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365 sq. Km Egypt 11 Km, Israel 51 Km Population: 2,000,000
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GazaHumanitarianFacts• 10 years Blockade • -50% GDP • 43% unemployed , 60% in youth • 80% aid dependants • Dual use items & reconstruction • 45% of 470 MW is met • 12-18 blackout hours • GPP operates with 50% capacity • 70% can not pay pills •
• +70% HHs receive water 6-8 hours once/ every/ 4 days • 10% of has access to safe drinking water • 96% of Gaza’s sole water source is unfit for human consumption • 95% at risk of water-borne diseases • 90 Million Litres sewage to Mediterranean /day 3
Challenges1-theblockade
2-re-currentconflict
3-thedepletionofthecoastalaquifer
4-peopleareliftwithnochoicebutto relyoncontaminatedwater
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RE-CURRENTCONFLICT
*ThealreadydireWASHsituationwasfurtherdeterioratedbytherecentwarasIsraeliairstrikescausedapproximately34millionUSD,damagetoWASHinfrastructure
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THEDEPLETIONOFTHECOASTALAQUIFER
1-TheAquiferisbeingover-exploitedbyuptothreetimesitssustainableyield.
2-Decadesofover-pumpingaswellasthecontaminationresultingfromtheintrusionofwastewater,agrochemicalsandsalinewaterhaveputtheaquiferindangerofirreparabledamage.
3-96%ofthewaterextractedfromtheCostalAquiferisalreadyunfitforhumanconsumption.
4-95%ofGaza’spopulationdependsondesalinatedwaterpurchasedfromprivatevendorsfordrinking:68%ofthiswatercontainsbio-contaminants,yetitspricesoprohibitivethatthemostvulnerablehouseholdsinGazaendupspendinguptoathirdoftheirincomeonwater.
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GeologicalCrossSection
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PEOPLEARELEFTWITHNOCHOICEBUTTORELY
ON:CONTAMINATEDWATER
1-9Outof10peopleintheGazaStripdrinkdesalinatedwater.Thiswaterisproducedbythosedesalinationplants.Concernsaboutitsqualityhavebeenraisedinthepast,andarecentstudybythePWAconfirmedthoseclaims.
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PEOPLEARELEFTWITHNOCHOICEBUTTORELYONCONTAMINATEDWATER
2-Outoftheexisting154publicandprivatedesalinationplants,only48ofthemarelicensedbythedesignatedauthorities,posingissuestotheir
monitoring.
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PEOPLEARELEFTWITHNOCHOICEBUTTORELYONCONTAMINATEDWATER� IncidenceofTotalcoleform(TC)isashighas68%
atthehousehold/supermarketstoragelevel.Inotherwords,68%ofthedesalinatedwatercurrentlybeingconsumedintheGazaStripissusceptibletobiologicalcontaminationduetothecombinedeffectsofinadequatedisinfectionatthedesalinationplants,theimproperhandlingduringdistribution,andpooruserstoragehabits.
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GazaWaterFacts� 98%ofGazawatersupplycomesfromgroundwater,whichfaceshighlevelsofabstraction(200MCM/y);fourtimeshigherthantheannualrechargeaverage(55-60MCM/y).
� 96%ofGaza’swatersupplyiscontaminatedwithunacceptablehighlevelsofnitrate(NO3)andchloride(Cl),posingsignificanthealthriskstoGaza’s2.0millionresidents.
� Duetocurrenthighabstractionlevels,coastalaquiferwillbeunusableby2016,andirreversiblydamagedin2020(UNreport,2012).
� Accordingly,mostofGazapopulationresorttouncontrolleddesalinatedwaterfromprivatevendors/households’tosecuredrinkingwater.
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GazaWaterFacts� DespitethatGaza’swatersupplyisestimatedat90liters
percapitaperday(l/c/d),howeverthisfallsbelowtheacceptablewaterqualityandquantitystandardsrecommendedbyWHO.
� Absenceofadequatewastewatertreatmentfacilities,approximately35MCM/yearofuntreated/partiallytreatedsewageisdumpedintotheseaalongGaza’scoast.Additionally,12MCM/yearofuntreated/partiallytreatedsewageinfiltratestothecoastalaquifer.
� Waterconsumptionforagriculturalpurposesexceeds48%ofavailablegroundwater(morethan95MCM/y).
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GazaWaterFacts� Gaza’s water and sanitation crisis will worsen, while
population is expected to reach 2.1 million in 2020, in conjunction with projected water demand to grow to 260 MCM/y in 2020 for different uses.
� Current installed power supply to operate water and wastewater facilities is estimated by 29 MW, meanwhile, projected power supply demand for water and wastewater facilities is estimated by 81.5 MW in 2020. Blackouts of
12-16 hours/day are restricting the provision of basic services.
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Waterquan6ty� Rain: 312 ml/ yr (450 North & 200 South), (110-120 MCM/yr) � Domestic consumption: 70-90 L/C/D � Water exploitation: is about 200 mcm/yr is not balanced by natural or
anthropogenic replenishments. � The natural replenishments of the aquifer : 35-45 mcm/yr, � The anthropogenic replenishment (agricultural return flow and
wastewater) : 25-35 mcm/yr, � The lateral inflow from the eastern part of the aquifer is about 10-20
mcm/yr. � Overall, the Gaza Strip is facing an annual deficit of about -100 mcm/
yr. � Water wells: 12500 (2500 registered and 10000 illegal)
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Waterquan6ty
*Two cone of depressions had occurred in northern and southern parts of Gaza Strip with water level depths of -5 m and -19 m below sea level respectively .
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Waterquality
� SalinewaterisrapidlyreplacingfreshwaterinmanypartsoftheGazaStripsaquifer
� 96%ofTheGazaStripwaterisbiologicallyand/orchemicallycontaminatedanddoesnotmatchinternationalqualitystandardsfordrinkingwater.
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Waterquality Nitrate:50mg/l->300mg/l Chloride:
250mg/l->5000mg/l
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WaterDemand
� Averagewaternetworkefficiencyofabout58.2%
� UnaccountedForWater(UFW)ofabout41.8%
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Water&Energy� Electricitydemandhasreached470MWandthe
shortagereached55%.� TheGazaStripbuys120MWfromIsraeland28MW
fromEgypt.� Blackouthourshavereached12-18hrsperday.� 70%ofGazaHHsarenotabletopaytheirbills.
� Duetofuelshortages:Ø GPPworksat50%ofitscapacity(60/120MW),Ø GazaHHsreceivewaterfor6hourseveryfourdays&Ø 90Million/L/dayofuntreatedwastewateraredumped
tothesea.
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Water&Agriculture1. Around48percentoftotalwateruseintheGaza
Stripisforagriculture.
2. TheGazaBufferZonecomprisesaround30-40percentofGaza'sagriculturallandsandnumerousgroundwaterwells.
3. TherapiddeteriorationofwaterqualityinGazaishavinganimpactonagriculturalyields.
4. Repeatedmilitaryincursionshavecausedextensivedamagetowatersystemsnecessaryforagriculture
5. IsraelhasimposedrestrictionsonaccesstocoastalwaterswithGazanfishermenonlyabletoaccessuptothreenauticalmilesfromthecoast.
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Challengestowatersectordevelopment
� Watershortages,growingneedsandinadequatewaterandsanitationinfrastructurethreatenthehealthandwelfareofGaza’s2.0millionresidents.
� ScaleandseverityofthewatercrisisfacingtheGazaStripareenormous.Unlessimmediateactionistaken,thedamagetoGaza’snaturalwaterresourceswillbeirreversibleandputthelivelihoodofGazapopulationatseriousthreat.
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TheComparaXveStudyofOpXonsforanAddiXonalSupplyofWaterfortheGazaStrip(CSO-G)
WaterDemandManagement
WastewaterReuse
TheTransferofWaterwithinPalestine
TransfersofWaterfromIsrael
TransfersofWaterfromTurkey
TransfersofNaturalWatersfromElsewhere
Desalination
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WaterDemandManagement
Domestic
Agriculture
Rainwater
UfW
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DesalinaXon
� WhiletheconstructionofaseawaterdesalinationplantmaybethemostappropriateresponsetotheurgenthumanitarianneedsofGaza’spopulation,thereareconcernsregardingtheimplicationsofseawaterdesalinationforGaza
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DesalinaXonChallenges
� IncreasingthevulnerabilityofthecivilianpopulationofGaza
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DesalinaXonChallenges
� DesalinationplantrequiressignificantamountsofelectricitywhichGazadoesnothave
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DesalinaXonChallenges
� Seawaterdesalinationplantisenvironmentallyunsustainable,whichwillfurtherdeterioratethealreadydeplorableenvironmentalsituationinGaza
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Conclusion&RecommendaXons� Desalinationisapolitically,economicallyandenvironmentallycostlyoptionandonethatshouldonlybepursuedinthecontextofbroadpublicinput.
� Inaddition,large-scaledesalinationisnotasustainablesolutionwithoutguaranteed,uninterruptedenergy,liftingoftheblockade,andprotectionguarantees.
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� The Palestinian National Authority, particularly the
Palestinian Water Authority should take concrete steps to publically reaffirm Palestinian water rights as an essential and fundamental step to realizing the Palestinian right to self-determination and the Palestinian state.
� The international donor community must exert political efforts to resolve the underlying water injustice in the occupied Palestinian territory based on the principle of territorial integrity rather than funding costly projects temporarily alleviating a humanitarian crisis.
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The Western
Aquifer Basin (WAB)
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Waste Water Info Four main Treatment Plant § North § Gaza § Khan Younis Temporary WWTP § Rafah Eight Points Disposal to Sea § Three in Gaza § End of Wadi Gaza down stream § One in Khanyounis § One in Deir El Balah § One in Rafah 39 Sewage pumping stations distributed all over the Strip § 16 in the North § 8 in Gaza § 7 in the Middle § 3 in Khan Younis § 5 in Rafah
WWTPCurrentoperationalStatus
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