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Potential in Recycling Packaging
Materials and Electronic Waste
--- Policies and Market Opportunities
Prof. WEN Zongguo
Sino-German Forum on Environment and Climate Change:
Challenges and Opportunities for Waste Recycling
Director of Centre for Industry and Circular Economy
Tsinghua University
Concept of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Resource
input Production Sales
Consumpti
on Recycle Disposal
Reuse, recycle
Extened
responsibility Producer
responsibility
Reduction
• Tasks: ecological product design, use of recycled materials, standard recycling
and safe disposal of waste products, prompt information disclosure, etc.
• Goals: By 2020, 40% of key waste products shall be recycled and reused according
to applicable standards. Proportion of recycled raw materials used in key products
in 2025 shall reach 20%, and 50% of waste product shall be recycled and reused
according to applicable standards.
——On December 25, 2016, Notice of the General Office of the State Council on the Implementation Plan of the
Extended Producer Responsibility System ([2016] No. 99)
Electrical and
electronic products Automobiles
Composite packaging Lead-acid batteries
Key Areas for the EPR System in China
Key areas and scope of
implementation Identify
Implement a target system on pilot basis to support producers, recycling companies and reuse companies to
establish a market-based recycling and processing alliance.
Explore to establish a waste treatment system in China that is similar to the Green Dot System in Germany.
EPR System for Beverage Packaging
scrap Waste packaging
Packaging
manufactur
er
Filling
manufactu
rer
Retailer Recycling
company
Recycle network
Municipal maintenance recycle
Scrounger
Recycle project
Public waste bin
Special recycling event
Consumer
Retailer work
with filling
manufacturer
on “package for
gift” campaigns
Compulsory
recycling alliance
Public and media monitoring
Project
feedback
Select, commission
Release project
annual report
Report project
progress Introduce
recycling goals
Monitor project implementation Governmental
departments
Public
3rd party agency
Packaging flow
Waste packaging flow
Capital flow
Market size for aseptic packaging: China is second only to Western Europe and grew from 24
billion packs to 84 billion packs from 2005 to 2015, with a compound annual growth rate of more than
13.71% which is higher than the global average growth rate.
Recycling and reuse of beverage packaging
Source: Frost &Sullivan
Aseptic packaging output and growth
rate in China
Source: Tetra Pak
Recycled packaging in China (unit: ton)
Value of the recycled materials: In 2015, the output value of paper packaging industry reached 738.7 billion yuan,
and the value of packaging waste (aluminum film, plastic and paper) is about 510 billion yuan. The current recycling
rate is only 25% and the sorting cost is high. Hence there is still huge potential for improvement in recycling.
Output (100m
pack) Growth rate
电器电子产品生产者延伸责任制度框架示意图
生产者
经销商 消费者 回收者有资质的拆解企业
财政部专项基金管理
基金征收机构
国家税务总局
海关总署
环保部审核机构
回收利用企业
废物处置企业
进口商
国家发展改革委
制定《废弃电器电子产品处理目录》
制定电器电子产品生产者延伸责任评价标准
建立电器电子产品的新型回收体系（逆向物流、自主回收、互联网+等）
鼓励生产者优先使用再生原料
物质流
基金流
信息流
逆向物流
Improve the current fund system and establish a new recycling system in key regions.
EPR System for WEEE
NDRC
General
Administration
of Customs
State
Administration
of Taxation
Qualified
dismantling
company
MEP Verifier
Producer
Importer
Recycling
company
Waste
disposal
company
Recycle
r Consum
er
Dealer
Establish a new recycling system for WEEE
(reverse logistics, voluntary recycling, Internet +)
Encourage the use of recycled materials
Fund collection agency
Formulate the “Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment Catalogue”
Formulate
evaluation
criteria for
WEEE EPR
Material flow
Fund flow
Information flow
Reverse logistics
Ministry of
Finance
Special Fund
Management
In 2012-2016, a total of 5 batches of 109 processing companies were included in the fund
subsidy list, with an annual processing capacity of 150 million units, recycled a total amount
of 300 million units; the actual percentage of regular/nominal dismantling was only 60.29%.
Recycle and Reuse of WEEE
1245
4258
7163
7453
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
2012
2013
2014
2015
“四机一脑”回收情况Recycling of TV, refrigerator, air conditioner,
washing machine, computer
WEEE Recycling and Treatment Capacity
126
176
226
276
326
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year
WEEE Recycling (Left Axis)
Total Recycling (Right Axis)
Unit: million tons
Growth of WEEE recycling sector is
faster than other areas of recycling
Standard recycling capacity still lags
behind the WEEE generation potential
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2015 2020 2025 2030废弃电器电子产生量（百万吨）
Year
非正规回收
正规回收
Dismantling capacity of qualified
enterprise
Standard recycle
Recycled WEEE (left axis)
Recycled major renewable
resources(right axis)
Source: Ministry of Commerce, 2013 – 2017; Waste Electrical and Electronic Products Processing Information System of Ministry of
Environmental Protection
Informal recycle WE
EE
Am
ou
nt(m
illion
ton
s)
Metal Element Accounting in Electrical and Electronic
Products
Source: (China Household Electrical Appliances Association, 2015) (Zeng et al, 2016), (National Bureau of Statistics, 2016)
Large cobalt
imports
High rate of
informal
collection (88%)
China's rare earth
recovery is negligible
EOL Achievable Recovery rate:
Aluminum85%; Tin 75%; Cobalt 30%; and
Rare earth 0%
Informal recycling in China is prevailing. In 2014, the normal aluminium recycling rate of used electronic
appliances was only about 26%.
Aluminum Cobalt
Tin Rare
earth
2014, unit: 10,000 tons
Economic value prediction of metal elements of waste
electrical and electronic products
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
2015 2020 2025 2030
Eco
no
mic
po
ten
tia
l (m
illio
n U
SD
)
铝
锡
钴
稀土
Source: China Household Electrical Appliances Association, 2015; Zeng et al, 2016; National Bureau of Statistics, 2016; Shanghai Nonferrous
Network, 2017
Despite the lowest per ton
price, aluminum has the largest
total recycling value
By 2030, the total size of the four metals recovered from e-waste will reach 1.6 million
tons. Based on 2017 metal prices, it is estimated that the recovery value will increase
from USD 1.3 billion in 2014 to USD 4.4 billion in 2030.
Econom
ic p
ote
ntia
l (millio
n U
SD
)
Aluminum
Tin
Cobalt
Rare earth
Aluminum
Cobalt
Tin
Rare
earth
Centre for Industry and
Circular Economy, School of
Environment, Tsinghua
University
Prof. Zongguo Wen - Director
Huifang Li - Assistant Director
Jason Lee - International Projects
Yanyan Xue - Domestic Projects
Djavan Declerq – Technical Expert
