PROGRESSIVE AMERICAPROGRESSIVE AMERICA

Unit VCUnit VC

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Fundamental Question

►To what extent was the progressive movement “progressive”?

Development of ProgressivesProblems and Solutions

► Industrialization► Urbanization► Commercialism and

Consumerism► Laissez-faire Policies► Radicalism► Upper-Class► Lower-Class► Social Darwinism

► Middle Class► Social Gospel► Populism► Education and

Academics► Journalism and

Literature

Muckrakers► Purpose

Exposure of urban problems and political and economic corruption and exploitation

Targets► monopolies/trusts/corporations (steel, oil,

railroads)► political bosses and machines► poor living and working conditions (tenements)

► Mainstream Mass media (newspapers, magazines)

► Journalists and Authors Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

► meat-packing industry Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives

► Tenement living Ida Tarbell’s Mother of Trusts

► Rockefeller and Standard Oil Trust Lincoln Steffens’s The Shame of the Cities

► Municipal corruption

Progressive Social Reforms

► Educational Reforms Establishment of comprehensive and compulsory education Merit-based and college-educated teachers

► Professional Reforms Social Work

► Movement to professional and educated reformers and therapists Medicine and Health

► National standards and practices American Bar Association (1900)

► Families Eugenics

► Improved and limited population through selective breeding► State laws forbidding marriage and allowing sterilization

Applied primarily to disabled and immigrants

Progressive Social ReformTemperance to Prohibition

► Anti-Saloon League (1895) “the Church in action against the

saloon” Pressure politics

► Grassroots campaigning and mass media

► Coalition included Democrats, Republicans, suffragists, KKK, industrialists, IWW, NAACP, Progressives, Populists, Protestants, American Catholics

► Eighteenth Amendment (1919) Prohibited the manufacturing, sale,

and transportation of alcohol Volstead Act

Progressive Labor ReformsLabor Unions

► American Federation of Labor (AFL)

► Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (1905) aka The Wobblies Mother Jones, “Big Bill” Haywood “one big union” Platform

► “an injury to one is an injury to all”► Industrial unionism► All inclusive membership► Direct Action

Strikes, boycotts, propaganda, violence

► Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Labor not commodity or commerce Limited court injunctions and

applying antitrust to unions

Labor Union Membership, 1897-1920

Progressive Labor ReformsLabor Strikes

► Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) 147,000 miners strike President Theodore Roosevelt

mediates Victory for union and

membership soared

► Lawrence Textile Strike (1912) IWW organized 23,000 worker

strike Media used to appeal to public

sympathies

► Ludlow Massacre (1914) Led to political, corporate, and

public support for labor unions and worker demands

Progressive Labor ReformsLabor - Working Hours

► Lochner v. New York (1905) 10-hour day/60-hour week

unconstitutional in violation of right to contract per 14th Amendment

► Muller v. Oregon (1908) Limited working hours for women

based on health and maternity

► Ford Motor Company Doubled pay to $5/day and 8-hour

work days► Profits and productivity increased

► Adamson Act (1916) Established 8-hour work day and

overtime pay for railroad workers

Progressive Labor ReformsLabor - Working Conditions

► National Consumers League (1899) Opposed sweatshops, child

labor Promoted food inspection

and consumer safety► Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

(1911) 146 garment workers killed Led to massive push for

worker/factory safety regulations and accident insurance

Progressive Labor ReformsChild Labor

► By 1900, 1.7 million 5-10 year olds (1 in 6) were wage earners

► National Child Labor Committee (1904)

► Keating-Owen Act (1916) Prohibited interstate shipment of

goods manufactured or processed by child labor

► Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) Federal regulation of child labor

not within Congress’s interstate commerce power

Only states could establish child labor laws through intrastate commerce

Progressive Social ReformsBlacks in America

► Supreme Court Civil Rights Cases of 1883

► Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional► Segregation may be practiced by private

individuals and businesses Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

► Established “separate but equal”

► Jim Crow Laws Established by white Redeemer state

governments Legitimized by Plessy v. Ferguson Segregated public facilities and

accommodations► Disenfranchisement

Grandfather clauses Poll taxes Literacy tests

Progressive Social ReformsBlack Americans - Booker T. Washington

► Advocated economic progress to secure civil rights

► Tuskegee Institute (1881-1915) Vocational institution, primarily teaching

► Atlanta Compromise (1895) In the South, blacks would submit to white

political rule in exchange for education and due process of law

► Up From Slavery (1901) Depicted his struggle and rise from slavery to

educational leader► White House Dinner

First black person ever invited to a White House dinner with Theodore Roosevelt

White reaction and backlash► "I am just as much opposed to Booker T.

Washington as a voter as I am to the cocoanut-headed, chocolate-colored typical little coon who blacks my shoes every morning. Neither is fit to perform the supreme function of citizenship." – Mississippi Governor James K. Vardaman

Progressive Social ReformBlack Americans - W.E.B. Du Bois

► Advocated social and political equality to secure economic progress

► Niagara Movement (1905) Opposed disenfranchisement and

segregation Dismissed accommodation and pursued

more direct action and struggle

► National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) (1909) A group of blacks and whites, males and

females established an effective civil rights organization

Progressive Social ReformsBlacks in America

► Lynchings Typically occurred during economic recessions

due to financial stress and poor lifestyle Ida B. Wells

► Muckraking articles and pamphlets to expose lynchings against blacks in the South

“We of the South have never recognized the right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will. We have never believed him to be the equal of the white man, and we will not submit to his gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters without lynching him.” - Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC), 1900

► Great Migration (1910-1930) Escape segregation, disenfranchisement,

lynchings 1.6 million Southern blacks migrated to

Northeast and Midwest cities

The Great Migration

Progressive Social ReformsWomen

► Women and the Workplace Careers

► Domestic servants, garment workers, teachers, secretaries, operators

Reforms► Less working hours► Child labor laws

Women’s Trade Union League (1903)

► Temperance Moral responsibility to improve

society Women’s Christian Temperance

Union (WCTU)

Progressive Social ReformsWomen Suffrage

► Supporters Young women Inspiration from female social

reformers and 19th century leaders► Political Progress

Frontier life promoted equality among women

Western states fuel suffrage movement

Jeanette Ranking (R-MT) – first woman elected to U.S. House (1916)

► Organizations National American Woman

Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (1900)

► Carrie Chapman Catt National Women’s Party (1916)

► Stronger Tactics Alice Paul and Lucy Burns Picketing, parades, hunger strikes Silent Sentinels

Suffrage by States

Nineteenth Amendment

► The right to vote cannot be denied based on sex/gender

► Ratified August 18, 1920 9 southern states did not ratify until

1941-1984 after originally rejecting it

► Legacy League of Women Voters

► Develop political efficacy among women

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)► Equal opportunity, pay, recognition,

and benefits

Progressive Social ReformsImmigration

► Gilded Age Legislation Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Immigration Act of 1882

► Excluded lunatics, idiots, convicts, disabled► Progressive Era Legislation

Anarchist Exclusion Act (1903) Gentleman’s Agreement (1905)

► Desegregate California schools for Japanese children► Japan prevents further emigration of unskilled laborers

Naturalization Act of 1906► Required English for citizenship

Dillingham Commission (1907-1911)► Southern and Eastern Europeans threatened American character► Recommended literacy requirements

Immigration Act of 1917► Extended list of “undesirables” (homosexuals, alcoholics, illiterate)► Asiatic Barred Zone

Asiatic Barred Zone

Migration

Progressive Political ReformDirect Democracy

► Purpose Limit the corruption and influence of

patronage, political machines, and big business

► Secret ballots (Australian ballot) Polling places inundated with

corrupt tactics All candidates printed on ballots Vote in privacy at assigned polling

place Established in all states by 1891

► Direct primaries Eliminate practice of electing

candidates through political bosses► Government of the People

Initiatives► Petition of enough voter signatures

to force an election Referendums

► Legislative proposals determined by electorate

Recalls► Remove elected officials through

local/state elections

Seventeenth Amendment► Issues

State legislature corruption Electoral deadlocks

► Direct Election of Senators

► Ratified May 1913► Most southern states did not

ratify► Impact

Favored Democrats Progressive reforms passed

easier

Progressive Political ReformLocal/Municipalities

► Assert more control and regulation of public utilities and services To limit political machine control and

corruption Built public parks and playgrounds,

sanitation services, municipal services, public schools

Zoning laws (industrial, commercial, residential)

Social laws and reforms against red-light districts

► Local Governments Galveston Plan

► Commissioners and councils directly elected

Dayton Plan► City managers hired as non-partisan

administrators

Lincoln SteffensThe Shame of the CitiesInspired social and municipal reform

Progressive Political ReformStates

► Reforms Direct primaries Business regulations Tax reforms Suffrage Temperance State wages Insurance plans Child labor laws

► “Wisconsin Idea” Robert LaFollette Influence and Application

of Education on Politics►Primary elections►Progressive taxes►Workers’ compensation►Regulation of railroads►Limit or eliminate monopolies

and trusts►Supported direct election of

senators

Fourth Party System (1896-1932)► Republicans

Dominated the federal government

Coalition► Industrialists, corporations,

upper-class, fundamentalists, Northeast

Assumed progressive reforms Nationalists and Imperialists

► Bull Moose Party aka Progressive Party New Nationalism

► Democrats Coalition

► Solid South, western farmers, urban immigrants, working class

Laissez-faire policies Spearheaded progressive reforms New Freedom

► Socialist Party of America Coalition

► German and Jewish immigrants, unionists, former Populist farmers, Progressive social reformers

Elections► Two members of U.S. House► Dozens of state legislators,

mayors, council members Eugene V. Debs

► Ran in 1904. 1908, 1912, 1920► Received over 900,000 votes in

1912 and 1920

William McKinley (R)(1897-1901)

► Economy Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899) Economic expansion Gold Standard Act/Currency Act (1900)

► Established gold standard, ending bimetallism

► Foreign Affairs Annexation of Hawaii (1898) Spanish-American War (1898) China

► Open Door Policy► Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

► Assassination September 6, 1901 in Buffalo, NY Leon Czolgosz - anarchist Died September 14

Election of 1900► A rematch of the

Election of 1896► Republicans

William McKinley Booming economy,

Spanish-American War victory, overseas territories

Theodore Roosevelt as VP; very popular choice

► Democrats William Jennings Bryan Campaigned on

bimetallism and anti-imperialism

Theodore Roosevelt (R)(1901-1909)

► Assumes office after McKinley assassination

► Square Deal Trustbuster Business Regulation Conservation

► Coal Strike of 1902► Panic of 1907► Big Stick Policy

Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary

Election of 1904

► Republicans Theodore

Roosevelt

► Democrats Alton B. Parker

►Conservative Democrat

► Socialist Party Eugene V. Debs

Roosevelt: Trustbuster► Good Trusts & Bad Trusts

A Stronger ICC► Elkins Act (1903)

Prohibited rebates ► Hepburn Act (1906)

Standardized railroad accounting Northern Securities Co. v. United

States (1904)► Broke up a railroad holding

company financed by J.P. Morgan► Would have monopolized the

railroad industry► Department of Commerce and

Labor (1903)► Consumer Protection

Strengthened and publicly supported by muckraking investigations

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)► Prohibited impure and falsely

labeled foods and drugs Meat Inspection Act (1906)

► Prohibited misleading labels► Prohibited harmful chemicals

Roosevelt: Conservationist► 230,000,000 acres under

protection during Roosevelt’s administration

► Gifford Pinchot U.S. Forest Service

► Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Federal promotion of irrigation in

western states

► Antiquities Act (1906)► National Conservation

Commission (1908)► National Park Service (1916)► Preservationists

John Muir and Sierra Club

National Parks

Election of 1908

► Republicans William Howard

Taft►Hand-picked by

Roosevelt

► Democrats William

Jennings Bryan► “Shall the

People rule?”

William Howard Taft (R)(1909-1913)

► Sixteenth Amendment (1913) Federal graduated income tax

► Progressive Legislation Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

► ICC adds regulation over communication utilities Department of Labor (1911)

► Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States (1911) Supreme Court ruled trust in violation of

Sherman Antitrust Act Broken up into 33 companies and trust dissolved

► Ballinger-Pinchot Affair (1909)► Conservative Policies

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) U.S. Chamber of Commerce (1912)

► Dollar Diplomacy

Election of 1912► Republicans

William Howard Taft Conservative Republicans

and Progressive Republicans (Insurgents)

► Bull Moose Party Theodore Roosevelt New Nationalism

► executive regulations of industries and social justice

► Democrats Woodrow Wilson New Freedom

► regulate business to promote competition and small businesses

► Socialist Party of America Eugene V. Debs

Woodrow Wilson (D)(1913-1921)

► Progressive Amendments Seventeenth Amendment – direct election of Senators Eighteenth Amendment - Prohibition Nineteenth Amendment – Women’s suffrage

► Progressive Legislation and Policies Underwood Tariff (1913)

► Reduced tariff rates and increased progressive tax rates Federal Reserve Act (1913)

► Central banking system and regulation of monetary policy Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914)

► Prevent and eliminate trusts and monopolies Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

► Strengthened Sherman Act by preventing mergers Adamson Act (1916)

► Eight-hour workday and overtime pay for railroad workers Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

► Competitive low-interest loans for farmers

► World War I Fourteen Points and League of Nations

Progressive Business Regulation► Pujo Committee and Louis

Brandeis “Other People’s Money”

► Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) Demand annual reports Investigate complaints

► Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Prohibited interlocking

directorates Prohibited monopolistic pricing

policies Held corporate officers

personally responsible for anti-trust violations

Unions not subject to anti-trust laws and court injunctions

Federal Reserve System and Central Banking► Reasons

Panic of 1907 Pujo Committee

► Federal Reserve Act (1913) “The Fed”

► Decentralized national banking system

Banks’ Bank Federal Reserve Board

► President appointed with Senate consent

► Monetary Policy Expansionary and

Contractionary Open-Market Operations Reserve

Requirement/Ratio Discount rates

12 national financial districts Sound and flexible currency

Election of 1916► Republicans

Charles Evan Hughes

►Only Supreme Court Justice nominated as presidential candidate

► Democrats Woodrow

Wilson►First Democrat

to be elected to consecutive term since Jackson

Progressive Era Culture► Commercialism and Consumerism

On advertising, firms spent $95 million in 1900 to $500 million in 1920

Market research and sampling Standard clothes sizes and styles

► Yellow Journalism► Leisure Time

Causes► Decreased working hours► Higher average wages► Convenience and Infrastructure

Entertainment► Jazz

Evolution of blues and ragtime Improvization Louis Armstrong

► Records► Dance halls► Movie theaters

Birth of a Nation (1915) Recreation

► Baseball Attendance doubled between 1903 to 1920

► Football National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (1910)