Project Team Acknowledgements… - becor.org · Source : Ducker Report 8 ... 91% use insulated glazing unit Aluminum spacers replaced by better insulating spacers Predominantly vinyl

April 21, 2010

BECOR Seminar 2010 1

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LowLow--Solar and HighSolar and High--Solar Gain Glazings Solar Gain Glazings ––which one to choose/specify in our climate?which one to choose/specify in our climate?

Anil ParekhAnil ParekhSustainable Buildings and CommunitiesSustainable Buildings and Communities

2

Project Team AcknowledgementsProject Team Acknowledgements……

National Research Council (NRC)Dr. Hakim ElmahdyMike SwintonMarianne Armstrong

Pilkington NA Inc.Chris Barry

Natural Resources CanadaFrank SzadkowskiAnil Parekh

April 21, 2010


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MotivationMotivation……

Codes and Standards setting minimum thermal and solar performance requirements for windowsVariety of choices for builders – more than 300,000 types of window products Overall energy performance depends on combination of:

Heat loss coefficient (U-value or u-factor)Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)Air leakage through window joints and panes

Energy Performance = Solar Gains – Conduction Heat Losses – Air Leakage Losses

So, the question is, what to specify and why?

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This presentationThis presentation……

Market informationBenchmarking of different types of glazing at Canadian Centre for Housing Technology

Background on the glazing technologyExperimental ResultsExtending the monitored results to estimate energy savings

ENERGY STAR for WindowsDiscussions

April 21, 2010


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Window MarketWindow Market

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Window Market in CanadaWindow Market in Canada

About 1400 window manufacturers– about 30 large players covering 70% of market shareOverall window market is close to $9.5 billion a year(about 50% is export-oriented)Windows area varied depending on vintage of houses:

Older houses have windows ranging from 6% to 12% of the above grade wall areaNew houses have windows ranging from at least 10% to 17% of the above grade wall areaPreference is for a larger glazing area

April 21, 2010


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Residential Window MarketResidential Window Market

About 6.3 million units a year.Housing retrofit market is larger than new construction segment

Retrofit / Replacement

54%New Construction46%

Residential98%

Nonresidential2%

Source : Ducker Report

8

Window compositionsWindow compositions……

69% of operable windows, 31% fixed91% use insulated glazing unitAluminum spacers replaced by better insulating spacersPredominantly vinyl and wood windows

Vinyl54%

Other1%

Aluminium6%

Wood and clad wood

39%

April 21, 2010


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Windows Windows –– a key componenta key component

Windows account for more than 25% of annual space heating needs in a typical new house

Main Walls22%

Basement23%

Windows27%

Ceilings6%

Ventilation22%

10

Potential for energy savingsPotential for energy savings

Reduce the annual space heating use by 13%- 0.70 to 1.2 GJ/yr/sqm.Reduce the space cooling demand by 25%+

- 10 20 30 40 50 60

Above gradeenvelope

Foundation

Windows

Air leakage

Annual Heat Losses, GJ

Conventional

Energy Efficient

April 21, 2010


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Glazing TechnologyGlazing Technology

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Glazing TechnologyGlazing Technology

Different varieties of low-e coated windows on the marketLow-e coatings differ greatly in solar performanceLow-e provides improved thermal performance over clear glassRising cooling loads and peak electric demands is a driving force for the proper selection of windows for houses

April 21, 2010


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Ideal spectral transmittance for glazings in different climates (Source: McCluney, 1996)

Heat

VisibleUV Solar - Infrared Long-wave infrared

Wavelength (micrometers)

Spec

tral

Irra

d ian

ce (W

m-2

nm-1

)

Solarspectrum

Human eyeresponse

23.9°C (75°F)Blackbodyspectrum

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Heat

1 - Ideal HSG Window

VisibleUV Solar - Infrared


Long-wave infrared

Spec

tral

Irra

d ian

ce (W

m-2

nm-1

)

Solarspectrum

Human eyeresponse

April 21, 2010


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Heat

2 - Ideal LSG Window

VisibleUV Solar - Infrared Long-wave infrared


Spec

tral

Irra

d ian

ce (W

m-2

nm-1

)

Solarspectrum

Human eyeresponse

16

Spectral SelectivitySpectral SelectivityHSGLSG

April 21, 2010


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Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

The SHGC is the fraction of incident solar radiation admitted through a window, both directly transmitted, and absorbed and subsequently released inward. SHGC is a number between 0 and 1.The lower a window's solar heat gain coefficient, the less solar heat it transmits.Low solar gain products – SHGC < 0.30High solar gain products – SHGC > 0.30

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BenchmarkingBenchmarking

April 21, 2010


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Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT) • Built in 1998• Collaborative Effort:

–National Research Council Canada (NRC)–Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)–Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC)

(Contributions from 37 companies)

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TWIN HOUSE FACILITY

• Identical Construction• Typical R-2000 houses built by local builder• Wall Insulation RSI 3.5, Attic RSI 8.6• Low-emissivity argon-filled windows• Airtightness now 1.5 ach @ 50 Pa• High efficiency gas heating (91%)

April 21, 2010


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HOUSE FEATURES

• Simulated occupancy for realistic use–63 on/off events every day –Up to 200 events if needed

• Fully instrumented (23 meters, 300 + sensors)• Hourly and 5-minute data dating back to 1999

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RECENT PROJECTS

April 21, 2010


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Window Glazing ProjectWindow Glazing Project

Purposeto determine the impact of the use of two glazing systems with different solar transmission properties on the energy use in houses during heating and cooling seasons

Two glazing systems were compared:High solar heat gain, andLow solar heat gain

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HSG Glazing LSG Glazing

HSG

Double glazedLow-e coatedHigh solar heat gainU-Factor = 1.76 W/m2°K (0.31 Btu/hr.ft2.°F)SHGC = 0.52

Double glazedLow-e coatedLow solar heat gainU-Factor = 1.62 W/m2°K (0.285 Btu/hr.ft2.°F)SHGC = 0.33

LSG

Exterior Interior Exterior Interior

Energy Ratings

31.4

23.8

- 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

HS Windows

LS Windows

ER as per CSA A440.2

April 21, 2010


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11

12

13

14 15

16

17 18 1920 21 22

23 24 25 2628 29

2730 31

26

Glazing Replacement31 Glazing units replaced•Four types of windows:

–Casement–Fixed casement–Fixed–Patio door

•Modifications enable full replacementin a single day

April 21, 2010


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Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring EquipmentThermocouples

Window Surface Temperature MeasurementFive Instrumented Windows

Center of Glass

Edge of Glass

Edge of Glass

Interior Exterior

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Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring Equipment

Two Pyranometers located:

In the Test House south-facing bedroom windowOn the exterior south-facing wall of the Reference House

April 21, 2010


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Monitoring EquipmentMonitoring EquipmentArgon Tester

Portable Sparklike Gasglass-1002 Measured argon gas concentration of all glazing unitsOriginal windows: no reading on 5 windows, remaining 26 averaged 92% (68% to 98%) New windows: Averaged 84% (70% to 97%)

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SetupSetup

Operating schedule21°C (70 F) during heating season (28 days) 25.6°C (78 F) during the cooling season (23 days)

Mechanical systemsHigh efficiency gas heating (91%)13 SEER Air Conditioner Power-vented gas water heaterForced-air distribution, continuous low speed circulationHeat Recovery Ventilator

April 21, 2010


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Sample Window Temperatures in Sample Window Temperatures in °°CC

37.1 39.540.8 34.4

Reference House Test House

HSG LSG

11.2 17.644.9 33.3Winter

Summer

32

Transmitted Solar Energy on Sunny Days

20643

13426

1213611604

8327

6499

3865

19239

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

HSG LSG HSG LSG

Winter Winter Summer Summer

15-Jan 26-Jan 09-Aug 30-Jul

Sola

r Ene

rgy

kJ/m

2/da

y

Total Vertical

Transmitted

60%

40%48%

32%

WINTER

Sample Transmitted Solar Energy on Sunny Days, South-facing Window

April 21, 2010


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SUMMER

Sample Transmitted Solar Energy on Sunny Days, South-facing Window

Transmitted Solar Energy on Sunny Days

20643

13426

1213611604

8327

6499

3865

19239

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

HSG LSG HSG LSG

Winter Winter Summer Summer

15-Jan 26-Jan 09-Aug 30-Jul

Sola

r Ene

rgy

kJ/m

2/da

yTotal Vertical

Transmitted

60%

40%48%

32%

SUMMER

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Energy Consumption SummaryEnergy Consumption Summary

-17.7%41.4350.33Cost, $

-17.7%436.1529.8Electricity, kWh

Space Cooling (23 days)

6.5%103.1796.86Cost, $1.3%290.8287.0Electricity (blower), kWh8.6%222.2204.7Natural Gas, m3

Space Heating (28 days)

Difference (L-H)/H

LSGHSGTotal For Experiment Test Period

Utility cost at $0.34/m3 natural gas and $0.095/kWh electricity

April 21, 2010


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Analytical Projection of ResultsAnalytical Projection of Results

Experiment relationships between solar and consumption can be used to predict the CCHT Test House’s performance for a full yearBased on daily Temperature and Solar Data for Oct 2005 to Sep 2006Heating degree days (18°C): 3970(NBC-2005 Heating degree days for Ottawa: 4673)Cooling degree days (18°C): 417(Environment Canada Cooling degree days for Ottawa: 254)

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Average Daily Outdoor Temperature

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

1-Oct-05 1-Nov-05 1-Dec-05 1-Jan-06 1-Feb-06 1-Mar-06 1-Apr-06 1-May-06 1-Jun-06 1-Jul-06 1-Aug-06 1-Sep-06

Date

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Total Daily Vertical Solar Radiation

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000


Date

Vert

ical

Sol

ar R

adia

tion

(kJ/

m2/

day)

Winter

Summer

Summer

Winter

April 21, 2010


37


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40


Date

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000


Date

Vert

ical

Sol

ar R

adia

tion

(kJ/

m2/

day)

Winter

Summer

Summer

Winter

cloudy

38


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40


Date

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000


Date

Vert

ical

Sol

ar R

adia

tion

(kJ/

m2/

day)

Winter

Summer

Summer

Winter

sunny

April 21, 2010


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Difference in Heating and Cooling Consumption (MJ)LSG compared to HSG

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1-Oct 1-Nov 1-Dec 1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep

Date

Increase in Consumption due to LSG

windows (MJ/day)

Heating Season

Cooling Season

Decrease in Consumption due to LSG

windows (MJ/day)

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Difference in Cost of Heating and Cooling LSG compared to HSG

-1.00

-0.80

-0.60

-0.40

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1-Oct 1-Nov 1-Dec 1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep

Date

Heating Season

Cooling Season

Decrease in Cost due to LSG

windows ($/day)

Increase in Cost due to LSG

windows ($/day)

Utility cost at $0.52/m3 natural gas and $0.09/kWh electricity

April 21, 2010


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2.6%1023998Annual Cost-17.7%149188Cost, $

-17.7%16612094Electricity, kWh

Space Cooling (26°C)

7.2%874809Cost, $1.2%22512225Electricity, kWh10.3%12911171Natural Gas, m3

Space Heating (21°C)

Difference (L-H)/H

LSGHSGAnnual Energy Analysis

Ottawa, Oct 2005 to Sep 2006

Analytical Projection of ResultsAnalytical Projection of Results

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Potential Energy Cost SavingsPotential Energy Cost SavingsHouse characteristics

2-storey, 2100 ft2~295 ft2 of windows with distribution of south (35%), north (30%), sides (equal distribution)

Operating scheduleHeating: 21°C with 18°C setbackCooling: 25.6°C, with free cooling: 8% of windows open during night if outdoor temperature below 24°C.Occupancy: 2 adults (50% of time) and 2 children

Window OptionsConventional double glazedLow solarHigh solar

Fuel and electricity costs (average of Jan-Jun 2006)Energy Statistics Handbook (Stats Canada (Oct 2006)US-EIA United States Energy Information Administration

April 21, 2010


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Comparisons of Space Heating LoadsComparisons of Space Heating Loads

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

19/0

1/20

06

20/0

1/20

06

21/0

1/20

06

22/0

1/20

06

23/0

1/20

06

24/0

1/20

06

25/0

1/20

06

26/0

1/20

06

27/0

1/20

06

28/0

1/20

06

29/0

1/20

06

30/0

1/20

06

31/0

1/20

06

01/0

2/20

06

02/0

2/20

06

03/0

2/20

06

04/0

2/20

06

05/0

2/20

06

06/0

2/20

06

07/0

2/20

06

08/0

2/20

06

09/0

2/20

06

10/0

2/20

06

11/0

2/20

06

12/0

2/20

06

13/0

2/20

06

14/0

2/20

06

15/0

2/20

06

Cha

nge

in D

aily

Ene

rgy

Con

sum

ptio

n to

LS

Win

dow

s (M

J/da

y)

Actual Measured

Predicted Estimate

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Heating CostsHeating Costs

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Hal

ifax,

NS

Mon

treal

, QC

Que

bec

City

, QC

Otta

wa,

ON

Toro

nto,

ON

Win

nipe

g, M

B

Cal

gary

, AB

Edm

onto

n, A

B

Vanc

ouve

r, B

C

Vic

toria

, BC

Anch

orag

e, A

K

Tole

do, O

H

Min

neap

olis

, MN

New

You

r, N

Y

Hus

ton,

TX

Mia

mi,

FL

Sea

ttle,

WA

Ann

ual S

pace

Hea

ting

Cos

ts, $

ConventionalHigh SolarLow Solar

(US locations in US$. Canadian locations in Can$)

April 21, 2010


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Cooling CostsCooling CostsAnnual Cooling Energy Costs

-

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Hal

ifax,

NS

Mon

treal

, QC

Que

bec

City

, QC

Otta

wa,

ON

Toro

nto,

ON

Win

nipe

g, M

B

Cal

gary

, AB

Edm

onto

n, A

B

Van

couv

er, B

C

Vic

toria

, BC

Anc

hora

ge, A

K

Tole

do, O

H

Min

neap

olis

, MN

New

You

r, N

Y

Hus

ton,

TX

Mia

mi,

FL

Sea

ttle,

WA

Ann

ual C

oolin

g E

nerg

y C

osts

, $

ConventionalHigh SolarLow Solar


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Comparison of HS and LS windowsComparison of HS and LS windows

-200

-150

-100

-50

-

50

100

150

200

Hal

ifax,

NS

Mon

treal

, QC

Que

bec

City

, QC

Otta

wa,

ON

Toro

nto,

ON

Win

nipe

g, M

B

Cal

gary

, AB

Edm

onto

n, A

B

Van

couv

er, B

C

Vic

toria

, BC

Anch

orag

e, A

K

Tole

do, O

H

Min

neap

olis

, MN

New

You

r, N

Y

Hus

ton,

TX

Mia

mi,

FL

Sea

ttle,

WA

Ann

ual H

eatin

g an

d C

oolin

g C

ost D

iffer

ence

bet

wee

n H

S an

d LS

win

dow

s

Savings from High Solar Gain Windows

Savings from Low Solar Gain Windows


Hou

ston

, TX

Mia

mi,

FL

April 21, 2010


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SummarySummary

HSG and LSG glazing outperformed conventional clear glazing 6% to 27% energy cost benefits compared to conventional windows.Better heating cost benefit by HSG Much better cooling cost benefit by LSGHSG produced best overall annual cost benefit where heating degree days are > 3000 oC-days.LSG produced best annual cost benefit in hot humid US South, ~25% greater savings than HSG

48

SummarySummary

In all 10 Canadian Locations:HSG offers 13% to 17% energy cost savings

compared to conventional windowsHSG offers annual energy cost savings from

C$117 to C$354LSG offers 8% to 10% energy cost savings

compared to conventional windowsLSG offers annual energy cost savings from

C$71 to C$203

April 21, 2010


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Lessons from the field studyLessons from the field study

Energy efficiency benefits are dependent on the mode of operation, orientation, and climateHouse orientation: Passive solar design, minimizes heating loads and increases cooling loadsFuel source: Electrical, Gas, OilCooling: With or without air conditioning, use of free coolingShading: Exterior shading in summerCombinations of glazing: LSG on north, HSG on south

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ENERGY STAR for WindowsENERGY STAR for Windows

April 21, 2010


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ENERGY STAR CriteriaENERGY STAR Criteria

52

ENERGY STAR Qualified ProductsENERGY STAR Qualified Products

47,051

55,669

40,000

44,00048,000

52,00056,000

60,000

Low-SolarGlazingwindows

High-Solar

Glazing

Low-Solar Glazing windows

46%

High-Solar

Glazing Windows

54%

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

Zone A Zone B Zone C Zone D

EN

ERG

Y S

TAR

Cer

tifie

d W

indo

ws

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Per

cent

age

of T

otal

Cer

tifie

d P

rodu

cts

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

< 1.2 < 1.4 < 1.6 < 1.8 < 2.0

U-Value (m2 K / W)

Num

ber o

f Cer

tifie

d Pr

oduc

ts

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Perc

enta

ge o

f Tot

al

Certi

fied

Prod

ucts

April 21, 2010


53

New Technical SpecificationsNew Technical Specifications

New specifications for the ENERGY STAR in Oct 1, 2010Will ensure minimum SHGC of about 0.22 and U-value of 2.0 – reason is to take advantage of passive solar gains

54

GuidelinesGuidelines

Easy way - Select ENERGY STAR certified productsprovide better performance during the heating and cooling seasons in all locations and climates.

For window area < 15% of exterior walls, use HSG products for optimizing heating and cooling performanceFor window area > 15% of exterior walls, solar control for cooling loads in Zone A, B and C. – choose LSG productsHSG on south and west orientation and LSG on north orientation – an optimized solutionOverall performance – installation is very important.

HSG SHGC >0.30 LSG SHGC between 0.22 and 0.30

April 21, 2010


55

Prince Leopold Island (Photo: Cassie Doyle)

Thank You…

Documents

Project Team Acknowledgements… - becor.org · Source : Ducker Report 8 ... 91% use insulated glazing unit Aluminum spacers replaced by better insulating spacers Predominantly vinyl