SPACE MEDICINE- Challenges and Medical Discoveries

Zuhair S Allebban

لفضااء

طب

Abbas bin FirnasRecently, manned space missions used to be the dream of mankind for years, but became reality with the blast-off by Y. Gagarin in 1961 and the first small steps on the moon by N. Armstrong on Apollo 11

Overview-continued

• So far people in space are: – highly specialized, dedicated

"astronauts,"

– in the 21st century, common citizens will be able to travel and sight-see or to live in space.

• We must solve so many problems before space can become a safe, habitable place.

• The powerful tool which will establish the countermeasures to overcome the physiological effects in space, and that is "Space Medicine."

• رواد اآلن لحدهم :الفضاء

• التخصص - عالي والتحمس

• القرن - من 21فيالمواطن ان المتوقع

متخصص الغيرالفضاء إلى سيسافر

.

Physiological Changes in SpaceThe physiological changes in

the adaptive process to space mainly involve:

1. Effects on cardiovascular system

2. Effects on bone3. Effects on muscle4. Space motion sickness5. Effects on hematologic and

immunologic system6. Effects of space radiation7. Effects of isolated

environment on psychological aspects

في • الفسلجية التغييراتالفضاء.

على- 1• الجاذبية تأثيرواالوعية القلب

الدموية .العظام- 2• على تأثيرهاعلى- 3• تأثيرها

العضالت .غثيان- .4•جهاز- 5• على تأثيرها

. والمناعة الدماإلشعاعات- .6• تأثير•7. النفسي- العامل

� م� ل�ا س� ما س� م� ه� ل� س� ل� س� ل� س� ل� ه� ل� م� س� ل� ل��ن ه� �� ل �� �م م� ه� ل�ن ل ن ل� ل!ه� ل�" ل�# ل� ل�ا %� ل ل�ا ل& ج'ا ل� ل( ج*ا ي+ ل- ه� ل� س� ل� س. ل" س/ ل� ه� �� ل م0 ه� ل��ن �س م� ه�

م1 ل�ا ل�2 �� ه� م�ي ل�� �� ه. ل" س/ ل� ل4 م� ذل5 ل& : (125األنعام)لن ه9و م س: ه� ل>ا لن م�5 �� ل � ل�ى ل< ل? س' ي� ��

……whomsoever He desires to lead astray, He makes his chest narrow, tight as if he were climbing up to the sky.”

Effects on cardiovascular system

Fluid shift and the change of bodymass caused by spaceflight

Cited from "The Bone"(Vol. 11 No.2 1997.6) Medical View Co., Ltd.

في التغييرالجسم سوائل

Dr. Chiaki Mukai, Facial edema, especially around the eyes, appears and the cranial veins dilate early in spaceflight. Subjective symptoms caused by fluid shift are stuffy nose, headache, and puffy face.

One countermeasure is to apply the Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP). This provides an equivalent physiologic stress by creating suction on the lower body (i. e., legs and abdominal regions) as a substitute for Earth gravity and the upright exercise on Earth. Ingestion of isotonic saline just before reentry is also thought to be effective.

التغييرات لمعالجةالجسم سوائل فيطريقة استعمال ،

وشرب السحبقبل السوائل

فضاء إلى الدخولاألرض.

Bone: Healthy vs Osteoporosis

متنخر طبيعي عظم عظم

Effects on Bones• 7Up, a PepsiCo company, has

printed this medical periodical to aid in the treatment of Osteopepsiosis. Osteopepsiosis is a bone malady associated with women drinking too much cola and the deformation of the spine.

شرب من تكثر الالكوال

Effects on Bones-Continued

3.2% of average bone loss occurred after nearly 10 days of weightlessness.

• The loss of calcium in urine may produce urinary stone which might cause severe pain

• Decrease of bone density will lead to bone fracture.

• Muscles rapidly atrophy

من% 3.2فقدان •عشرة خالل العظام

الفضاء . في أيامحصىفي- • تكوين

البولي . الجهازسهل- • العظم

الكسر.العضالت- .• ضمور

Space Motion Sickness• A few minutes or a few hours

after entering weightlessness,

• Space motion sickness• headaches, malaise, nausea and

eventually vomiting.

• 60-70% of the astronauts experience these symptoms

• Promethazine hydrochloride

الغثيان •والصداع.

Effects on Hematologic and Immunologic System

• Significant alterations in the hematologic and immunologic system in microgravity:– 1. Some erythrocytes transform

from biconcave discoid shape to spheroid

– 2. Anemia characterized by a decrease in the number of RBC (about 15%) is observed within four days of spaceflight.

– 3. Decrease erythropoietin level

– 4. Reduce lymphocyte activities

كريات • شكل تغييرمن الحمر الدمالجانبين مقعرة. الشكل كروية إلى

الدم .• فقرهرمون • في نقص

(Epo.)نشاط • في نقص

البيضاء الدم كرياتاللمفاوية .

On Earth Space

Effects of space radiationالشمس اشعاعات

Effects of Space Radiation-Cont• Space radiation exists in

the space environment. On the Earth, the atmosphere and magnetic field provide a shield for humans, and prevent space radiation from penetrating to the Earth's surface.

• Astronauts are subject to greater amounts of space radiation than they would receive on the Earth.

الحاجز •المغناطيسي

حول والفضائييمنع االرض

دخول اإلشعاعات إلى الضارة

األرض .فضاء

Applications

1. health care of passenger plane pilots, who also affected by space radiation

2. the research for utilizing and shielding radiation sources in high-energy radiation facilities.

الطيارين • لحمايةمن المدنيين

االشعاع.الباحثين • لحماية

االشعة وموضفيالدرع باستعمال

العازل.

Effects of isolated environment on psychological aspects

• Severe psychological stress on international crew members.–Work according to a tight

schedule in a monotonous room for several months

– No free break back to Earth

– getting along with other crew members of different cultural backgrounds.

النفسي • العاملولمدة • صغيرة غرفة

طويلةاستراحة • وجود ال

االرض علىزمالء • العيشمع

الثقافات مختلفي. متعددة دول ومن

Space walk (Extravehicular Activity-EVA)

• Extravehicular activity is one of the most exciting events for everyone, including the astronauts themselves.

• The Extravehicular Space Suit Mobility Unit (EMU) enables the astronauts to perform the EVA for six to seven hours with safety in the extremely perilous environment of space.

• The EMU is filled with 100% oxygen at 0.29atm.

الفضاء • في السيرفي • الرواد يبقى

ساعات 7-6الفضاء .رائد • بدلة تمأل

الفضاء النقي باألوكسجين

.

Spinoffs

Unlike the terrestrial medicine with which doctors diagnose and treat patients, space medicine deals with specially selected healthy persons and overcoming the adverse effects anticipated in space.

الفوائد • بعضالمتوقعة

الدم- • تحليل جهازالطرد- • جهاز

الصغير المركزي

Blood Analyzer

A common medical instrument is the blood analyzer. In the 1970s, existing mechanical analysis blood systems were far too large for spacecraft use and would not have functioned properly in microgravity. For the Skylab manned orbital laboratory, a toaster-sized centrifugal analyzing device was developed with funding provided by NASA (see right). It is an epoch-making system which can perform 80 to 100 chemical blood tests using a single drop of whole blood.

نظام -80يعمل

اختبار 100باستعمال دم قطرة

واحدة.

Vision Therapy• Vision centers use the

Accommotrac System, a device to help sufferers from myopia (near-sightedness) and hyperopia (far-sightedness) who cannot properly focus their eyes to use the ciliary body, a muscle to control the thickness of the eye lens, without wearing glasses.

لمساعدة • جهازالذين االشخاصقصر من يعانون

. النظر بعد أو

Food Service System

The Food Service System, which is now widely used in hospitals, is originated in space technology developed by NASA in 1966-67 for meal service aboard the Apollo lunar spacecraft (see right).

في الغذاء نظامالمستشفيات

Other devices

There are other spinoffs too many to count but include:Coronary arterializations by applying the low temperature laser, which was originally developed for measuring air gas; a cutting-edge pacemaker which can change the heart rate in response to body activity; a temperature capsule for measuring internal body temperatures (see right) with the application of battery technologies; a vision screening device for children's eyesight and so forth.

تنظيم جهازالقلب دقات

Spinoff-Continued

• There are also space medicine technologies that have potential for practical use in:

• curing osteoporosis• curing muscle atrophy

diseases• rehabilitating program for

patients of cerebral infarction and cardiac insufficiency

على • العملدواء اكتشاف

إلى :العظام- .• تنخرالعضالت- .• ضمورالعالج- • برنامج

الطبيعي.

Conclusions

• Space medical research:1. Maintain a good quality

of life for the astronauts in space.

2. Helps improve the quality of medicine on Earth, such as the discovery of several medical devices:

– Digital imaging breast biopsy system

– breast cancer detection, laser angioplasty

• ultrasound skin damage assessment

• programmable pacemaker

• automated urinalysis

• Medical gas analyzer

• voice-controlled wheelchair

• arteriosclerosis detection

• ultrasound scanners

• automatic insulin pump

• others

Thank You