Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 1

Problem Areas of the 21st Century

Living Document

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

Department Chemical Engineering

Research Group Tailored Optical Materials

Münster University of Applied Sciences

Status: July 25th, 2019

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 2 2

Large Scale Problems of the 21st Century - According to James Martin, Oxford -

GLOBAL WARMING Global warming will lead to severe climate change. Unless stopped, it will

upset the basic control mechanisms of planet Earth.

EXCESSIVE POPULATION GROWTH World population may grow to 8.9 billion people, with a

growing demand for consumer goods and carbon-based energy, far exceeding what the planet

can handle.

WATER SHORTAGES Rivers and aquifers are drying up. Many farmers will not have the water

essential for food growing. There will be wars over water.

DESTRUCTION OF LIFE IN THE OCEANS Only 10% of edible fish remain in the oceans, and this

percentage is rapidly declining.

MASS FARMING IN ILL-ORGANIZED COUNTRIES Farm productivity is declining. Grain will rise in

cost. This will harm the poorest countries.

THE SPREAD OF DESERTS Soil is being eroded. Deserts are spreading in areas that used to

have good soil and grassland.

PANDEMICS AIDS is continuing to spread. Infectious pandemics could spread at unstoppable

rates, as they have in the past, but now with the capability to kill enormous numbers of people.

EXTREME POVERTY 2 to 3 billion people live in conditions of extreme poverty, with lack of

sanitation. The difference between rich and poor is becoming ever more extreme.

GROWTH OF SHANTYCITIES Shantytowns (shantycities) with extreme violence and poverty are

growing in many parts of the world. Youth there have no hope.

UNSTOPPABLE GLOBAL MIGRATION North-South divide and urban-rural gap

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 3 3

Technical Challenges of the 21st Century - According to National Academy of Engineering - • Global economy without CO2 release

• PV modules with higher efficiency (concentrator, CIGS & perovskite cells)

• Photocatalytic H2O splitting, H2 storage and conversion to gas/liquid fuels

• Nuclear fusion: ITER (EU), NIF (US: National Ignition Facility)

• CO2 sequestration

• CO2 chemistry, geochemistry

• CO2 underground / underwater storage

• Urban infrastructure with higher efficiency

• Efficient energy, traffic, and data transfer systems

• Efficient water supply and trash & waste water removal

• Local energy and food production (urban farming)

• Access to clean drinking water

• Reduction of pathogenes (microorganisms)

• Removal of salt, microplastics, nanoplastics, uranium, and arsenate

• Removal of NO3-, NO2

-, and organic impurit. (pharmaceuticals, hormones)

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 4 4

Technical Challenges of the 21st Century - According to National Academy of Engineering - • Safe and reliable data storage and internet security

• Global medical informatics

• Storage and delivery of critical health information

• (Hospital) Infection reporting

• Secure storage of nuclear material and hazardous chemicals

• Transmutation of nuclides

• Exploration of suitable disposal areas

• Prevent distribution of nuclear matter & explosives

• Prevention of diseases of affluence & development of efficient therapies

• Cancer, diabetes, hypertension, allergies, strokes

• Efficient vaccines and therapies to treat infection diseases

• Malaria, dengue or yellow fever, cholera, influenca, ebola, tuberculosis

• Control and limitation of vector spread (anopheles and so on…)

• Gene technology

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 5 5

General Challenges of the 21st Century - Global society issues -

• Role of humans in the universe

• Detection of exoplanets and life on other space bodies, formation of

planetary systems (adaptive optics, space telescopes and probes)

• Physics of black holes, pulsars, magnetars, quasars (gravitation waves

and neutrino detectors)

• Nature of dark matter and dark energy, long-term stability of matter

• Detection of supersymmetric particles, GUT to join QM and GRT

• Are physical constants constant? Fate of the observable universe

• Ageing societies

• Efficient nursing techniques & communities for the elderly

• Robotics for personal care, home feeding, and well-being

• Work-life balance

• Eye-safe and age dependent lighting and entertainment

• Long-term data storage

• Impact prevention (recent impacts: Tunguska event, Chelyabinsk meteor)

• Space watch: Near Earth Objects (NEOs) detection

• Space defense programs

• Emergency measures

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 6 6

General Challenges of the 21st Century - Climate Change Due to CO2 Emission -

Today

1.37 kW/m2

Albedo = 0.30

→ Te = 255 K

+ CO2+ H2O +

CH4 (ppms)

→ T = 288 K

2.61 kW/m2

Albedo = 0.76

→ Te = 232 K

+ CO2 + H2SO4

(93 bar!)

→ T = 740 K

Earth

Venus

Moreover: CO2 acidifies the oceans and endangers marine life!

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 7 7

General Challenges of the 21st Century - Air, Soil, and Water Pollution -

• UV-C Radiation (265 nm) inactivates micro organisms

by DNA alteration/mutation

• VUV Radiation (180 - 200 nm) oxidizes due to H2O

cleavage into reactive oxygene species (ROS): OH., O2-, O3

Industrial installations → discharge lamps or LEDs

Mobile devices → discharge lamps / (laser) diodes

Wat

er

consu

mption / 1

09 m

3

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1900 1950 2000 2050 Year

Agriculture

Industry

Household

Total

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 8 8

General Challenges of the 21st Century - Air, Soil, and Water Pollution -

Reduce or prevent application of hazardous substances

• Radioactive materials, U, Th, T, Pm, …..

• Heavy metals, e.g. Hg, Tl, Pb, Cd, …..

• Toxic, bioactive, or non-biodegradable organic

compounds, esp. plastics! “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”

• 2050: More plastice than fish in ocean water!

Apply green chemistry: Technologies that

• minimize or preferably eliminate the formation of waste

• avoid use of toxic & hazardous solvents and reagents

• utilize renewable raw materials

• are energy efficient

• Bioreactors → Biochemistry, microorganism design

• Catalysis → Catalytic pigments/coatings, reactor design

• Photochemistry → Frequency selective radiation sources

• Solar chemistry → Solar radiation + converter or concentrator

• Fast analytics @ point of use → Advanced optical spectroscopy

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 9 9

General Challenges of the 21st Century - Demand for Strategic Metals -

• Electric & hybrid vehicles (~30 kg RE / hybrid car): Growing mobility

Co, Li (ion batteries), Rare Earths (RE), Cu

• Fuel cells

Pt, (Ru, Pd, Au)

• Thermoelectrics, Optoelectronics, (O)LEDs, displays,laser crystals

Bi, Te, Si, In, Ga, As, Se, Ge, Sb, Ir, Pt

• Photo voltaics

Si, Ag, In, Ga, Se, Te, Ge, (Ru)

• Wind turbines, generators, electrical engines, magnets

Nd, Sm, Pr, Dy, Cu

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 10 10

General Challenges of the 21st Century - Dissipation of Heavy Metals -

• Hg from discharge lamps, batteries, thermometers, combustion of

coal ends up at earth„s cold spots, mainly at polar regions

• Pb, Ba from accumulators, display and high refractive glass ends up

in Ca metabolism

• Sn from paints enters the aquatic system and reacts to very toxic

metal organic compounds

• Cr, As, Sb, Bi from paints, pigments may modify DNA

• Ga, In from LEDs, LCDs, OLEDs are harmful to

the kidney and liver metabolism

• Cu, Ag, Au from electronic devices are bioactive

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 11

Discoveries & inventions for knowledge management

• 1015 Ibn Al Haythem (Basra, 965 – 1040) “Book of Optics“

• 1455 The Gutenberg Bible: First book printed with movable metal types

• 1815 Fresnel and the wave nature of light

• 1865 Maxwell and electromagnetic waves

• 1915 General relativity – light in space and time

• 1945 Z4 of Konrad Zuse (2200 Relais)

• 1965 Cosmic microwave background

Optical fibre technology

• 1989 Birth year of the WWW

• 2002 Beginning of the digital age

• 2007 ~ 300 exabyte stored

• 2010 50 Gbps transmitter (by four laser)

• 2014 Data transfer rate > 100 Gbps

• 2015 International Year of Light (IYL), > 1 ZB

• 2018 4-5 ZB stored, 294 bill. mails and 230 mill. tweets/day

• 2020 ~ 44 ZB stored

• 2030 Internet ~ 21% of projected electricity demand (Ref.: Nature 561 (2018) 163)

General Challenges of the 21st Century - Secure and Reliable Date Storage and Transfer -

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 12

Present Global Lighting Developments

Trend: Use solar light & combine with traditional light sources, e.g. for

water, air, and surface disinfection to encounter sick building syndrome

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 13

FH Department Potential Research Topics

CIW LED Materials, plant extraction processes, analytics

ETI Driver and sensor optimisation, circuitry

MB Automatisation of LED farming processes

EGU Energy, (waste) water & CO2 management

MSA In-design (infrastructure)

BAU Integration in & onto buildings, material recycling

MSD Greenhouse, horticulture lamps & reflector design

OEF Impact on plants, nutrition data

MSB Economical aspects of urban farming

MSH LED grown plants & health issues

PT Optics, light guides, LED / laser physics

SW Society impact of individual farming

Present Global Lighting Developments - From Horticulture Lighting to (Vertical) Urban (Indoor) LED Farming -

Some players

• AeroFarms

• Illumitex

• InFarm

• Infineon

• Merck

• Nichia

• Osram

• Philips

• Plenty

• Samsung

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 14

Present Global Display Developments

Micro-LED Displays as next generation displays (area ~ 200 km2/year)

Source: Eric Virey, YOLE, Phosphor Global Summit, March 2018, San Diego, CA µ-LEDs cinemas are under construction worldwide

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Germany Slide 15

Planetary Strategy

Mid- and Long-Term Goals

Establish bio economy, biomimetic materials, recycling of resources, sustainable air, water, and soil management as core R&D topics – Power density & yield of alternative energy sources (geothermal, solar, wind, & water)

– Hydrogen technology: Storage & distribution systems, fuel cells, electrical engines

– Power to gas: Conversion of electrical energy to methane, ethane, propane, butane

– Photochemistry, in particular photocatalytic H2O cleavage or CO2 sequestration, and high value organics

– Biodegradable and bioactive materials, especially polymers

– Materials for photocatalytic purification processes

– Technologies for safe food, pharmaceuticals & water

– Anticounter feiting to enhance product safety

– Material solutions for the post antibiotics age

– Reduction of energy consumption of data storage

– Green mining: Phytomining and bacterial ore leaching

– Green chemistry: Chemistry by using microorganisms, photochemistry including solar chemistry, sustainable chemical processes

– Green farming: (Vertical) urban indoor farming without herbicides and insecticides

– Green mobility: Automotive and aircrafts with gas fuels