Project for Seminar in English Liguistics

7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics

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EDGAR ALEXANDER LOPEZ CANTOR 861060

FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

UIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA

Abstract

The presence of Latin can be perceived almost in any of the major languages of the western

world. In the case of English, it can be said that the influence from Latin has been crucial

for its development towards a lingua franca, and it is logical to see how the vast amount of

loanwords as prefixes, roots for words and other loans have placed English as a universal

language for writing production in the different publications nowadays. English, in one

Nevertheless, there is a topic that hasnt been clear and it comes from the influence of Latin

into English.

http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/

http://www.learnersdictionary.com/

PROPOSAL OF A CORPUS-BASED STUDY ON THE USAGE OF LATIN PHRASESIN ACADEMIC WRITING

http://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-

student-should-know

http://testprep.about.com/od/sat/a/SAT_Latin.htm Gmail.

WHAT KIND OF STUDY IS THIS?

LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING

QUESTION Are the Latin phrases more used in Fiction than in academic writing?

If one is dominant over the other, how are the words used in their distribution of use, that

is, mainly as adverbs, adjectives or nouns.
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/http://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-student-should-knowhttp://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-student-should-knowhttp://testprep.about.com/od/sat/a/SAT_Latin.htmhttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/http://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-student-should-knowhttp://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-student-should-knowhttp://testprep.about.com/od/sat/a/SAT_Latin.htm


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APPROACH: This is a corpus-based study that aims to explore the extent of usage of some

Latin phrases. Of course, differentiating or specifying what is meant by Latin phrase,

something that, in this context solely means the Latin structures of one or two words

making the function of adverbs, adjectives, nouns, prepositions, or in some cases, the first

three depending on the context.

A search was held on the major source of information that has the world at the moment; the

web. There is a tendency to look for specific and general information online and most of

users consider the resulting data as reliable. Therefore, the keyword of Latin phrase gave

many references.

Besides, searching for complementary data, a search was held on the most reliable online

databases that has a language, this is, the dictionary. Today, there are several online

dictionaries in the English language, however, for the purpose of this study just two of them

were selected as sources, these are: . The criterion for having them as sources are just

two; first, they belong to two different houses of publication and have developed animportant prestige being from the two major linguistic areas of English, namely England

and United States (Oxford and Merriam Webster respectively); the second, as these

dictionaries have among their vast amount of specialized dictionaries for business and

other major areas it was chosen only the dictionary aimed to learners of English.

Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (OALD)

- 3000 Key words

http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/

Merriam-Webster Learners Dictionary (Not true at all)

- 3000 Key words

http://www.learnersdictionary.com/

There is only one book in the search that fits the criteria by which the Latin phrases are

undertaken in a book. In composition. Reading comprehension?

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Currently, everyone can perceive that there are some words or structures from Latin that

havent changed significantly, one can say that they are even used as they were used in

ancient times. This is the case of the following words and structures.

These phrases are to be written in italics and some of them mandatorily as abbreviations,

from here we can have the first problem, for it has never been set clearly why do we have to
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/


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present them as abbreviations and not as separate words. Without a insightful knowledge on

the Latin language it can be analyzed that the majority of these Latin phrases are

constructions of two words, many just one-word and just few cases of three-word

construction.

In the search for Latin phrases it is often found that there is ambiguity in the reference tothem, for anything can be said of being a Latin phrase, as an example we have a quotation

from Horace and this is also considered as a Latin phrase.

As an experiment it was set a search on three major electronic dictionaries, namely,

OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE AND AMERICAN HERITAGE. The results are the following

Of them are used as prepositions

Of them are solely used as adjectives

Of them are solely used as adverbs

Of them are solely used as Nouns

Of them are used as adjectives as well as adverbs.

Of them are used as adjectives as well as adverbs and nouns.

There is a rather ambiguous concept for multiple and uneven influences of Latin that make

presence in the written production of the academy. Several constructions from Latin seem

to be grouped and labeled as Latin phrases; among them one can find.

Frequency of use. What are the 4 or 5 most used Latin Phrases in Fiction as well as in

Academic Writing?

METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLING

The items selected to represent the vast list of Latin influences in the written production ofEnglish were chosen intuitively for being considered frequent and proper of academic texts.

From that intuition-based list of Latin phrases were chosen the ones that are one or two or

three word-length and take the function of a noun, a preposition, an adverb or an adjective.

Then it will be shown and compared the figures of its appearances in the corpus. Once the

results of frequency of Latin phrases are done we are ready to establish the most commonly

used by the population.


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The criteria to define which Latin phrases used in academic writing is based on the utility

of the results that they can give us of their comparison.

In this study, there is a blend between intuition and the search of a Usage principle that

can give light to a teaching of Latin phrases in academic writing.

REPRESENTATIVENESS

Initially, the study was intended to address the needs of all those students who are Learners

of English as a second language. In order to do so it was necessary to do the sampling from

a corpus that reflected the current use of Latin Phrases in the academic writing of such

population. Unfortunately, these kinds of corpora are not easily accessible to researchers

that are not quite experienced or that do not have plenty of economic support. Then, it was

mandatory for the study to get the information from other free-open access resources such

as The Corpus of Contemporary American English that; on the one hand, has useful data as

well as useful tools, but on the other hand; are representative only to a major linguistic area,

namely American English.

Nevertheless, since this is a corpus-based study and the data comes from authentic

producers of the language, it can be said that it is representative as far as the American

variation is accepted by the population to whom this study was addressed.

BALANCE

Corpus of Contemporary American English (Davies 2008-) COCA

Davies, Mark. (2008-) The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 425 million words,

1990-present. Available online at http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/.

As entries in the dictionary

Collocations

Dictionaries

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-english/
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-english/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-english/


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List of Latin Phrases http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/latin/index.asp

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKG68y2VC0Y

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gox0p-gRXBw&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNlYWyaEbTQ&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdjYBDD8b2I&feature=related

LATIN ABBREVIATIONS cf., e.g., etc.,vs., viz., i.e. 106 APA.

PLURAL FORMS OF WORDS OF LATIN ORIGIN

ETCETERAS. Unspecified or typical extra items:she began to pack her compact, comb,

and other etceteras

LATIN PHRASES 102.

A search was held with dictionaries, namely, dictionaries

First List

APA Manual.

There is but little control over the widespread knowledge about the Latin phrases on the

net. When searching for Latin phrases, the result will be a wide and rather ambiguous scope

of the term as well as some contradictory Latin phrases. Proof to the previous assertion isthat in the list of Latin phrases from Wikipedia a source appear a two word

construction: a contrario. According to the table showed there, in which this allegedly

Latin phrase was found, its translated form is from the opposite, and the notes pray

Equivalent to "on the contrary" or "au contraire". An argumentum a contrario is an

"argument from the contrary", an argument or proof by contrast or direct opposite.
http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/latin/index.asphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKG68y2VC0Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gox0p-gRXBw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNlYWyaEbTQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdjYBDD8b2I&feature=relatedhttp://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/latin/index.asphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKG68y2VC0Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gox0p-gRXBw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNlYWyaEbTQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdjYBDD8b2I&feature=related


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Nevertheless, the Latin phrase a contrario was not found as lexical item or any other form

by 4 dictionaries online. Namely, the ones involved previously.

Intuitive list

ad lib/ a priori/ a posteriori/ ab integro/ ad hoc/ bona fide/ De facto/ de jure/ ergo/ mutatis

mutandis/ in acto / inter alia/ in toto/ ipso facto/ impromptu/ per se / sine qua non/ vice

versa/ viz.

Entries not found in Lexicographic sources.

A contrario

Dictionaries showing only the definition or meaning of the entry but dont provide any

example. Even showing how it can be an adjective or an adverb.

In the Oxford dictionary for example, one can find but only the definition, not even a vague

example of use. The previous sentence also applies for the Oxford Advanced Learners

Dictionary, lets see the content of each in turn:

- In the Oxford Dictionary the entry a posteriori gives as a result the following

information.

1A posteriori

Pronunciation:/ e, , pstr, pst-/

adjective

relating to or denoting reasoning or knowledge which proceeds from observations orexperiences to the deduction of probable causes.

(in general use) of the nature of an afterthought or subsequent

rationalization.

adverb

in a way based on reasoning from known facts or past events rather than by

making assumptions or predictions.

[sentence adverb] with hindsight; as an afterthought.

1 Source http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/a+posteriori Checked on 21st of 2011.
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/a+posteriorihttp://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/a+posteriori


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Origin:

early 17th century: Latin, 'from what comes after'

In the Cambridge Dictionaries Online there is no entry fora posteriori2.

In this entry, for instance, there is a somewhat different definition of a posteriori. It comes

from the Merriam Webster dictionary, an interesting fact from the information

provided is that it states the date of the first known use, neither showing the actualcitation nor any example of usage in actual speech.

3Definition ofA POSTERIORI

1:inductive

2: relating to or derived by reasoning from observed facts compare a priori

a posterioriadverb

Origin ofA POSTERIORI

Latin, literally, from the latter

First Known Use: 1588

Antonyms: apriori SEEN AND HEARD

The order in which every entry will be presented is the following:

- When the entry is in both dictionaries they both will appear, and in this order; first, M-W

and ODAL at the second.

- When the entry is only in one of the dictionaries, then that entry will be accompanied of

its respective abbreviated label.

2 In the following link it can be verified that such entry is not in the

list.http://dictionary.cambridge.org/spellcheck/american-english/?q=a+posteriori

Checked on the 21st of October 2011.

3Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriori Checked on the21st of October 2011.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inductivehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inductivehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a+priorihttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/spellcheck/american-english/?q=a+posteriorihttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriorihttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/spellcheck/american-english/?q=a+posteriorihttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriorihttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inductivehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a+priori


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1)

A priori

a priori /:priori/ adjective

formal : relating to what can be known through an understanding of how

certain things work rather than by observation

There's no a priori reason to think your expenses will remain the same in a

new city. compare a posteriori

a priori adverb

a priori

adjective

e pra ra e pra ra (from Latin, formal)

using facts or principles that are known to be true in order to decide what the probable

effects or results of something will be, for example saying They haven't eaten anything all

day so they must be hungry.an a priori assumption compare a posteriori

2)

A posteriori

a posteriori /postiriori/ adjective

formal : relating to what can be known by observation rather than through an

understanding of how certain things work

an a posteriori judgment/justification/explanation compare a priori

a posteriori adverb You can't justify what you did a posteriori.

a posteriori

adjective
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/a%20posteriorihttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/a-posteriorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/a%20priorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/A%20posteriorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/A%20priorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/a%20posteriorihttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/a-posteriorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/a%20priori


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e p steri ra e p steri ra (from Latin, formal)

analysing something by starting from known facts and then thinking about the possiblecauses of the facts, for example saying Look, the streets are wet so it must have been

raining.compare a priori

3)

Ab integro

Ad infinitum

ad infinitum

/dnfnatm/ adverb

: without an end or limit :forever

We don't have to debate the issue ad infinitum, do we? Ad infinitum is a Latin

phrase that means to infinity.

ad infinitum

adverb

d nf na tm d nf na tm(from Latin)

without ever coming to an end; again and again

You cannot stay here ad infinitum without paying rent.The problem would be repeated adinfinitum.

4)

Ad hoc

ad hoc /dh:k/ adjective1 : formed or used for a special purpose

The mayor appointed an ad hoc committee to study the project.2 : made or done without planning because of an immediate need

We had to make some ad hoc changes to the plans. We'll hire more staff on an ad hoc

basis.

ad hoc adverb The decisions were made ad hoc.
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/a-priorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/foreverhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/Ad%20hochttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/ad%20infinitumhttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/a-priorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/forever


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ad hoc

adjective

d h k d h k(from Latin)

arranged or happening when necessary and not planned in advance

an ad hoc meeting to deal with the problemThe meetings will be held on an ad hoc

basis.ad hoc adverb

5)

Bona fide

bona fide /bonfad, bonfadi/ adjective

1 : real or genuine She has established her position as a bona fide celebrity. His latest record was a bona

fide hit.

2 law : made or done in an honest and sincere way a bona fide offer They have a bona fide claim for the loss.

bona fide

adjective

b n fa di bo n fa di[usually before noun] (from Latin)

genuine, real or legal; not false

a bona fide reasonIs it a bona fide, reputable organization?You're a bona fide member of

the team now.

6)

De facto

de facto /dfkto, Brit defkto/ adjective

always used before a noun

formal used to describe something that exists but that is not officially

accepted or recognized She became the de facto leader of the group. [=she

was the unofficial leader] a de facto state of war de facto government

policies compare de jure
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20jurehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/De%20factohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/Bona%20fidehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20jure


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de facto adverb

She became the leader de facto.

de facto

adjective

de fkt de fkto [usually before noun] (from Latin, formal)

existing as a fact although it may not be legally accepted as existingThe general took de facto control of the country.de facto adverbHe continued to rule the

country de facto. compare de jure

7)

De jure

de jure /diuri/ adjective

always used before a noun

law : based on or according to the law

the end of de jure segregation de jure authority compare de facto

de jure adverb

The UN has recognized the country de jure.

de jure

adjective

de d ri de d ri(from Latin, law)

according to the law

He held power de jure and de facto (= both according to the law and in reality). compare de

facto

8)

Ergo

ergo /ego, go/ adverb

formal :therefore, hence

The products are poorly constructed; ergo, they break easily.
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-jurehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-factohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/thereforehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/hencehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/ergohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20jurehttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-jurehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-factohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/thereforehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/hence


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Ergo

adverb

r o(from Latin, formal or humorous)

therefore

Change from within will take too long. Ergo change must come from outside.

9)

Mutatis mutandis (Only in OALD)

mutatis mutandis

adverb

mju t t s mju tnd s mju t t s mju tnd s

mu t t s mu tnd s mu t t s mu tnd s(from Latin, formal)

(used when you are comparing two or more things or situations) making the small changesthat are necessary for each individual case, without changing the main points

The same contract, mutatis mutandis, will be given to each employee (= the contract is

basically the same for everybody, but the names, etc. are changed).

Origin: claim the differences in what they call a literal translation

Latin, literally 'things being changed that have to be changed'

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mutatis+mutandis

10)

In acto

In situ (Only in OALD)

in situ

adverb

n s tju n sa tju n sa tu
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mutatis+mutandishttp://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mutatis+mutandis


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(from Latin)

in the original or correct place

11)

Inter alia

inter alia /ntelij/ adverbformal : among other things

The collection of paintings included, inter alia, several Rembrandts and several Picassos.[=the collection included several Rembrandts, several Picassos, and other things as well]

inter alia

adverb

ntr e li ntr e li(from Latin, formal)

among other things

The report is concerned, inter alia, with the reform of the tax system.

12)

In toto

in toto /ntoto/ adverbformal : as a whole : totally or completely

The judge accepted/rejected the testimony in toto.

in toto

adverb

n t t n to to(from Latin, formal)

completely; including all parts

The proposal was accepted in toto.
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/IN%20TOTOhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/Inter%20alia


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13)

Ipso facto

ipso facto /psofkto/ adverbformal : because of that fact : because of the fact that has just been mentioned

He thinks that anyone wearing a suit and tie is ipso facto a conservative. [=that anyone

wearing a suit and tie must be a conservative]

ipso facto

adverb

ps fkt pso fkto (from Latin, formal)

because of the fact that has been mentionedYou cannot assume that a speaker of English is ipso facto qualified to teach English.

14)

Impromptu

impromptu /mpr:mptu, Brit mprmptju/ adjective: not prepared ahead of time : made or done without preparation

Two of my friends came by unexpectedly, and we had an impromptu little party in my

kitchen. He made an impromptu speech about honor and responsibility. impromptu adverb

speaking impromptu

impromptu

adjective

m pr mptju m pr mptu done without preparation or planning

Synonym

improvisedan impromptu speechThey often held impromptu meetings in their house.

15)

Per se
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/improvisehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/impromptuhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/ipso%20factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/improvise


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per se /pse/ adverbformal : by, of, or in itself used to indicate that something is being considered by itself

and not along with other things She feels that there is nothing wrong with gambling per

se, but she thinks that it should be done in moderation.

per se

adverb

p se p r se (from Latin)

used meaning by itself to show that you are referring to something on its own, rather thanin connection with other thingsThe drug is not harmful per se, but is dangerous when taken

with alcohol.

16)

Status quo

status quo /- kwo / noun

[singular] : the current situation : the way things are now

He is content with the status quo and does not like change. She wants to maintain the

status quo. [=to keep the situation as it is now]

status quonoun

ste ts kw ste ts kwo [singular] (from Latin)

the situation as it is now, or as it was before a recent change

to defend/restore the status quo conservatives who want to maintain the status quo

17)

Sine qua non

sine qua non /snkw:n:n/ nounplural nons[count] formal : something that is absolutely needed Patience is a sine qua non for this job.
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/Sine%20qua%20nonhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/status%20quohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/per%20se


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sine qua non

noun

s ne kw n n s ne kw no n

[singular] sine qua non (of/for something) (from Latin, formal) something that is essentialbefore you can achieve something elseTV coverage is the sine qua non of a sport if it is to

thrive.Trust is a sine qua non for any counselling.

18)

Vice versa

vice versa /vasvs/ adverb used to say that the opposite of a statement is also true She ended up having a lot ofinfluence on his career, and vice versa. [=and he also ended up having a lot of influence on

her career] The camera can adjust for a light subject on a dark background, or vice versa.

[=or a dark subject on a light background]

vice versa

adverb

va s v s va s v rsva si v s va si v rs

used to say that the opposite of what you have just said is also true You can cruise from

Cairo to Aswan or vice versa (= also from Aswan to Cairo).

19)

Verbatim

verbatim /vbe tm/ adjective

: in exactly the same words

The court reporter recorded a verbatim account of the trial. [=recorded the exact words

that were spoken at the trial]
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/verbatimhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/vice%20versa


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verbatim adverb

She recited the poem verbatim. [=word for word]

verbatim

adjective

v be tm v r be tm

exactly as spoken or written

Synonym

word for word a verbatim report He reported the speech verbatim.

20)

Viz

viz /vz/ adverb used before something that you are giving as an example She limited her suggestions

to the subjects she knows best, viz [=namely], layout and typography.

viz.

adverb

vz vz(formal, especially British English)

used to introduce a list of things that explain something more clearly or are given as

examples

Synonym

namely four major colleges of surgery, viz. London, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dublin

Cite the sources:

MainEntry:

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriori

http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?

&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.13191347
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/namelyhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriorihttp://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/vizhttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/namelyhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriorihttp://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902


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21.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-

&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com|utmccn=

%28referral%29|utmcmd=referral|utmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-

&__utmk=132869902

References

Search for latin phrases

http://grammar.about.com/sitesearch.htm?q=LATIN+PHRASES&SUName=grammar

IS THERE ANY PRESCRIPTIVISM IN THE ARBITRARINESS OF USE OF LATIN, IN

THIS RESPECT WITH THE APA RULES. THEY DONT ACKNOWLEDGE THE

CRITERIA BY WHICH THE FORM SHOWED IS THE CORRECT WAY OF WRITING

A PAPER. They say that here u use the abbreviation and there u use the complete ordeformed form.

Does it have any grammatical distinction; does it belong to any give category?

CAN BE A TOPIC OF WRITING COMPOSITION AND READING

COMPREHENSION. IS THE POPULATION NECESSARILY EDUCATED? IS IT A

CHAPTER SPECIALLY DEDICATED TO THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF

LATIN IN THE ACTUAL WRITTEN LANGUAGE.

SUBSEQUENT QUESTIONS.

FREQUENCY OF LATIN IN SPOKEN AND ORAL REGISTER.

COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO MAJOR LINGUISTIC AREAS OF ENGLISH,

NAMELY, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN.

DO THE LATIN PHRASES USED IN WRITIG SAMPLES HAVE ANY EQUIVALENT

IN ENGLISH?

Check among the list extracted and determine the frequency if use, then choose the four

most used.

Academy throughout the time or comparing genres.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases

The lack of organization for all latin phrases.
http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://grammar.about.com/sitesearch.htm?q=LATIN+PHRASES&SUName=grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phraseshttp://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://grammar.about.com/sitesearch.htm?q=LATIN+PHRASES&SUName=grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases


19/25

http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume8/ej32/ej32r1/?wscr

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/19/7/485/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39A

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nsnh21ae6YI&feature=related

The universal mind of Bill evans

Learning page

http://dynamo.dictionary.com/subject/languages/latin?orderby=popular&page=1

http://thesaurus.com/?

__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148

262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=

%28organic%29|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972

http://dictionary.reference.com/?

__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.131914

8262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=

%28organic%29|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138

http://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Latinismos

Awesome program of oxford advanced learner

http://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-

Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.html

http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla

%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER

%27S+DICTIONARY+
http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume8/ej32/ej32r1/?wscrhttp://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/19/7/485/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nsnh21ae6YI&feature=relatedhttp://dynamo.dictionary.com/subject/languages/latin?orderby=popular&page=1http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Latinismoshttp://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.htmlhttp://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.htmlhttp://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume8/ej32/ej32r1/?wscrhttp://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/19/7/485/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nsnh21ae6YI&feature=relatedhttp://dynamo.dictionary.com/subject/languages/latin?orderby=popular&page=1http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Latinismoshttp://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.htmlhttp://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.htmlhttp://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0


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%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER

%27S+DICTIONARY+

%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l

10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0

Once looked up the items in the three different dictionaries the list widened after beingadded some interesting elements, worth studying.

Post Hoc, ex post facto, prima facie, quid pro quo,

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ad+hoc

not from latin

Ad Lib

adlib /dlb/ verb

adlibs; adlibbed; adlibbing

: to make up words or music in a performance instead of saying or playing

something that has been planned :improvise [no obj] The actor forgot his

lines, so he ad-libbed. a comedian who is admired for his ability to ad-lib [+

obj] The actor ad-libbed his lines. She ad-libbed the guitar solo. ad-lib a

joke

adlib noun, plural adlibs [count]

Some of the best jokes in the movie were ad-libs.

adlib adjective

an ad-lib joke

adlib adverb

did the whole dialogue ad-lib

ad-lib

verb

d l b d l bad-libbing, ad-libbed [intransitive, transitive]

to say something in a speech or a performance that you have not prepared or practised

Synonym

improviseShe abandoned her script and began ad-libbing.ad-lib something I lost my notes

and had to ad-lib the whole speech.He ad-libbed his way through the meeting.ad lib

d l b d l b
http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ad+hochttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/improvisehttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/improvisehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/ad%20libhttp://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ad+hochttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/improvisehttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/improvise


21/25

nounThe speech was full of ad libs. ad lib

d l b d l badjectivean ad lib speech ad lib

d l b d l badverbShe delivered her lines ad lib.

A priori 670 entries Adj 618 Adv 39

Academic 623 adv 35 adj 575

Magazine 24 adv 3 adj 21

A posteriori 38 Adj 25 Adv 12


Fiction 4 adv 0 adj 3 noun 1

self in time and space. # Blurred naked images showed # Adrian's aposteriori status # was a sham. As she lookinto a

0.109


22/25

Ad infinitum 154 Adv

Academic 38 adv

Magazine 41 adv

Ad hoc 1044 Adj 851 Adv 189

Academic 595 adv 103 adj 489 noun 3

Magazine 189 adv 33 adj 155 noun 1

Bona fide 730 Adj 724

Newspaper 173 adj 170 noun 3


23/25

Magazine 266 adj 264 noun 2

De facto 1681 Adj 1343 Adv 338



De jure 165 Adj 103 Adv 62



Fiction adv 6

Ergo 233 noun 196

Magazine 90 adv adj noun 70

Fiction 59 adv adj noun 56

Impromptu + 1035 adj 954 adv 9


Fiction 219 adv 2 adj 203

Newspaper adv 1 adj 232

Academic adv 3


24/25

In situ 492 Adv


Magazine 101 adv 100 adj 0 noun 1

Inter alia 168 adv 168

Academic 153 adv 153

Magazine 7 adv 7

In toto 65 Spoken 1 adv 64

Academic 28 adv 28

Magazine 16 adv 16

Ipso facto 106 adv

Academic 57 adv

Magazine 22 adv

Per se 2023 adv 2020 adj 1 noun 1

Academic 1052 adv 1052 adj

Spoken 439 adv 437 adj 1 noun 1

Sine qua non

Academic adv adj


25/25

Fiction adv adj

Spoken adv adj

Status quo

Academic adv adj

Fiction adv adj

Spoken adv adj

Vice versa

Academic adv adj

Fiction adv adj

Spoken adv adj

Verbatim

Academic adv adj

Fiction adv adj

Spoken adv adj

Viz

Academic adv adj

Fiction adv adj

Spoken adv adj

Documents

Project for Seminar in English Liguistics