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Product Life Cycle Assessment. Life Cycle Flowchart. Adapted from Industrial Designers Society of America - Okala. Premanufacture. Premanufacture. Raw Material Extraction Material Processing. Premanufacture : Raw Material Extraction. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Product Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Flowchart
Adapted from Industrial Designers Society of America - Okala
Premanufacture
• Raw Material Extraction
• Material Processing
Premanufacture: Raw Material Extraction
• All consumer products depend on the natural environment for raw materials
• Some form of energy is required• Typically produces large quantities of outputs
(wastes and emissions)
Premanufacture: Material Processing
• Often material-intensive
Premanufacture: Material Processing
• Often material-intensive • Energy is required
Material Energy Cost (MJ/kg)
Extracted from
Titanium 900 - 940 Ore concentrate
Aluminum 227-342 Bauxite
Polystyrene 87 - 115 Crude oil
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 85 - 107 Crude oil
Paper 25-50 Standing timber
Glass 18-35 Sand, etc.
Wood 3 – 7 Standing timber
Premanufacture: Material Processing
• Often material-intensive • Energy is required• Processing often produces wastes and other
outputs– Example: Aluminum refining waste products
• Red mud• Greenhouse gases• SPL – spent potlining
Manufacture
• Component Manufacture• Assembly
Manufacture
• Additional energy and material required• Various outputs created
Product Delivery
• Packaging• Distribution
Product Delivery: Packaging
• Creates waste, emissions, and other releases• Very short lifetime• Large amount of material turned directly to waste
Product Delivery: Distribution
• Consumes large amounts of energy• Creates large amounts of emissions• Large distances between manufacturer and
consumer can create barriers to recycling
Use
• Installation & Use• Maintenance• Up-grading
Use• Products remain at this stage as long as they
are usable or repairable • Powered consumer products have a large
environmental impact
End of Life/Disposal
• Land Fill• Incineration• Material Recycling• Component
Reuse• Product Reuse
Why We Throw Things Away
Do consumers throw something away because it has stopped working or because they want something different?
Industrial Designers Society of America - Okala
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Disposal
End of Life
most favorable
least favorable
Recycling• Downcycling
– Converting waste materials into new materials of lesser quality and reduced functionality• Reduces consumption of raw materials• Reduces energy usage• Reduces the volume of waste material• Reduces air and water pollution
– Examples: • Office paper to toilet paper• Plastic recycling• Aluminum recycling
Recycling• Upcycling
– Converting waste materials into new products of better quality or higher environmental value without degrading the material• Reduces consumption of raw materials• Reduces energy usage• Reduces the volume of waste material• Reduces air and water pollution
– Examples: • Tires to steps• Drink pouches into backpacks• Skateboards into bookcases• Fire hoses into belts, bags, and cufflinks• Old clothes into quilts and blankets• Toothbrushes into a welcome mat
Environmental Concerns
• Global climate change• Human organism damage• Water availability and quality• Depletion of fossil fuels• Loss of biodiversity• Stratospheric ozone depletion• Land use patterns• Depletion of non-fossil fuel resources• Acid disposition
Ecological DesignA method of design that is environmentally benign and economically viable.
EconomicallyViable
ECOLOGICALDESIGN
EnvironmentallyBenign
Economically Viable: Design is competitive in the marketplace.Environmentally Benign: Design demonstrates obvious or measurable environmental benefits.
Industrial Designers Society of America - Okala
Sustainable Design
Design that is environmentally benign, economically viable, and socially equitable.
EconomicallyViable
SUSTAINABLEDESIGN
EnvironmentallyBenign
Socially Equitable
Socially Equitable: Design considers all people participating in production, use, disposal, or reuse.
Industrial Designers Society of America - Okala
Design for Sustainability
EconomicallyViable
SUSTAINABLEDESIGN
EnvironmentallyBenign
Social Equity
• Sustainable product design involves . . .– Minimizing the consumption of materials, energy, and
water– Avoiding toxic or hazardous materials and processes– Recycling or reusing materials
Chemicals and Solvents
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
INPUTS
Raw Materials
Energy
Atmospheric Emissions
Waterborne Wastes
Solid Wastes
Other Releases
OUTPUTS
NaturalEnvironment
• Identifies and quantifies the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service
Natural Resources
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
EconomicallyViable
SUSTAINABLEDESIGN
EnvironmentallyBenign
• A technique used to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts of a product, process, or service throughout the life of a product
• LCA includes:– Goal definition and scoping– Inventory analysis of inputs and outputs– Environmental impacts assessment – Interpretation
ChemicalsSolvents
Biological Agents
Electricity Water
Fossil Fuels
Raw Material
Parts
Components
Finished Components
Finished Parts
Non-hazardous Outputs
Hazardous Material Outputs
Liquid
Gaseous
Solid
PROCESS
Product Life Cycle Flow Diagram
Life Cycle Stage Materials Energy Solid Liquid Gaseous Total
Premanufacture
Manufacture
Product Delivery
Use
End of Life/ Disposal
Total
Inventory Analysis
Score: 0 - 40: Poor environmental practices. Serious environmental concerns.
4: Excellent environmental practices. No serious environmental concerns.
Life Cycle Stage Materials Energy Solid Liquid Gaseous Total
Premanufacture 0 1 1 2 1 5Manufacture 1 1 1 1 1 5Product Delivery 3 2 2 4 2 13Use 2 1 3 3 1 10End of Life/ Disposal 1 1 1 3 2 8Total 7 6 8 13 7 51
Inventory Analysis – Desktop Computer and CRT
Score: 0 - 40: Poor environmental practices. Serious environmental concerns.
4: Excellent environmental practices. No serious environmental concerns.
0
4 2
1
Image Resources
Industrial Designers Society of America. (2009). Okala: Learning ecological design. Phoenix, AZ
Microsoft, Inc. (n.d.). Clip art. Retrieved from http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx
Resources
Gutowski, T. G. Design and manufacturing for the environment. (2004). Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/ebm/www/Publications/Gutowski%20Mech%20Eng%20Handbook%20Ch%20Dec%206%2020041.pdf
Scientific Applications International Corporation. (2006). Life cycle assessment: Principles and practice. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/lca101.html.
