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Progress and Challenges of Space Technology Applications in Asia and the Pacific
27 April 2016 Bangkok Thailand
Tae Hyung KIM
ICT and Disaster Risk Reduction Division (IDD)
UNESCAP
Outline
1. Applications of space technology and GIS
2. Progress and challenges in space technology
and GIS in developing countries
3. Required actions
Sustainable Development
Space Technology and GIS
for Sustainable Development
Space and GIS for SD
1. Adopted SDGs in September 2015
2. 17 Goals
3. Key questions
What space tech and GIS applications mean in modern times?
How contribute to SDGs?
How space tech and GIS can support developing countries?
Applications of Space Tech and GIS
Applications of Space Tech and GIS
What Space Tech and GIS Provide
1. Over-layers of information (population, buildings, tax, health, resources, disasters…)
2. Can project future through simulation
3. Can allow access to formerly inaccessible information, but also they change the definition of what information is.
Saves energy in transportation (navigation)
Connects people and people for disaster management
4. Can make complex decision making
5. From Map to Virtual information toward Decision
Applications of Space Tech and GIS
Space technology and GIS are across development sectors
1. Resource management (Water, Energy..)
2. Urban planning and land planning
3. Traffic management: navigation system
4. Climate change
5. Disaster risk management
6. Disease management
7. Eco-systems
GIS Map showing Growth
Source: http://ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/data/web_data/china_movies/china/China_movie.html
GIS Map showing Growth
Source: http://ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/data/web_data/china_movies/china/China_movie.html
GIS for Urban Growth
Urban Center in 1979 Urban Center in 1988
Urban Center in 1997 Urban Center in 2005 Urban Center in 2010
GIS for Urban Planning
GIS for Urban Planning
GIS for Old Building Management
GIS for Resource Management
GIS for Water Management
GIS for Transport and Traffic
GIS for Transport and Traffic
GIS for Transport and Traffic
GIS for Transport and Traffic
GIS for Election Management
GIS for Earthquake Management
GIS for Earthquake Management
GIS for Earthquake Management
GIS for Flood Management
GIS for Fire Management
GIS for Disease Management
• MERS
• SARS
GIS for Climate Change
Oxfam East Africa at http://flickr.com/photos/46434833@N05/5933226731
hcis.kma.go.kr
GIS for Agriculture
ESCAP Regional Drought Mechanism
• Geospatial data + ground
socio-economic data =
monitoring and early warning
of drought
• Regional service nodes: China
and India (knowledge, data
and satellite information
• Pilot countries: Sri Lanka,
Mongolia… Myanmar,
Cambodia….
New Space Tech and GIS
Brief Introduction of New Space Tech and GIS Applications
New Tech in Space and GIS
Loon Project
20km from surface
One balloon covers 40km2
13 balloons cover Sri Lanka
Final Goal: SDI?
Where we are moving towards? Final Goal: SDI?
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)
Data Integration for SDI
Data Integration for SDI
Vworld: 3D Geospatial Data Platform
Data Integration for SDI
Data Integration for SDI
ESCAP Geo portal as Pre-step to SDI
Geo-portal combines socio-economic data, geospatial data and satellite imagery, and other disaster related data for decision making.
Open-sourced software by ESCAP
Assisted 6 countries in establishing national geo portals for DRR
ESCAP Geo portal as Pre-step to SDI
Disaster data layer from Geo-DRM, Nepal 2013
Space Tech and GIS in Developing Countries
The benefits are not happening automatically. What should developing countries do to get benefits of space tech, GIS and SDI?
Challenges of Developing Countries
1. Access Challenges
Still limited free or cheap access to geospatial data
Slow to transform analogue documents to digital data
2. Use Challenges
Lack of Geo facilities, infrastructure and system
Lack of human resources to use rapidly increasing data
3. Integration Challenges
Low data sharing and cooperation among key Ministries
Challenges of Developing Countries
4. Funding Mechanism Challenges
Low investment and financial arrangements
Low awareness of policy makers on space tech and GIS
5. Regional Cooperation Challenges
Lack of long-term development plan
Ad hoc capacity building and overlapped supporting programmes
Lack of regional funding mechanisms
Lack of raw data of developing countries in space tech and GIS investment
Trends of Data
1. Limited free or cheap access to geospatial data
Trends of Data
Big Data and Limitation
1. Big Data is coming
2. Big Data often tells correlation, not causality
3. Need a lot of data analysts, not only GIS specialists.
<Sample in UN baseball Major League>
Aged baseball players usually have good batting average rate.
It is not true that as getting older, play better.
Rather, players with good batting average rate can play a longer period of plays.
Space Tech and GIS for Economic Development
1. Economic Development = Productive capacity + transform production paradigm
2. Productive capacity = locate, extract, process, manufacture, distribute and consume.
3. Technologies are at the root of economic development (precisely productive capacity)
4. GIS = locate…………… consume..
5. BTW, How to measure economic development?
Indicators for Economic Development
How do we know economic development?
Two agreed indicators
1. Investment ratio of GDP in fixed capital
2. R&D ratio of GDP
(1) Investment ratio of GDP
1. Most technologies have to be embodied in fixed capital
such as buildings, railways, infrastructure…..
2. Without high investment in fixed capital (gross fixed
capital formation, GFCF), an economy can not develop
its productive potential very much
3. Thus investment ratio (GFCF/GDP) is a few undisputed
good indicator for its development potential.
4. Let’s see reality in world.
(1) Investment Ratio of GDP
4. In real world, the investment ratio in fixed capital;
a. World average: around 20-22 % of GDP
b. China: 45 % of GDP in last few years
c. Japan in 1960-70: 35 % of GDP
d. Central African Republic or the Demo Republic of Congo: 2 %
e. Without at least 25% of GDP, difficult to achieve more that 6 %
growth in long term
(2) R&D Ratio of GDP
1. R&D ratio (GERD) of GDP and its evolution over
long time.
OECD: 2.3 % of GDP
Israel, South Korea (4.2%), Japan and Finland (3.3%).
Indonesia (0.1%), Colombia (0.2%), Kenya (0.5%),
China (1.5% in 2009 and 2.1% in 2015).
2. See details in next pages
Source: OECD's Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015 report; People's Daily Online
GERD of GDP (%), 2013 or most recent year
GERD: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D
78.5 76.6
76.1 69.8
64.8 64.5
64.4 61.1
60.9 60.6
57.5 56.9
50.6 47.5
45.4 44.9
43.7 35.5
29.4 26.0
25.7 23.3
10.6 10.3
5.4 0.4
82.7 69.3
66.9 53.1 47.6
44.3 43.6
21.5 8.7
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
Rep of KoreaChinaJapan
USA -1France
UKMalaysia -1Australia -5
Singapore -1Russian FedNetherlands
Philippines -6Thailand -2
TurkeyNew Zealand -2
China, Hong Kong SAR -1Sri Lanka -3
India -2Kazakhstan
Viet Nam -2Indonesia
Kyrgyzstan -2Iran -5
AzerbaijanMongolia
China, Macao SARPakistanGeorgia
TajikistanArmenia
IsraelSwitzerland
GermanySpain
PortugalSouth Africa
PolandArgentina
Kenya
Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit
GERD of GDP (%), 2013 or most recent year
GERD as a share of GDP, 1996 – 2013 (%): High income countries
GERD as a share of GDP, 1996 – 2013 (%): Low income countries
Public Budget for Space
Gov Budget for RD on Space Tech
US Dollar, millions, 2005
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
19
81
19
82
19
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19
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20
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11
20
12
20
13
20
14
Russia
United States
Korea
Japan
France
Exploration and exploitation of the Earth + Outer space
Gov Budget for RD on Earth and Space (Japan)
US Dollar, millions, 2005
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
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19
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14
Japan Exploration andexploitation of space .. .. .. .... .. ..
Japan Exploration andexploitation of the Earth .. .... .. .. .. ..
Top 10 Countries with Space Presence
10. Israel
9. Iran
8. South Korea
7. Japan
6. UK
5. India
4. France
3. China
2. Russia
1. USA
Required Actions
1. Country levels: Long term strategy towards SDI and SD
a. Geospatial data platform and database
Geo portal and geospatial database with socio economic
data
b. Human resources rapidly increasing data inflow
c. Instructional improvement for integrated use of socio-
economic data and geospatial data
d. Finance arrangement
e. Decision maker’s understanding and commitment
Required Actions
2. Regional levels – Should make more strategic efforts
a. Enhance policy makers’ awareness
b. Stop ad-hoc programmes and provide long term, consistent training
c. Build and reform regional financial mechanisms
d. Make easy and cheap for access to geospatial data
e. Make regional systems to transfer high tech to developing countries at affordable price
f. Research and tell how advanced countries have developed space tech and GIS, and how to use them in diverse development sectors
Simply
Neighbor's good practices are not mine until I
digest and invest
Messages
1. Technologies are at the root of economic development
2. Space technology and GIS are changing our development
paradigms faster than we expect
3. Whatever fancy models and good practices in other countries,
substantial benefits may not happen without substantial
investment in SDI (more than 25%) and R&D in modern space
tech and GIS applications.
4. Invest in GIS and Data analysis officers is essential for
sustainable development
Messages
6. Regional organizations should play concrete roles
by facilitating markets that enable technologies be traded at affordable
prices;
By encouraging member States to cooperate each other through regional
cooperation;
By encouraging member States to make a long term investment in
technologies and their applications for products and services
By promoting regional financing mechanisms for technology
development and transfer
66
Thank you very much !
Tae Hyung KIM Economic Affairs Officer
ICT and Disaster Risk Reduction Division
Email: [email protected]
