DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

NAME OF THE COURSE COMPUTER

ORDINARY DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Project title: Fire Detection and Intimation System.

Project type: Problem solving.

Name of Candidate: Wambura Makongo

Supervisor : Mr. Mwasaga

Academic year: 2010/2011

Admission Number: 0802015154

Call/contact Me: (+255) 782 874 492 , jopendecember2011@gmail.com , www.ngomako.tk

February, 2011

ii

i

DECLERATION

I am, Wambura Makongo a student in Computer Studies Department, with

Registration number 0802015154 hereby declaring that all the work described in this report is

my own work.

Whenever I have used information from other sources, I have given the relevant reference of the

source materials so that it can be clearly distinguished what is my own work and what have been

quoted from other sources.

………………………………… ………………………………

Supervisor’s name…Mr. Mwasaga Student name Wambura Makongo

ii

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank my God for his marvelous grace to the accomplishment of

my project.

My special thanks to the Estate manager who allowed me to undertake my project in her

estate. My special thanks to my mother, Esther Rhobi, my young brother Mr. J.Werema and

Mr Lucas Msimbete for their assistance in all stationary costs

I would like to acknowledge my project supervisor Mr. Moses Mwasaga whom has been

advising and instructing me on how to go towards the achievement of my project.

My special thanks to Mr. Simbeye who has been my lecture in this field of Automation

Lastly I must express my special thanks to Mr. Fimbombaya and my colleague students

for their encouragements to achievement of my project.

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ABSTRACT

This report describes designing and implementing Fire detection and intimation system for

Dar es salaam Institute Of Technology (DIT) hostel which located in the main campus-Ilala

District Dar es Salaam .

The Institute hostel use Fire extinguishers in each hostel but these extinguishers are not totally

working. So in case of fire outbreak, the Institute has no any system for fire detection which can

detect smoke before it outbreak.

Also all workshops, laboratories, offices, classes and Library lacking fire detection systems .

Thus, by designing a Fire detection and intimation system which detects smoke in case of fire

outbreak in the hostel will encourage or be a starting point for the Institute to implement in

the places mentioned above.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLERATION ............................................................................................................................ i

ACKNOWLEGEMENT............................................................................................................... ii

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. iii

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Objectives Of The Project ....................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 Main Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 2

1.3.2 Specific Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Significance Of The Project ................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER TWO ...........................................................................................................................3

2.0 Literature Reviews .................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3

2.2 Current System..................................................................................................................... 3

2.2.1 Disadvantages Of Current System ..................................................................................................... 3

The Proposed Systemt .................................................................................................................6

3.0 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 7

3.1 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.1 Observation ....................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.2 Oral Interviews . ................................................................................................................................. 8

3.1.3 Consultant Experts ........................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.4 Internet Surfing ................................................................................................................................ 8

4.0 CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................11

4.1 Tools To Used ......................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER FIVE……………………............………..………………………………………...12

5.1 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………….. .........12

5.1.1 Components Values ............................................................................................................ 12

5.2 Circuit Operation ...................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER SIX………………………………………………………………………..……......20

6.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 20

6.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................... 20

Refference ......................................................................................................................................21

Appendex .......................................................................................................................................22

v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Questionnaire………………...……………………………………………………...…10

Table 2: Cost Estimates……………………………………………………………..…………...19

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure3 Block Diagram .................................................................................................................10

Figure 6 Circuit Diagram ..............................................................................................................17

Figure 4 Flow Chart For Proposed System .................................................................................. 15

Figure 5 Ladder Logic Diagram For The Proposed System ........................................................ 16

Figure 1 Data Flow Diagram (Dfd) Level 0 ................................................................................................ 4

Figure 2 Data Flow Diagram (Dfd) Level 1…………………….……………….……….............5

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Tools and Symbols..................................................................................................................…...12

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

DIT hostels are located near the Morogoro and Bibititi road junction . The DIT hostel facilitates

the accommodation services. The hostel has high number of students who are living within the

campus but it hasn’t fire detector which can detect smoke and giving alert in case fire outbreak.

The institute provides the engineering courses in the level of ordinary, bachelor and other

courses such as certificate in Information Technology (IT).

1

2

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Many Hostels are becoming in fire trouble/hazards where the hostellers can loose their

belongings/properties and lives. To reduce that problem the system for fire detection and alert in

case fire outbreak should be designed and implemented

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES

To design and implement an automatic fire detection and intimate system for DIT hostels.

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To design the circuit for detecting smoke.

To design a subsystem to intimate incase smoke is detected

The above mentioned objectives will be met by consulting the difference experts especially in

designing and implementing the circuit.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The project reduces fire hazards: After designing and implementing the circuit for fire

detection and alert in case smoke detected will be the way of reducing fire hazard in DIT

hostels

To protect hostellers from injury or death caused by fire.

In case of fire outbreak ,the system alerts hostellers and collectively to extinguish

3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Fire detector system is the system or circuit which implemented in the houses or hostels to

detect smoke in case of fire outbreak Controls, J. (2006). These systems are designed to

detect smoke of different densities Thomas, C. (2007), through that technology the cigarette

(smoking) smoke is where violated from the electricity smoke.

2.2 CURRENT SYSTEM

The current system has no fire detection in case of fire outbreak. It has the old fire

extinguishers which located in each floor but are not working and students are not educated how

to use them

2.2.1 DISADVANTAGES OF CURRENT SYSTEM

It is not easy to help and cure hostellers because no one educated to use them in case of fire

outbreak.

It needs the hostellers to have enough education of using the available resource

The system can’t intimate incase hostellers are far

4

Data flow Diagram of the current system

Figure 1

5

Data flow Diagram of the current system (level 1)

Figure 2

6

THE PROPOSED SYSTEMT

The proposed system will include the subsystem that detects smoke and alerts automatically in

case smoke detected. Through that, the proposed system will give the high opportunity of taking

action (to extinguish) when fire outbreak, the system will include smoke detector sensor,

microcontroller, buzzer/bell and wires to the main objectives

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

This project is being done under prototyping-based methodology. In his prototyping –based

methodology, the analysis, design, and implementation phases are performed concurrently and all

these three phases are performed repeatedly until the system is completed.

The first prototype (the first part of the system the user will use) is shown to the users and project

sponsors who provide comments. These comments are used to re-analyze, re-design and re-

implement the second prototype that provides few new features.

This process occurs until the analyst, user, and sponsor agree that it provides enough functionality to

be installed and used in the required area.

This prototyping-based methodology has one of the great advantage in which it allows user to

interact with the system even if it is not ready for wide-spread organizational use.

This methodology includes the following methods:-

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3.1, DATA COLLECTION

The method of gathering information about the existing system has been done by oral interview,

observation and questionnaires as the following sample of questions shown in the table below;

3.1.1 OBSERVATION I will around within the DIT hostel to observe about the current

system.

3.1.2 ORAL INTERVIEWS This done by asking questions face by face to get the real data.

3.1.3 CONSULTANT EXPERTS The consultation of experts will be also used in designation and

implementation of the circuit for fire detection.

3.1.4 INTERNET SURFING Also the internet surfing will be used to read more references

concerning fire detection and alert systems.

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3.2 Table 1: Questionnaires

NUMBER QUESTION ANSWER

1. How many hostels do you have

at main campus?

Four(4) hostels

2. Do you have fire detectors in

your hostels?

no

3. Do you need fire detectors in the

hostel?

yes

4. Where (other than in the hostels)

do you want fire detectors to be

implemented?

In all workshops

and laboratories

5. How your current system is in

case of fire outbreak?

We have old fire

extinguishers but

are not working.

10

Block diagram

Figure 3

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4.0 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 TOOLS TO USED AND THEIR SYMBOLS

Tools to be used to accomplish the specific objectives of the project are;

S/N NAME SYMBOLS

i. Smoke detector sensor 27.0 VOUT

3

U1

MCP9700

ii. Cable (wire)

iii. Switch/start button.

iv. Buzzer/bell

BUZ1

BUZZER

v. Comparator 3

2

1

84

U1:A

LM193

vi. Transistors(NPN) Q12N2222

vii. Five resistors

R1

1k

viii. Relay

RL1

G2R-14-DC5

ix. Light Emitting Diode (LED)-Green

D1

LED-RED

x. One Red lamp L1

12V

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CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 DATA ANALYSIS

There are five blocks/dormitories in the DIT main campus

Block/dormitory I has 30 rooms and 6 bath/toilet rooms =36smoke detectors

Block/dormitory II has 12 rooms and 4 bath/toilet rooms =16smoke detectors

Block/dormitory III has 30 rooms and 6 bath/toilet rooms =36 smoke detectors

Block/dormitory IV has144rooms,4 bathrooms and 4 toilet rooms =152 smoke detectors.

Block V has 144 rooms,4 bathrooms and 4 toilet rooms =152 smoke detectors.

Each room in blocks I, II, III, (IV) and (V) should need one smoke detector and one system in each

bath/ toilet room for all blocks (I-V).

From the proposed system, the following specifications of devices will be applied to achieve/meet

the specific objective.

5.1.1 COMPONENTS VALUES

Voltage (source) to the circuit (Vcc) =15V

Relay current (Ic) = 12v =0.05A 240ohm

Ic max= 15 =0.0625A 240ohm

For h fe =100

IB= IC/100 ; 0.05/100=0.5mA

For VR2 VR2= ( R2) X VCC ; ( 40) X15V= 8.22V ( R2+R1) ( 40+33)

Base resistance (Rb) ; VR2=IBRb + VBE

RB= VR2-VBE ; 8.22-0.7 =15.04K IB 0.5m

R1 and R2 are parallel;

RT=RB = (R1XR2 ) ……………………………………………………………..(i) (R1+R2) But RB = 15.04k ; Then , VR2= ( R2 ) X VCC (15V). (R1+R2) From the above ; R1= 0.82R2……………………………………………(ii) Substitute (ii) into (i)

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RB = (R1XR2 ) ; 15.04k= 0.82 x (R1)

2 ; R1= 33.38K (R1+R2 ) (1.82 R1 )

Again from (ii); R2= (33.38k) = 40.24k ( 0.82 )

FOR Q1 h fe =100 and vcc = 15v, Then VC= VA (voltage at Anode) and when Q1 not conducting Vcc=Vc=15v ,then R4=R5=15ohms When there is conduction in Q1, Vc=7.5v=VCE Ic1 max=15v/33 = 0.45mA Power departed Power (p) =VCE x IC ; 7.5v x 0.45m= 3.14X103W IC = VCC-VCB = 0.23 X 103A 33X103 R6 = ( 15V - 0.7V) = 28.6k ( 1.05m)

The sensitivity of the sensor is 40ft=12m length, now the number smoke detector in each room is

one (1).

The coil resistance=240ohms,

Ic max= (15V ) = 0.05A; (240ohm) For h Fe=100 Ib= ( c ) = (100)

When Q1 is conducting: Vcc=VA while Q1 not conducting, Vc =Vcc =15V

Comparator.

(Vcc x R4) = (15x 10) =11.25v (constant)

(R5 +R4) (33+10)

OUTPUT OF Q1

V out = (V3-V2) x A, where A =voltage gain of comparator

V2= ( R3 ) x Vcc = (150 ) x 15 = 14.06v (R4+R3) (10+150)

Vcc =Ic Rc+ Vce,

V3 = Vce = vcc - IcRc……………………………………………………... …………………(i)

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Ic= hefx Ib………………………………………………............................. …………………(ii)

INPUT OF Q1

R sensor=30k , Now Vb=Vin sensor Vb=Ib Rb+ Vbe; where Vbe=0.7v and Vb=Vin sensor= (30 ) x 15 = 7.14v (30+33) 71.4= (Ic x 30) +0.7; Ic=21.5mA (100) From …………………………………………………………………………………………….(i) V3=15-(21mx33) = 14.29v From the comparator: Vo = (V3-V2) x A; A is voltage gain of the Comparator Vo = (14.29-14.06) x 5.0v=1.15V STANDARD VALUES OF THE COMPONENTS

Resistor one (R1) = 33kohm

Resistor two (R2) = 40kohm

Resistor three (R3) = 150kohm

Resistor four (R4) = 10ohms

Resistor five (R5) = 33kohm

Resistor (R6) = 33kohm

Resistor (R7) = 220ohms

Voltage to the Buzzer =voltage to the Relay=12V,

Transistor: Q1 =Q1 = 2N2222A

Flow chart or proposed system

15

Figure 4

INITIALIZE

SENSOR

START

SPLAY RED

LAMP

IS THE SENSOR

DETECTED

SMOKE?

AUDIBLE

ALARM

SPLAY GREEN

16

Ladder logic diagram for the proposed system

Key: 001 =Start switch

002 =Smoke sensor

033 =Stop button

009 =Green-LED

010 =Red-Lamp

011 =Alarm

001 009

033

009

010

002

011

Figure 5

END

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5.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R533kohm

R115kohms

R215kohm

R633kohm

3

2

1

84

U1:A

1458

POWER SOURCE

R315R

R415R

R7220R

D1LED-GREEN

Q22N2222A

RL112VD2

1N4007

RL1(NO)

BUZ1

BUZZER

RED LAMP

12V

red

Q12N2222A

Figure 6

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5.0 CIRCUIT OPERATION

When there is no smoke detected, light beam from the Light Emitting Diode (LED) shoots and does

not reach the Sensor ( S) , hence Transistor Q1 is in conducting state and Vc =Vin(sensor) =12V

hence deferential input to the comparator is 0V and comparator output is also =0V , by that time Q2

is in cutoff state and really Relay is not energized

When the sensor is in conducting , Q1 is pulled out of conduction since no enough voltage at its

base to forward bias it; it then forced to cutoff region. Under this condition Vc = Vcc.

Under smoke condition, smoke migrates between the light beam and scatters the light, the scattered

light then reaches the sensor S1,and it start to conduct pulling the base of Q1, All the VCC drops

across R6,When Q1 is cutoff state , all VCC appears across VCE of Q1. VC is then=VCC

The two UN equal voltage, VC and Vin(sensor), are then applied to the comparator the differential

input is amplified to +12.

The output of the comparator forward biases the transistor Q2 into conduction.

Once transistor Q2 is conducting, enough current flow through the relay coil (R1) .The relay then

closes contact (RL1)

Energizing the controlling circuit, then indicator lamp and electric buzzer starting.

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6.4 Table 2: Cost Estimates

ITEM QUANTITY PRICE

Smoke detector sensor 1 50000

Cables/wires - 10000

Buzzer/bell 1 40000

Switch 1 10000

microcontroller 1 40000

Transport - 5000

Communication - 6000

Miscellaneous 10000

TOTAL 171000

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CHAPTER SIX

6.1 CONCLUSION

This report demonstrates completion of senior project one for the year 2010/2011. The report

contains background information, definition of the problem, project objectives, and significance of

the project, methodology and data collection. Finally FIRE DETECTION AND INTIMATION

SYSTEM design and implementation for DIT hostels is aiming at saving the hostellers’ lives,

resources and other properties also to be a starting point for the institute to implement the system for

fire (smoke) detectors

6.2 RECOMMENDATION

The proposed system with its associated features should be put into consideration for further analysis

and design so that it can be used for the implementation of Fire Detection and Intimation system.

Also the institute management especially Estate manager should make sure that there is

communication between hostellers and Fire Rescue; this is because the hostellers are the ones who

are living in hostels. Through this project , I advise the Institute to implement the fire detection

system in all offices, workshops and hostels to reduce or avoid the fire hazards that occurring in

different areas such as hostels. The implementation of the project could not met due to the lack

enough tools for implementation of the real circuit, this happened because of the financial factor.

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REFFERENCE

1. Thomas. C, (2007) Residential Smoke Alarm Performance, Building and Fire Research

Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Cambridge.

2. National Fire Protection Association, (2009), Smoke Alarm Safety Tips. Safety Information,

New York.

3. www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/us/en/products/building,efficiency/security-

solutions/fire-safety-products.html (Feb.2011)

4. Johnson, C. ( 2006),Fire detection and fire alarm systems, Aspirating smoke detectors

5. Errata ,R .(2009).Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems. IEEE, Cambridge.

6.www.skiveprojects.com/ieee-projects/embedded/residential-safety-

(FIRE DETECTORS PROJECTS)

7. BBC News (2003). Fire Detecting Devices. New York.

http://www.fireprotection.co.uk/, 20/05/2011

22

APPENDEX

Oral interview questions

1 . How many hostels do you have at main campus?

. Four hostels

2. Do you have fire detectors in your hostels?

No

3. Where (other than in the hostels) do you want fire detectors to be implemented?

In all hostels and workshops

4. Do you need fire detectors in the hostel?

Yes

5. How your current system is in case of fire outbreak?

We have old fire extinguishers but are not working