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PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE Chapter 11
09/05/17 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2016/2017 1
Product Development Process
Planning ConceptDevelopment
System-LevelDesign
DetailDesign
Testing andRefinement
ProductionRamp-Up
Product architecture is determined early in the development process.
Platform decision
Concept decision
Decomposition decision
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PlanningConceptDevelop.
System-LevelDesign
DetailDesign
TestingAnd
Refinement
ProductionRamp-Up
Marketing
Design
Mfg
Other
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Arsitektur Produk • Arsitektur produk adalah penugasan elemen-elemen
fungsional dari produk terhadap kumpulan bangunan fisik (physical building blocks) dari suatu produk.
• Tujuan arsitektur produk adalah menguraikan komponen fisik dasar dari produk, apa yang harus dilakukan komponen tersebut dan seperti apa penghubung/pembatas (interface) yang digunakan untuk peralatan lainnya.
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Product Architecture: Definition • The arrangement of functional elements into physical
chunks which become the building blocks for the product or family of products
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Product
module
module
module
module
module
module
module
module
Importance of Product Architecture • Decided early and drives design
• Bagaimana arsitektur produk mempengaruhi kemampuan tim pengembang menghasilkan beberapa variasi produk?
• Impacts manufacturing cost • Apa implikasi biaya dari arsitektur produk yang berbeda-beda?
• Impacts product evolution • Bagaimana arsitektur produk mempengaruhi kemampuan tim
pengembang untuk menyelesaikan desain dalam 1 bulan?
• Impacts organization structure of design teams • Bagaimana arsitektur produk mempengaruhi kemampuan tim
pengembang untuk mengendalikan proses pengembangan?
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Product Architecture Example: Hewlett-Packard DeskJet Printer
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Elements of Product Architecture • Functional elements: individual operations and
transformations that contribute to the overall performance of the product.
• Physical elements: the parts, components, and sub-assemblies that ultimately implement the product’s functions.
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Elemen fungsional • Terdiri atas operasi dan transformasi yang menyumbang
terhadap kinerja keseluruhan produk • Biasanya diuraikan dalam bentuk skema sebelum
direduksi menjadi suatu teknologi yang spesifik, komponen, atau prinsip-prinsip kerja fisik
• Contoh: • Menyimpan kertas • Berkomunikasi dengan komputer pusat (pengendali)
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Elemen fisik • Bagian produk (part), komponen, dan sub rakitan yang
pada akhirnya diimplementasikan terhadap fungsi produk • Diuraikan lebih rinci ketika usaha pengembangan
berlanjut • Beberapa elemen fisik ditentukan oleh konsep produk,
dan yang lainnya ditentukan selama fase perancangan detail
• Contoh: peralatan pengirim tinta melalui prinsip pemanasan à diterapkan pada tinta printer (printer cartridge)
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Product Architecture • Physical elements are typically organized into several
major building blocks: chunks • Each chunk: a collection of components that implement
the functions of the product • The architecture of a product: the scheme by which the
functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks and by which the chunks interact
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Types of Product Architecture • modular • integral
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Modular Architecture • Each physical chunk implements one or a few functional
elements in their entirety • The interactions between chunks are well defined (i.e. the
interfaces are well defined) and fundamental to the primary functions of the product
• Modular architecture has advantages in simplicity and reusability for a product family or platform.
• Allows a design change in one chunk without requiring changes to other chunks
• Most modular: each functional element is implemented by exactly one chunk
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Modular Product Architectures
Sony Walkman Swiss Army Knife
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Platform Product Family Product
Platform Architecture of the Sony Walkman
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Additional Advantage to Modular Design • HP products are designed to be recycled. • Recycling design features include:
• Modular design to allow components to be removed, upgraded or replaced
• Eliminating glues and adhesives, for example, by using snap-in features
• Marking plastic parts weighing more than 25g according to ISO 11469 international standards, to speed up materials identification during recycling
• Reducing the number and types of materials used • Using single plastic polymers • Using molded-in colors and finishes instead of paint, coatings or
plating • Relying on modular designs for ease of disassembly of dissimilar
recyclable materials
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Integral Architecture • Functional elements are implemented by multiple chunks,
or a chunk may implement many functions. • Interactions between chunks are poorly defined, may be
incidental to the primary functions of the products • Integral architecture generally increases performance and
reduces costs for any specific product model. • Used with products with highest possible performance in
mind
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Integral Product Architectures
Compact Camera
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Integral vs. Modular
Integral
• Higher system performance
• Tightly coupled design teams
• Hard to change • Lower system cost (in
large volume) • Expensive Tooling
Modular
• Reduced performance • Decoupled design teams • Increased flexibility • Accommodates made-to-
order products • Changeability • Requires flexible
manufacturing • Cheaper at low volumes
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Trailer Example: Modular Architecture
box
hitch
fairing
bed
springs
wheels
protect cargofrom weather
connect to vehicle
minimizeair drag
supportcargo loads
suspendtrailer structure
transfer loadsto road
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Trailer Example: Integral Architecture
upper half
lower half
nose piece
cargo hangingstraps
spring slotcovers
wheels
protect cargofrom weather
connect to vehicle
minimizeair drag
supportcargo loads
suspendtrailer structure
transfer loadsto road
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Modular or Integral Architecture?
Motorola StarTACCellular Phone
RollerbladeIn-Line Skates
FordExplorer
AppleiBook
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Types of Modularity • Slot-Modular Architecture
• unique interfaces for attachment to a base element (e.g. pacemaker leads)
• Bus-Modular Architecture • common interfaces for attachment to a base element (e.g. USB
connectors on a computer)
• Sectional-Modular Architecture • Common interfaces between elements without a base element
(e.g. legos & piping)
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Slot-Modular Architecture • each interface between chunks different - various chunks
cannot be interchanged • example: automobile radio - implements exactly one
function, but interface different from any other components in the vehicle
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Bus-Modular Architecture • a common bus to which chunks connect via the same
type of interface • examples: track-lighting, shelving system with rails,
expansion card for PC
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Sectional-Modular Architecture • all interfaces of same type, but no single element to which
all other chunks attach • assembly built by connecting chunks to each other via
identical interfaces • examples: piping systems, office partitions
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Types of Modularity
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Types of Modularity
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Types of Modularity
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Implications of the Architecture • Decisions about how to divide the product into chunks,
and how much modularity, are linked to: • product change • product variety • Standardization • Performance • manufacturability • product development management
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Product Change - Motives • upgrade: technology or user needs evolve • add-ons: add to basic unit; third-party • adaptation: different use environments • wear: replace elements, extend useful life • consumption: replenish consumables • flexibility in use: configured for different uses • reuse: new models from small changes
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Product Variety • products built around modular architectures can be more
easily varied without adding tremendous complexity to the manufacturing systems • example: Swatch watches - many different hands, faces,
wristbands but small selection of movements and cases
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Standardization & performance • Standarisasi komponen adalah penggunaan komponen
atau chunk yang sama pada bermacam-macam produk
• Kinerja produk didefinisikan dengan seberapa baik produk dapat mengimplementasikan fungsi-fungsi yang ditugaskan terhadap produk
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Manufacturability • Product architecture directly affects the ability of the team
to design each chunk to be produced at low cost • One DFM strategy involves minimization of the number of
parts through component integration, but component integration across several chunks is difficult
• DFM must start at system-level design
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Product Development Management • Modular and integral architecture demand different project
management styles • modular - requires very careful planning during system-level design • integral - less planning during system-level, but more integration,
conflict resolution, and coordination during detail design
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Fundamental Decisions 1. Integral vs. modular architecture? 2. What type of modularity? 3. How to assign functions to chunks? 4. How to assign chunks to teams? 5. Which chunks to outsource?
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Choosing the Product Architecture • Architecture decisions relate to product planning and
concept development decisions: • Product Change (copier toner, camera lenses) • Product Variety (computers, automobiles) • Standardization (motors, bearings, fasteners) • Performance (racing bikes, fighter planes) • Manufacturing Cost (disk drives, razors) • Project Management (team capacity, skills) • System Engineering (decomposition, integration)
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The concepts of integral and modular apply at several levels:
system
sub-system
component
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Product Architecture = Decomposition + Interactions
• Interactions within chunks
• Interactions across chunks
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Establishing the Architecture • To establish a modular architecture, create a schematic of
the product, and cluster the elements of the schematic to achieve the types of product variety desired.
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Establishing the Architecture Create a schematic of the product
Cluster the elements of the schematic
Create a rough geometric layout
Identify the fundamental and incidental interactions
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Create a Schematic • Schematic: a diagram of the team’s understanding of the
elements of the product • physical concepts, critical components, and functional elements • if product is a complex system with hundreds of functional
elements, group into fewer, higher-level functions to be decomposed later
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Schematic For A Wristwatch
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Schematic For A Telephone Base
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DeskJet Printer Schematic
Flow of forces or energyFlow of materialFlow of signals or data
StoreOutput
StoreBlankPaper
EnclosePrinter
ProvideStructuralSupport
PrintCartridge
PositionCartridgeIn X-Axis
PositionPaper
In Y-Axis
SupplyDC
Power“Pick”Paper
ControlPrinter
CommandPrinter
Connectto
Host
CommunicatewithHost
DisplayStatus
AcceptUser
Inputs
Functionalor PhysicalElements
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Cluster the Elements of the Schematic • To determine when there are advantages to clustering,
consider: • geometric integration and precision • function sharing • capabilities of vendors • similarity of design or production technology • localization of change • accommodating variety • enabling standardization
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Cluster Elements into Chunks
StoreOutput
StoreBlankPaper
EnclosePrinter
ProvideStructuralSupport
PrintCartridge
PositionCartridgeIn X-Axis
PositionPaper
In Y-Axis
SupplyDC
Power“Pick”Paper
ControlPrinter
CommandPrinter
Connectto
Host
CommunicatewithHost
DisplayStatus
AcceptUser
Inputs
Paper Tray PrintMechanism
Logic Board
Chassis
Enclosure
User Interface Board
Host DriverSoftware
Power Cordand “Brick”
Functionalor PhysicalElements
Chunks
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Create a Rough Geometric Layout • Geometric layout in two- or three-dimensions
• drawings • computer models • physical models
• cardboard or foam • evaluate clustering • coordinate with industrial designers
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Geometric Layout
printmechanism
paper tray
user interface board
printcartridge
logicboard
chassis
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Geometric Layout
chassis
paperroller
print cartridge
paper tray
enclosure
logic board
height
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Identify the Fundamental and Incidental Interactions • fundamental: those corresponding to the lines on the
schematic that connect the chunks together; planned • incidental: those that arise because of the particular
physical implementation of functional elements, or because of the geometric arrangement of the chunks • example: chunks creating motion may have vibration as an
incidental interaction
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Incidental Interactions
Enclosure
Paper Tray
Chassis
PrintMechanism
User InterfaceBoard
LogicBoard
Power Cordand “Brick”
Host DriverSoftware
Styling
Vibration
Thermal Distortion
Thermal Distortion
RF InterferenceRF
Shielding
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Pertimbangan variasi dan rantai pemasok • Dua prinsip desain yang diperlukan untuk melakukan
penundaan diferensiasi: • Diferensiasi elemen-elemen dari produk harus dikonsentrasikan
pada satu atau sedikit chunk • Produk dan proses produksi harus dirancang sedemikian rupa
sehingga chunk yang didiferensiasikan dapat ditambahkan pada produk mendekati tahap akhir dari rantai pemasok
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Pertimbangan variasi dan rantai pemasok
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• Atas – suplai energi didistribusikan melintasi kawat, area tertutup, kerangka (chassis), dan papan logika (logic board)
• Bawah – suplai energi dibatasi distribusinya pada kawat dan kotak penyuplai energi
Perencanaan platform • Bentuk dasar (platform produk): kumpulan bagian,
termasuk rancangan komponen yang dapat digunakan bersama oleh bermacam-macam produk
• Perencanaan platform produk melibatkan upaya untuk mengendalikan pertentangan antara perbedaan dan persamaan
• Alat sederhana: • Rencana diferensiasi (differentiation plan) • Rencana penyamaan (commonality plan)
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Differentiation plan
Atribut Diferensiasi Segmen Keluarga Segmen Mahasiswa Segmen Kantor Kecil, Rumah Kantor
Kualitas cetakan hitam Mendekati laser dengankualitas 300 dpi
Laser dengan kualitas 600 dpi
Laser kualitas 600 dpi
Kualitas cetakanberwarna
Mendekati kualitas foto Sama dengan DJ600 Sama dengan DJ600
Kecepatan printer 6 halaman/menit 8 halaman/menit 10 lembar/menit
Luas 360mm x 400mm 340mm (tinggi) x 360mm (lebar)
400mm (tinggi) x 450mm (lebar)
Penyimpan kertas 100 lembar 100 lembar 150 lembar
Gaya Konsumen Konsumen muda Komersial
Penghubung ke komputer USB dan kawat parallel USB USB
Kesesuaian(kompatibilitas) sistemoperasi
Macintosh dan windows Macintosh dan windows Windows
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Planning a Modular Product Line: Commonality Table
Chunks
Number of Types
Family Student SOHO (small office, home office)
Print cartridge 2 “Manet” Cartridge “Picasso” Cartridge “Picasso” Cartridge
Print Mechanism 2 "Aurora" Series Narrow "Aurora" series "Aurora" series
Paper tray 2 Front-in Front-out Front-in Front-out Tall Front-in Front-out
Logic board 2 “Next gen” board with parallel port
“Next gen” board “Next gen” board
Enclosure 3 Home style Youth style “Soft office” style
Driver software 5 Version A-PC Version A-Mac
Version B-PC Version B-Mac
Version C
Differentiation versus Commonality
Trade off product variety and production complexity
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Mengatur pertentangan antara perbedaan dengan persamaan • Keputusan rencana platform harus diinformasikan melalui
perkiraan terhadap implikasi biaya dan pendapatan yang kuantitatif
• Melakukan pengulangan (iterasi) dalam mengambil keputusan akan lebih baik
• Arsitektur produk menentukan sifat pertentangan antara perbedaan (differentiation) dengan persamaan (commonality)
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Related System-Level Design Issues • The four-step method for establishing architecture guides
the early design activities, but more detailed activities remain: • defining secondary systems • establishing architecture chunks • creating detailed interface specifications
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Defining Secondary Systems • many functional and physical elements not shown on
schematic (for simplicity) • others may be conceived as system-level design evolves • examples: safety systems, power systems, structural
supports • management issue: who takes on responsibility for their
design?
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Establishing Architecture Chunks • some chunks of a complex system may be complex
systems themselves • each of these may have its own architecture
• same issues, procedures apply as for the system
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Creating Detailed Interface Specifications • as system-level design progresses, fundamental
interactions need more refinement • as a result, specification of the interfaces need to be clarified
• interfaces represent “contracts” between chunks • often detailed in formal specification documents
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END
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