particularly to women and landless labourers
6. Improved food and nutritional security with diversity in food basket and choice of crops to address chronic and hidden hunger
7. Sustaining the change through its institutionalization and training and capacity building of all stakeholders
8. Project management with built in mechanism for periodic assessment of the outcome/ effectiveness of project interventions, course corrections in sync calibrated social altitude to technology.
9. Holistic integration of crop farming, better management of natural resources (Land, water and biodiversity), improve char recycling, increase carbon sequestration, and need based, regulated use of agro chemical for pro nature sustainable change
Biochar Case Study Locations
Odisha
Study Site –Jeypore, Odisha Biochar Source- Cook Stove waste Semi Arid region Rainfall – 1650 mm Soil type – red (fertile/ Sub Soil) Sample study – 40 farmers (Most of them are marginal farmers, mixed caste group) Field Application- 25 Sqm of each farmer Kitchen Garden - 20 sqm each houses (20 HH – women +Men) Crop Selection – Paddy, Millet, Green Gram (20 HH) Vegetable garden – Onion, tomato, lady finger, radish, carrot Partners : GEO, Hyderabad, and Rice Mills, Koraput
Cook Stove ( 3 Nos.)
Biochar
Biochar Kilns (3 Nos.)
Enterprise (Gasifier boiler,
Earth kiln)
Managing Soil Health
Reduction in cooking time
Reduction in per head load
Reduced exposure to smoke (health
benefit)
Sustainable and Productive Crops
More Food for Livestock
More Food for People
Soci
o- E
cono
mic
ben
efits
, effi
cien
cy,
Tim
e &
Loc
al a
ccep
tanc
e w
ith s
cien
tific
fact
s Biochar outline
Cost & Sustainability, accessibility
charcoal has an established field application but remains associated with pollution and unsustainable resource use
Biochar is not yet well recognised value but can be produced more cleanly, sustainably
Quality & Quantity of Biochar
Biochar Maker at Household/ Field level - Gasifier
The feeding rate is 0.8/1kg per hour depends upon fuel source
The feeding rate is 1 ton/2-3 hours depends upon fuel source
Biochar Maker at Field Scale – Semi gasifier
The feeding rate is 100kg per hour
*
Agro residue - char Bio-Charcoal Jaggery Local Soil
Vermi Compost
Rice husk, Straw, Tapioca (Procure) 43%
Woody Material (Silver oak)(prepare/ Procure) 5%
1 % 1% 50%
Biochar Compost for Acidic Soil
Plot Design for Biochar characterization at MSSRF
Control (Crop 1) Biochar
Biochar Compost
(BCC)
Vermi-Compost
Control (Crop 2) Biochar BCC Vermi-
Compost
Control (Crop 3)
Biochar BCC Vermi-Compost
Control (Crop 4) Biochar
Crop 1,2,3,4
55 – 45 % 60– 40 % 70– 30 %
1m
1m
BCC Vermi-Compost
Crop 1,2,3,4 Crop 1,2,3,4
50 – 50 %
Trial plots
Upper Land (UL)
Lower Land (LL)
Kitchen Garden (UL+ LL)
10 10 20 Plot No.
(Size 5 x 5 m)
Paddy Millet Paddy Millet Leafy veg
Root veg
Amranthus Tomato/ Brinjal
CbV process
Multiwell Tray
Petri dish Test
Experimental plot(Treatment)
Roll towel test
Technology
Biochar
(Rice husk ) (Prosopis Julifora)
TLUD gasifier Metal kiln
Germination test
BioC+
byproduct
Pot Assay
Lab Experiment •Residual effect of fertilizer (Pot & Field) -(can reduce the need of fertilizer, resulting in reduced emission from fertilizer production) •Increases microbiological population (Lab, Pot and field) – resulting in more carbon storage in soil •Using TLUD cookstove, reduces fire wood consumption contributes carbon offset; and converting agro residues into biochar reduces methane at field •Improved soil aggregation •Faster seed germination ( Lab , Pot & Field) •Increases Soil Carbon ( Lab & Field) •Reduces leaching of nitrates, phosphates, potash •Increases water-holding capacity of soil (Pot assay)
•Plant growth
Soil Analysis* •Physical •Chemical •Micro biological
Indicator tested
Findings – Lab, Pot assay & Field (Kitchen garden, farmers plot)
Farmer’s kitchen garden
Treatment- T1- Control (5 t/ha), T2- VC (5t/ha), T3 (2 t/ha), T4(4t/ha),T5(8t/ha),T6 (10t/ha) – Char, T7 (2t/ha),T8(4t/ha),T9(8t/ha),T10(10t/ha)-BioC+
* In different depth (A- 0-15 cm, B- 15-30cm), Nitrogen(kg/ha), Phosphorus (kg/ha), Bulk density (g/cc), Particle density (g/cc), Water Holding Capacity(%), Porosity (%), pH, Electrical Conductivity (m.mhos/cm) , Bacteria load- 10^4, Fungi load- 10^2
Adaptation & Mitigation (www.carbonbiovillage.akasmika.net)
Need further testing for significant result
Different rate of application (T1- T10) Fixed rate of application (T10)
http://carbonbiovillage.akasmika.net/ http://climateneutralvillage.net/
Carbon Bio village
Rice husk Fuel wood Mixture –Biochar Compost pH 8.78 9.11 7.86
Is all biochar the same?
Is all biochar the same?
24 to 48 Hour Trial
1 week Trial
2 week trial
60 to 120 Days Trial
Results
Policy Advocacy – Tested with 50 HH in Odisha
Percentage Yes No
Is it useful product? 100 0 Will you suggest to your friend & family? 98 2 Can it save cost? If biomass is not freely available 100 0 Can it reduce drudgery? Reduce time taken to gather fuelwood 100 0 Reduce the consumption of fuelwood 100 0 Ease of Use 100 0 Ease of Maintenance 80 20 Ease of size fuelwood to put in canister 100 0 Durability of Stove 100 0 Ability to withstand rough handling 40 60 Ease of working with the flame (starting it, controlling the flame, extinguishing the flame etc.) 34 66 Ability to cater to my cooking requirement 82 18 Provide adequate cooking duration 56 44 Provide adequate flame power 70 30 Reduce smoke 80 20 Enables faster cooking 100 0 Free time for other activities 98 2 Does not require constant supervision 0 100 TLUD being suitable to all my cooking vessel 84 16
Reason for advocacy – TLUD cook stove
Performance of TLUD
Soil
Food items
Amount of fuel wood used (in kg) in clay stove
Timming (mins)
Amount of fuel wood used (in kg) in TLUD Stove
Timming (mins)
Char-coal weight (gram)
Saved fuel
wood (%)
Rice 1.41 28.26 0.97 25.52 296.60 (for
cooking three food
items)
45.51 Dalma 0.39 8.28 0.30 7.54 31.33 Mandiya 0.81 16.32 0.56 15.04 45.50 Vegetable 0.24 5.28 0.19 4.54 30.76 Fry 0.27 5.36 0.21 5.18 32.71 Atani 0.37 7.46 0.28 7.12 34.05
Soil para-meters
T1* T2 T6 T10 Level
Soil bulk density
1.11 1.18 1.20 1.26 ↑
Soil WHC 34.93 37.07 31.91 37.12 ↑ Soil Nitrogen (N)
57.11 88.70 92.41 88.00 ↑
Soil fungal diversity
5.5 6.5 7.5 18.5 ↑
Soil bacterial population
19.5 11.00 41.5 28.5 ↑
* T1- Control (FYM-.25kg/sqm), T2- Vermicompost (1kg/sqm), T6 – Char(1kg/sqm), T10- BioC+ (1kg/Sqm)
Cook stove 2 days cooking
0.8 kg
Charcoal
40 kg
Single house 50 HH Month
1.2 ton
Rs. 9.6
Rs. 480
Rs. 14400
* Rs. 12/kg wood biochar in odisha
Above Value = 10 cook stoves
5 Months
4 Months
Gestation period to get refund of cook stove cost
Required time to get biochar for second crop
Sustainability
Conclusion • Yield enhancement. Increases in yield approaching 5-20% have been
reported for crops such as leafy vegetable , horticulture crop and staple crop.
• Increased water holding capacity. Biochar helps soils retain moisture, reducing the need for irrigation and alleviating water stress.
• Increased nitrogen fixation. Reported increases in biological nitrogen fixation in response to biochar application has been attributed to increased availability of minerals
• Reduced fertilizer run-off. Increased fertilizer retention and utilisation result in less negative environ mental impact from agriculture.
• pH correction. Biochar is generally alkaline; its application can increase soil pH and availability of phosphorous but we have observed reversed effect in case of pH in field than lab condition.
Thank you for your attention!