Project Management

Unit 8

Executing and Controlling

Executing and controlling serve as input to each other

In this unit Execution related to contract work Administration of contract work Quality Assurance Integrated Change Control

Contracting Life Cycle

In Unit 5, we covered Procurement Planning Solicitation Planning

Solicitation Requesting vendors to compete for the

project Bidders Conferences Advertising

Bidder Conference Prearranged meeting Prospective vendors attend to get clarification All vendors attend the meeting at the same

time.

Advertising Newspapers Professional Journals etc Internet

Source Selection Receive the bids and proposals Apply Source Selection Criteria Contract negotiation Screening Systems Weighting Systems

Apply weight to each of the evaluation criteria, and decide the total score for each of the vendors

Independent Estimates

Contract Administration Monitoring vendor’s performance

throughout the project Work Results (deliverables, quality, and cost) Change Requests

– Change in deliverables– Change in contract terms– Arbitration when two parties cannot come to a

conclusion. Third party involvement to avoid going to court.

– Seller Invoices

Quality Assurance

Quality planning process lays out the quality standards for the project.

Quality Control Work results are monitored to see if they

meet relevant quality standards. If the results do not meet the quality standards, then the root cause analysis is done, and the cause is eliminated.

Inspection oriented.

Quality Assurance Performing quality audits to determine how

the project is doing Typically a managerial process. The overall performance is evaluated to

ensure the project meets relevant quality standards.

Output : Quality Improvements Quality improvements may need Change

Requests (or corrective actions) Can be scheduled at key intervals within a

project.

Quality Control

Inspections are needed to prove the performance, and compare with the requirements.

Inspections could be in the form of (some examples) Reviews Work Product Reviews Code Walkthroughs

Control Chart Typically used in areas where there are

repetitive activities : manufacturing

Mean

Assignable Cause

Upper and Lower Control Limits

Upper and Lower Control limits are at +/- 3 standard deviations. (σ)

Know these values

Limit Percentage

+/- 1 sigma 68.26 percent

+/- 2 sigma 95.46 percent

+/- 3 sigma 99.73 percent

+/- 6 sigma 99.99 percent

If all control points fall within plus or minus three standard deviations, then the process is in control.

Or else, the process is out of control, and corrective action is needed.

Pareto Chart The 80/20 rule A small number of causes create the

majority of the problems.

Statistical Sampling Taking a sample from the population and

studying the variances Quality plan will tell you when to pass or

fail the lot based on the results of the sample.

Results of Quality Control Rework Process adjustments

Integrated Change Control

Changes come about for many reasons Team members may recommend a better, more

efficient way of doing a job Requirements change …….. Consider impact to the triple constraints Not all changes are implemented. Some changes may produce positive results.

Change Control Board (CCBs)decide the ‘fate’ of a change.

Configuration Management Is a subset of change control process.