Prof. Mrunal Belsare

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Classical School

Classical School

Scientific Management

Administrative management

Bureaucracy

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Behavioral Approach to Management

Human Relation Approach:- Primary objective is to examine and analyze the impact of the human factor towards more effective management.

Behavioral science approach:-Extension, modification and refinement of human relation approach.

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Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949)

- Western Electric’s Hawthorne Plant - Chicago U.S.A.

- To study relationship between level of lighting in the work-place and workers productivity.

- ‘Hawthorne effect’

The Hawthorne Effect:

The possibility that workers who receive special attention will perform better simply because they received that attention.

THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS

Human Relations Movement

Human Relation Approach

Out come of Hawthorne ExperimentIllumination experiments(reduction of

light):-Researchers could not come to any conclusion as to effect on lighting on production but realized certain human factor were at work.

Rely assembly test room studies(changes wages and incentives):- these changes were not responsible for increased efficiency but attitude toward work, sense of belongingness were responsible for increases in productivity

Mass interviewing:- Instead of asking question an opportunity to talk freely.

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Contribution of Hawthrone experiment An organization is a Social system with a

culture of its ownInformal groups have serious impact on

workers productivity.There are conflicts between organization

and individuals .Friendly supervision has a favorable

influence on human efficiency at work.Free flow of communication can make

good human relation.6

Behavioural Science ApproachExtension, modification and refinement of

human relation approach.Behavioural Science Approach recommends a

study of behavioural science (like psychology ,industrial psychology , sociology)

For understanding the human behaviour at work and applying theories for moulding human behaviour in desired manner.

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Elements of Behavioral Science Approach An organization is a Social system in addition to

being a physical –technical system.An individual joining the organization brings to

work place his needs values beliefs, attitude and qualities.

Informal groups have their unwritten rules.Motivation have effect on human behaviour at workDemocratic leadership involved friendly

supervision.Two way communication.Involvement of worker in decision making.

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Modern ApproachSystem ApproachContingency or situational approachManagement Science approach

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System- definitionA system might be defined as one whole,

consisting of parts(each part being known as a sub-system within the bigger system); parts which are interrelated or interdependent are arranged in a particular order according to some definite scheme, making for the whole.

A system is defined as an organised, unitary whole composed of two or more interdependent parts, components, or subsystems and delineated by identifiable boundaries from its environmental suprasystem.”

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C

BD

A

E

Sub-systems

Environment

Environment

System Approach

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THE SYSTEM APPROACH

Concepts:-

Subsystems

Synergy

Open and close systems

System Boundary

Flow

Feedback

SYSTEM APPROACH

The two conceptual features of system1. Each system is separated from the

environment by a bounday; which may be actual or imaginary.

2. The term system is characterised by the “synergy effect” i.e. a particular subsystem in itself, is less powerful; but when all the sub-systems combine and the function in a coordinated manner, these become very powerful.

Classification of systemOn the basis of interaction of system with its

environment; systems may be –1.Closed system2.Open systemNote: closed system do not interact with the

environment; while open system interact with the environment

According to modern management authorities, no system is absolutely open or absolutely closed. Even the most closed system is a bit open; and the most open system is a bit closed. Therefore, instead of classifying systems into absolutely open or closed categories; we must speak, in terms of the degrees to which a system is open or closed.

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THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH Situational Approach

It depends upon what – in what way

To identify which technique will, in particular situation, under particular circumstances and at a particular time – best contribute to the attainment of goals.

Environmental variable are called as ‘ifs’ of management and management principles and technique of management are called ‘then’ of management so situational approach is also called as ‘if-then ‘approach.

Management Science approachManagement Science approach:- Also called as

mathematical or quantitative approach.Historical aspects:-After world war II U.S.A. &

U.K governments undertaken applied science research for developing optimal decision about deployment of military resources.

Management Science approach is that approach to management which aims at achieving a high degree of precision and objectivity by making use of mathematical and statistical devices for finding optimal solution to complex business problem.

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Behavioural Approach to ManagementHuman Relation Approach

THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTSBehavioural science approach

Modern Approach

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System ApproachContingency or situational approachManagement Science approach