*)Another Program:-------------------------DECLARE vword
VARCHAR2(30) := 'Oracle';BEGIN FOR v1 IN 1..5
LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v1||'.'||vword); END LOOP;END;/
*)Display each character in a new line of word
'Oracle'?--------------------------------------------------------------------------DECLARE
vword VARCHAR2(30) := 'Oracle';BEGIN FOR v1 IN 1..LENGTH(vword)
LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SUBSTR(vword,v1,1)); END
LOOP;END;/*)Display only odd number of chars in a new line of
above?------------------------------------------------------------------------------DECLARE
vword VARCHAR2(30) := 'Oracle';BEGIN FOR v1 IN 1..LENGTH(vword)
LOOP IF MOD(v1,2)=1 THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SUBSTR(vword,v1,1));
END IF; END LOOP;END;/ *) How to take input from
keyboard?-------------------------------------------------SQL*PLUS
provides Replacement variable that takes input from keyboard and
passes to statementor variable.Replacement variables are not memory
variables (in other words they are removed as soonas value is
assigned to target statement or variable).
syntax:& example: vword VARCHAR2(30) := '&name';Note:
For character variables replacement variable is to be kept in
single quots.
*)Display the name of 'Oracle' in reverse order (each word in
----------------------------------------------------------------------------new
line?-----------sol):DECLAREvword VARCHAR2(30) := 'Oracle';chrlen
NUMBER :=length(vword);BEGIN FOR v1 IN REVERSE 1..chrlen LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SUBSTR(vword,v1,1)); END LOOP;END;/
*)Display the name of 'Oracle' in reverse
order?--------------------------------------------------------------DECLAREvword
VARCHAR2(30) := 'Oracle'; vAppend VARCHAR2(20);BEGIN FOR v1 IN
REVERSE 1..LENGTH(vword) LOOP vAppend
:=vAppend||SUBSTR(vword,v1,1); END
LOOP;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(vAppend);END;/
*)Display the following
Output?------------------------------------------OOrOraOracOraclOracle
sol):DECLAREvword VARCHAR2(30) := 'Oracle';chrlen NUMBER
:=length(vword);BEGIN FOR v1 IN REVERSE 1..chrlen LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SUBSTR(vword,1,chrlen+1-v1)); END
LOOP;END;/
*)Display the following
output?-----------------------------------------OracleOraclOracOraOrOsol):DECLAREvword
VARCHAR2(30) := 'Oracle';chrlen NUMBER :=length(vword);BEGIN FOR v1
IN REVERSE 1..chrlen LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SUBSTR(vword,1,v1));
END LOOP;END;/
*)Display the following
output?------------------------------------------ORRAAACCCCLLLLLEEEEEE
sol):
DECLARE v1 VARCHAR2(20) := '&name';v2 VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..LENGTH(v1) LOOPFOR j IN 1..i LOOP v2 :=
v2||SUBSTR(v1,i,1);END LOOP;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v2);v2 := ''; END
LOOP;END;/*)Display sum of values between 1 and
10?----------------------------------------------------------sol):DECLAREv1
NUMBER :=0;BEGIN FOR i iN 1..10 LOOPv1 := v1+i; END LOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v1);END;/
*)How to use SELECT in PL/SQL
BLOCK:--------------------------------------------------------syntax:SELECT
.............INTO FROM .........................WHERE
.......................................
Write a program to take input of one salary & display
the------------------------------------------------------------------------------employee
name?-----------------------
DECLARE vSal NUMBER := &Salary; vName
VARCHAR2(200);BEGINSELECT ename INTO vNameFROM empWHERE
sal=vSal;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(vName);EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND
THEN dbms_output.put_line('Invalid salary');
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN dbms_output.put_line('many emps for
salary'); WHEN OTHERS THEN dbms_output.put_line('Unexpected
Error');END;/
*)How to get PL/SQL error code of
message?------------------------------------------------------------There
are two functions provided by PL/SQL: 1)SQLCODE -returns current
error code. 2)SQLERRM-returns current error message.example:
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Unexpected:'||SQLERRM);
*)Take input of dept no,deptname and location. Insert new
------------------------------------------------------------------------------department
if the dept no is not in the
table?------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE vDeptNo NUMBER :=&DeptNo; vDName VARCHAR2(200)
:='&DName'; vLoc VARCHAR2(200) := '&Location'; vTemp
char(1);BEGIN SELECT 'x' INTO vTemp FROM dept WHERE deptno=vdeptno;
dbms_output.put_line('Duplicate Deptno');
EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN INSERT INTO
dept(deptno,dname,loc) VALUES (vDeptno,vDname,vLoc); COMMIT;
dbms_output.put_line('Record added');END;/
*)Take input of Job and display count of employees working
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------for
the job?---------------
DECLARE vJob VARCHAR2(200) := '&Job'; vCount NUMBER; BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO vCount FROM emp WHERE UPPER(LTRIM(RTRIM(job)))
=UPPER(vJob); dbms_output.put_line('Total Emps=' ||
vCount);END;/
Note: When we are using group functions then there is no need to
specify Exception Handler.
PL/SQL specific data types:-------------------------------------
1).%TYPE --> Used to declare a variable based on column or
variables.
2).%ROWTYPE3).BOOLEAN
Syntax for %TYPE:-------------------------- %TYPE [:=value];
or%TYPE [;=value>];
example:DECLARE v1 Emp.Deptno %TYPE; v2 v1 %TYPE;
%ROWTYPE:-------------------It declares variables to keep one
complete record.It is also known as composite data type, since
itdeclares a variable with many numbers of differenttypes.
Syntax for %ROWTYPE:-------------------------------- %ROWTYPE;or
%ROWTYPE;example:DECLARE v1 Dept %ROWTYPE;
*)How to fetch multiple records from
database?---------------------------------------------------------------*)PL/SQL
Provides a method known as cursor. It is combination of SELECT
statement and PL/SQL routines(programs) to manage memory. With this
method SELECT statement retrieves records from database and keeps
them into buffer.And from buffer records are retrieved one-by-one
into local variables.Cursor method requires following steps:
1)Declaration of cursor:------------------------------- i.e
Cursor Name & SELECT statement(it can be sub query or join
query) are provided. No internal process is done.2)Opening of
cursor: -----------------------------Parsing(Evaluation of SELECT
statement.-Memory(Buffer) allocation for Cursor.-Fetching Data from
Cursor. records are loaded into buffer and record pointer is
located on first record. values from current records are copied
into local variables.This step should be repeated to fetch more
than one record.
3)Closing The Cursor:-----------------------------Buffer
allocated for buffer is released.
Syntax for Cursor:------------------------1) CURSOR IS ;2) OPEN
3) FETCH INTO ;4) CLOSE ;
Note1: -First step is declaration of cursor -Second step is
Opening a cursor. -Third step is fetching data from cursor.(it is
to be repeated till our requirement). -Fourth step is closing the
cursor.
Note2:--------Cursor Declaration is to be done at DECLARE partof
PL/SQL.Remaining steps will be in BEGIN or EXCEPTIONsection.
CURSOR Attributes:-----------------------------> FOUND --
Boolean-->NOTFOUND -- Boolean-->ROWCOUNT--
Number-->ISOPEN-- Boolean
Cursor attributes are predefined variables attachedto each
cursor.These variables keeps current information about cursor.
FOUND:----------This attribute will be true when fetch is
successful.Otherwise false.
NOTFOUND:-----------------This attribute will be true when fetch
is not successful.Otherwise false.
ROWCOUNT:------------------This attribute keeps count of records
fetched fromcursor to local variables.It is like a counter
variable.
ISOPEN:------------This attribute is true when cursor is already
open.Other wise false.
syntax: %
*)How to display all employee
names?---------------------------------------------------DECLARE
CURSOR c1 IS SELECT ename FROM emp; vEname EMP.Ename %TYPE;
BEGIN OPEN c1; LOOP FETCH c1 INTO vEname; EXIT WHEN
c1%FOUND=FALSE; dbms_output.put_line(vEname);END LOOP; CLOSE
c1;END;/ *)Display employee names with Dept
name?----------------------------------------------------------DECLARE
CURSOR c1 ISSELECT E.ename,D.dnameFROM emp E,dept DWHERE
E.deptno=D.deptno;
vEname Emp.Ename %TYPE;vDname Dept.Dname %TYPE;
BEGIN OPEN c1;
LOOP FETCH c1 INTO vEname,vDname; EXIT WHEN c1%FOUND=FALSE;
dbms_output.put_line(vEname || '---' || vDname);END LOOP; CLOSE
c1;END;/
*)Display each job with count of
employee?-----------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE CURSOR c1 ISSELECT job,COUNT(*) TotalFROM empGROUP BY
job;
vJob Emp.Job %TYPE; vCount NUMBER;BEGIN OPEN c1;
LOOP FETCH c1 INTO vJob,vCount; EXIT WHEN c1%FOUND=FALSE;
dbms_output.put_line(vJob|| '=' ||vCount);END LOOP; CLOSE
c1;END;/
*)How to check the primary key value or foreign key
value?------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE vDeptno NUMBER := &Deptno; vDname VARCHAR2(2000) :=
'&Dname'; vLoc VARCHAR2(2000) := '&Location'; vTemp
CHAR(1);
CURSOR c1 ISSELECT 'x' FROM deptWHERE deptno=vDeptno;
BEGIN OPEN c1;FETCH c1 INTO vTemp; CLOSE c1;
IF vTemp IS NULL THEN INSERT INTO dept(deptno,dname,loc) VALUES
(vDeptno,vDname,vLoc); COMMIT; dbms_output.put_line('Department
added');ELSE dbms_output.put_line('Duplicate deptno');END
IF;END;/
Note: When we use SELECT with cursor,then no exception will will
be found.
CURSOR For Loop:--------------------------Cursor For loop is
advanced method of handling cursor.It is combination of For Loop
and Cursor.Using this method use avoid following steps of oldCursor
style:
1) Declaration of cursor2) Opening of cursor3) Fetching from
cursor4) status check for fetch.5) closing cursor
Cursor For Loop Syntax:--------------------------------FOR IN
()LOOP................................END LOOP;orFOR IN LOOP
.................END LOOP;
Note: --> It of %ROWTYPE on cursor.
*) How to display job type,No of employee in the
Job?------------------------------------------------------------------------BEGIN
FOR c1 IN(SELECT job,COUNT(*) TotalFROM emp GROUP BY job)LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(c1.job|| '=' ||c1.total);END LOOP;END;/
*)The same above program with cursor
declaration-------------------------------------------------------------------(This
is the better
Apparoach).----------------------------------------
DECLARE CURSOR emp_cur IS SELECT job,COUNT(*) TotalFROM emp
GROUP BY job;BEGINFOR x in
emp_curLOOPdbms_output.put_line(x.job||'='||x.Total);END
LOOP;END;
*)Display ename,dname and his grade for all
emps?----------------------------------------------------------------------DECLARE
CURSOR c1 IS SELECT ename,dname,grade FROM emp,dept,salgradeWHERE
emp.deptno=dept.deptnoAND grade=(SELECT grade FROM salgrade WHERE
emp.sal BETWEEN losal andhisal);
vEname emp.ename %TYPE; vDname dept.dname %TYPE; vGrade
salgrade.grade %TYPE;
BEGIN OPEN c1;LOOP FETCH c1 INTO vEname,vDname,vGrade; EXIT WHEN
c1 %FOUND=FALSE;
dbms_output.put_line(vEname||'--'||vDname||'--'||vGrade);END
LOOP;
CLOSE c1;END;/
*)Display each employee name in reverse
order?------------------------------------------------------------------(with
in cursor for loop,reverse
logic)------------------------------------------------
DECLARE vEname VARCHAR2(20);BEGINFOR c1 IN (SELECT ename FROM
emp)LOOP vEname:=null; FOR v1 IN REVERSE 1..LENGTH(c1.ename) LOOP
vEname:=vEname||SUBSTR(c1.ename,v1,1); END LOOP;
dbms_output.put_line(vEname);END LOOP;END;/
*)Take input of one character ,count and display
occurence--------------------------------------------------------------------------------of
character with in employee
name?------------------------------------------------
DECLARE vChar char(1) := UPPER('&EnterChar'); vEname
VARCHAR2(20); vCounter NUMBER(2);
BEGINFOR c1 IN (SELECT ename FROM emp)LOOP vEname :=null;
vCounter :=0; FOR v1 IN 1..LENGTH(c1.ename) LOOP IF
SUBSTR(c1.ename,v1,1)=vChar THENvCounter := vCounter +1; END IF;
vEname := vEname||SUBSTR(c1.ename,v1,1); END LOOP;
dbms_output.put_line(vEname||'--'||vCounter);END LOOP;END;/
*)Take input of Deptno,and display Total salary paid by
dept---------------------------------------------------------------------------------with
out using SUM Function?---------------------------------------
DECLARE vDeptno emp.deptno %TYPE :=&DeptNumber; vSal emp.sal
%TYPE := 0;BEGIN FOR c1 IN(SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE deptno =
vDeptno) LOOPvSal := vSal +c1.sal; END
LOOP;dbms_output.put_line(vSal);END;/
*)Take input of manager name, and display employee
names----------------------------------------------------------------------------------working
under him?--------------------------
DECLARE vMname emp.ename %TYPE :=UPPER('&ManagerName');BEGIN
FOR c1 IN (SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE mgr IN (SELECT empno FROM
emp WHERE ename=vMname)) LOOPdbms_output.put_line(c1.ename); END
LOOP;END;/
*)Display following
output?-------------------------------------
dname empname .............. .............. ..............dname
empname .............. .............. ..............
BEGINFOR c1 IN (SELECT * FROM dept)LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(c1.dname); FOR c2 IN(SELECT ename FROM emp
WHERE emp.deptno = c1.deptno)
LOOPdbms_output.put_line('-----'||c2.ename); END LOOP;END
LOOP;END;/
