Progressive American Progressive American SocietySociety

Unit VIIBUnit VIIB

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Fundamental Question

►To what extent was the progressive movement “progressive” in American society?

Development of ProgressivesProblems and Solutions

► Industrialization► Urbanization► Commercialism and

Consumerism► Laissez-faire Policies► Radicalism► Upper-Class► Lower-Class► Social Darwinism

► Middle Class► Social Gospel► Populism► Education and

Academics► Journalism and

Literature

Muckrakers► Purpose

Exposure of urban problems and political and economic corruption and exploitation

Targets► monopolies/trusts/corporations (steel, oil,

railroads)► political bosses and machines► poor living and working conditions

(tenements)► Mainstream

Mass media (newspapers, magazines)► Journalists and Authors

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle► Meat-packing industry

Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives► Tenement living

Ida Tarbell’s Mother of Trusts► Rockefeller and Standard Oil Trust

Progressive Social ReformTemperance to Prohibition

► Anti-Saloon League (1895) “the Church in action against the

saloon” Pressure politics

► Grassroots campaigning and mass media

► Coalition included Democrats, Republicans, suffragists, KKK, industrialists, IWW, NAACP, Progressives, Populists, Protestants, American Catholics

► Eighteenth Amendment (1919) Prohibited the manufacturing, sale,

and transportation of alcohol Volstead Act

Progressive Labor ReformsLabor Unions

► American Federation of Labor (AFL)

► Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (1905) The Wobblies Mother Jones, “Big Bill”

Haywood “one big union” Platform

► “an injury to one is an injury to all”

► Industrial unionism► All inclusive membership► Direct Action

Strikes, boycotts, propaganda, violence

Labor Union Membership, 1897-1920

Progressive Labor ReformsLabor Strikes

► Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) 147,000 miners strike President Theodore Roosevelt

mediates Victory for union and

membership soared

► Lawrence Textile Strike (1912) IWW organized 23,000 worker

strike Media used to appeal to public

sympathies

► Ludlow Massacre (1914) Led to political, corporate, and

public support for labor unions and worker demands

Progressive Labor ReformsLabor - Working Hours

► Lochner v. New York (1905) 10-hour day/60-hour week

unconstitutional in violation of right to contract per 14th Amendment

► Muller v. Oregon (1908) Limited working hours for

women based on health and maternity

► Ford Motor Company Doubled pay to $5/day and 8-

hour work days► Profits and productivity

increased

Progressive Labor ReformsLabor - Working Conditions

► Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) 146 garment workers killed Led to massive push for

worker/factory safety regulations and accident insurance

Progressive Labor ReformsChild Labor

► By 1900, 1.7 million 5-10 year olds (1 in 6) were wage earners

► Keating-Owen Act (1916) Prohibited interstate shipment of

goods manufactured or processed by child labor

► Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) Federal regulation of child labor not

within Congress’s interstate commerce power

Only states could establish child labor laws through intrastate commerce

Progressive Social ReformsBlacks in America

► Supreme Court Civil Rights Cases of 1883

► Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional► Segregation may be practiced by private

individuals and businesses Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

► Established “separate but equal”

► Jim Crow Laws Established by white Redeemer state

governments Legitimized by Plessy v. Ferguson Segregated public facilities and

accommodations► Disenfranchisement

Grandfather clauses Poll taxes Literacy tests

Progressive Social ReformsBlack Americans - Booker T. Washington

► Advocated economic progress to secure civil rights

► Tuskegee Institute (1881-1915) Vocational institution, primarily teaching

► Atlanta Compromise (1895) In the South, blacks would submit to

white political rule in exchange for education and due process of law

► Up From Slavery (1901) Depicted his struggle and rise from

slavery to educational leader► White House Dinner

First black person ever invited to a White House dinner with Theodore Roosevelt

White reaction and backlash► "I am just as much opposed to Booker T.

Washington as a voter as I am to the cocoanut-headed, chocolate-colored typical little coon who blacks my shoes every morning. Neither is fit to perform the supreme function of citizenship." – Mississippi Governor James K. Vardaman

Progressive Social ReformBlack Americans - W.E.B. Du Bois

► Advocated social and political equality to secure economic progress

► Niagara Movement (1905) Opposed disenfranchisement and

segregation Dismissed accommodation and pursued

more direct action and struggle

► National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) (1909) A group of blacks and whites, males and

females established an effective civil rights organization

Progressive Social ReformsBlacks in America

► Lynchings Ida B. Wells

► Muckraking articles and pamphlets to expose lynchings against blacks in the South

“We of the South have never recognized the right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will. We have never believed him to be the equal of the white man, and we will not submit to his gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters without lynching him.” - Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC), 1900

► Great Migration (1910-1930) Escape segregation, disenfranchisement, lynchings 1.6 million Southern blacks migrated to Northeast

and Midwest cities

The Great Migration

Progressive Social ReformsWomen Suffrage

► Political Progress Frontier life promoted equality

among women Western states fuel suffrage

movement Jeanette Ranking (R-MT)

► First woman elected to U.S. House (1916)

► National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (1900) Carrie Chapman Catt

► Silent Sentinels Alice Paul and Lucy Burns

Suffrage by States

Nineteenth Amendment

► The right to vote cannot be denied based on sex/gender

► Ratified August 18, 1920 9 southern states did not ratify until

1941-1984 after originally rejecting it

► Legacy League of Women Voters

► Develop political efficacy among women

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)► Equal opportunity, pay, recognition,

and benefits

Progressive Social ReformsImmigration

► Progressive Era Legislation Anarchist Exclusion Act (1903) Gentleman’s Agreement (1905)

► Desegregate California schools for Japanese children

► Japan prevents further emigration of unskilled laborers

Dillingham Commission (1907-1911)► Southern and Eastern Europeans

threatened American character► Recommended literacy requirements

Immigration Act of 1917► Extended list of “undesirables”

(homosexuals, alcoholics, illiterate)► Asiatic Barred Zone

Asiatic Barred Zone

Migration

American Leisure► Causes

Decreased working hours Higher average wages Convenience and Infrastructure

► Entertainment Jazz Records Dance halls Movie theaters

►Birth of a Nation (1915)

► Recreation Baseball Football

►National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (1910)