FLYING HIGHFOR SAUDI

ARABIALEVEL 4

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1 Reading

a Read these definitions and decide which one refers to a discovery and which one to an invention. 1 When someone finds out about something

he / she did not know about before. 2 When someone makes something that has never been made or used before. b Which of these things were inventions and which were discoveries? 1 fire 2 concrete 3 paper 4 gold

2 Reading and speaking a In pairs, match the items in the photographs with the ancient civilizations you associate them with. 1 China ___ 2 Egypt ___ 3 Mesopotamia ___ 4 Greece ___ 5 Rome ___

1 China ___2 Egypt ___3 Mesopotamia ___4 Greece ___5 Rome ___

A

B

E

D

C

b Read the text to check your answers.

c Read the text again more carefully and complete the timeline of inventions.

d In pairs, decide which three inventions mentioned in the text were the mostimportant and why. Compare your list with that of another pair.

3 Word builder: wordformationComplete this table with thecorrect forms of each word.

4 Listening and speakinga Look at the picture. In pairs, describe what you can see.

b Listen to a part of a radio program about a famous historicalscientist. Who is described as ‘the father of photography?’

Important inventions

OLD INVENTIONS

 BASKETBALL

The game of basketball was invented by James Naismith (1861-1939). Naismith was a Canadian physical education instructor who invented the game in 1891 so that his students could participate in sports during the winter. In his original game, which he developed while at the Springfield, Massachusetts YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association), Naismith used a soccer ball which were thrown into peach baskets (with their bottoms intact). The first public basketball game was in Springfield, MA, USA, on March 11, 1892. Basketball was first played at the Olympics in Berlin Germany in 1936 (America won the gold medal, and Naismith was there).

BUBBLE GUMBubblegum was invented by Frank Henry Fleer in 1906, but was not successful; the formulation of Fleer's "Blibber-Blubber," was too sticky. In 1928, Walter E. Diemer invented a superior formulation for bubble gum, which he called " Double Bubble."

KITE

The kite was invented roughly 2,500 to 3,000 years ago. It originated in

China, Malaysia or Indonesia . Some people say that the earliest kites

consisted of a huge leaf attached to a long string (there is a type of

Indonesian leaf that is wonderful as a kite).

1 Speaking a In pairs, match each item on the

right with the year in which the item was

invented. b Can you think of any other

modern inventions that are important? With your

partner, make a list. Compare your list with that of

another pair

Reading, writing, and speaking a Look at the photographs on the right again. Do you associate any names with the objects? b Work in pairs. Student A, read the first

excerpt; Student B, read the second excerpt. Complete the notes below for your text. Then read your partner’s notes and check them against the appropriate excerpt.

The ___________________ was originally

invented by ___________________. However,

___________________ took the idea and

developed it. He ___________________. Today,

people associate the ___________________

with ___________________, not with the

original inventor ___________________.

c In pairs, discuss these questions.

1 What is one similarity between Elias Howe and

Charles Goodyear? 2 What is one

difference between them?

3 Why are patents important?

4 Why is Goodyear’s name remembered, but

Howe’s name not remembered?

Passive voice is used when the focusis on the action. The doer of the

action is not important or not known.A passive sentences will not always

include the doer of the action.e.g My house was painted (by Susan)

3 Grammar builder: past passive

b Change these sentences from active to passive voice.

1 Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine in 1957.

2 Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926.

3 The Swiss made the first milk-chocolate bars in the 1870s.

4 Steve Jobs commercialized the Apple Macintosh computer in 1984.

c Complete the sentences with the appropriate forms of the verbs in parentheses.

1 Dynamite ___________________________ (invent) by Alfred Nobel in 1866.

2 Nobel ___________________________ (leave) his fortune to establish the famous prizes.

3 The pyramids of Cheops and Giza ___________________________ (build) more than 4,000 years ago.

4 The Pharaoh Khafre ___________________________ (build) the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2600 B.C.E.

5 The Tomb of Tutankhamun ___________________________ (discover) in 1922.

4 Speaking, writing, and reading a Select a modern product or service that has

changed your life significantly. Write a short paragraph about

what your life was like before you had the product or service, and

another paragraph about how your life has been different since.

Look at the box for ideas.

b In groups, read one another’s essays. Then talk about your experiences and ideas. Is there any product or service that several of you have written about?

Unexpected outcomes

Unexpected outcomes

1 Speaking and listeninga Look at the photograph. In pairs, discuss what you think thesepeople’s lives may be like.b Listen to the conversation. How close were your ideas?c Now listen again and answer these questions.1 What was Jack going to study, and what did he study?2 Why did Jack look for jobs in Saudi Arabia and other countries?3 Why does he like his life in Riyadh?4 What is his long term plan?

d In groups, discuss the roles that planning and chance have hadin your lives.

I am going to do what I said I was going to do

Future from the past using was/were going to and would+ verb 

The future in the past…Is used to express the future

plans that someone had in the past

Is often used with a but clauseThe but vlause is used to explain

why the plan never happenedIs formed with was/were + going

to + base form of the verb

Future from the past using was/were going to and would+ verb  The future in the past… Is used to express the future

plans that someone had in the past

Is often used with a but clause The but values is used to explain

why the plan never happened Is formed with was/were + going

to + base form of the verb

2 Grammar builder: using was / were going to a Look at these examples. I was going to study mathematics, but I

majored in chemistry instead. I was going to get a job in Chicago, but there

weren’t any decent vacancies. When do we use was / were going to? 1 for a situation in progress at a specific time

in the past 2 for a future plan or intention 3 for a plan or intention in the past that

didn’t happen

b Complete the sentences in a logical way. In pairs, compare your sentences.

1 I was going to call you, but . . . 2 We were going to invite you to the

game, but . . . 3 Chris was going to play tennis,

but . . .

c In pairs, write was / were going to sentences expressing the same ideas as these sentences.

1 His plan was to go to university, but he didn’t pass his exams. He

__________________________________________________________________ 2 They didn’t buy two cars because they only had money for one. They

____________________________________________________________________ 3 My intention was to arrive ten minutes early, but I couldn’t get a

taxi.I __________________________________________________________________ .

d Write two or three sentences about yourself, following the example. In groups, read and discuss your

sentences. I was going to study veterinary medicine, but I wasn’t good in

biology, so I studied languages instead.

3 Pronunciation: weak forms—was / were a Listen to the completed sentences

from exercise 2b. Are your ideas similar?

b Listen again. Notice the pronunciation of was and were. Are these words stressed?

c In pairs, practice your sentences from exercise 2b.

4 Speaking and reading

a In pairs, look at the photograph and discuss

these questions. 1 What is this simple invention? 2 What is it used for? 3 Do you use it? 4 What did people use before this

product existed?

b Read the article and number the events below in

order. In pairs, compare your sequence of events.

Mr. Fry discovers a use for the adhesive .________

Development of the product stops________ .The company 3M makes moveable notes .

________Mr. Silver invents an adhesive that is too

weak________ .

negative and oppositeprefixes

A prefix is a group of letters (affixes) added in front of a word or a root of the word to change its meaning. A negative prefix is a prefix which carries a negative meaning 'not' , 'opposite of'.

Common negative prefixes in English are un-, im-, in-, il-, and ir-, and dis-. Some of these prefixes are only attached to a noun or an adjective while some are only attached to a verb. It is not possible to predict whether the negative prefix un-, in-, or dis- is used with a particular word. The correct form must be learned.

negative and oppositeprefixes . The negative prefix un-

2. The negative prefixes in-, im-, il-, ir-

 The negative prefix dis- 'not, opposite of, away'

5 Word builder: negative and oppositeprefixes

a Write the words in the box in the appropriate

section of the table below according to their

prefix (im-, in-, ir-, un-). In pairs, discuss the

meanings of these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.

b In pairs, give the words in the box below a

negative or opposite meaning by adding a

prefix. Then write them in the appropriate

section of the table. Again, use a dictionary if

necessary.

c Write sentences with three or four of the wordsyou consider most useful. In groups, compareyour sentences

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Lifeline to informationtechnology

(I.T.)

informationtechnology

1 Speaking andreading a In groups, discuss these questions. 1 What is the World Wide Web? 2 What do people use the Web for? 3 Do you use the Internet? If so, how? b Read the text to find some of the answers to the questions

2 Listening a Listen to the talk about Tim Berners-Lee. What did he do that is so remarkable? b Listen again and number the events in the order you hear them. 1 He studied at Oxford. _______ 2 He got a job at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). _______ 3 His World Wide Web was launched. _______ 4 He was born and raised in London. _______ 5 He invented HTML (HyperText Markup Language). _______ 6 He started to develop his ideas for the Web in Switzerland. _______

3 Speaking, reading,and writing a In pairs, look at the house in the photograph. 1 Does it look different from other houses? 2 What do you think is special about this “smart house”?

b Read the article. Then in pairs, discuss these questions. 1 Where do you think the article comes from? a) a scientific journal b) an instruction manual c) a general-interest magazine 2 What are some of the problems mentioned in the article? 3 Do you think the article is a factual account?

c In groups, pick one roomin your house and imagineit as a “smart” room. Writea paragraph describing theroom. Use ideas from the boxto help you.

d Share your ideas with yourclassmates

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What’s out?

SUMMARIZE THE NEW INFORMATION IN THIS

CONCEPTING MAP……

What I know?

What I want to learn?

What I learned?

How I can learn more?

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ANSWER THESE QUESTIONCONTROL YOUR KNOWLEDGE

PROGRESS

Dial up a word2

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الله بحمد تم

Thank you for your listening

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