Priority – 102(g)

Patent Law – Prof Merges

2.19.08

Agenda: § 102(g)

• Overview section 102(g)• Brown v. Barbacid• Peeler v. Miller• Dow v. Astro-Valcour

35 USC § 102(g)(1) and (2)

(g)(1) Inventor establishes [prior invention] and not abandoned, suppressed or concealed . . .”

(g)(2) Invention was made in this country by another inventor who had not abandoned, suppressed or concealed it.”

35 USC § 102(g)(1) and (2)

• Interferences – (g)(1)

• Anticipation – (g)(2)

• Common priority rule – stated in (g)(2)

35 USC 102(g)(1)

during the course of an interference conducted under section 135 or section 291, another inventor involved therein establishes, to the extent permitted in section 104, that before such person's invention thereof the invention was made by such other inventor and not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed,

102(g)(2)(2) before such person's invention thereof, the

invention was made in this country by another inventor who had not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed it. In determining priority of invention under this subsection, there shall be considered not only the respective dates of conception and reduction to practice of the invention, but also the reasonable diligence of one who was first to conceive and last to reduce to practice, from a time prior to conception by the other.

102(g)(2): Common Priority Rule for 102(g)

(2) before such person's invention thereof, the invention was made in this country by another inventor who had not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed it. In determining priority of invention under this subsection, there shall be considered not only the respective dates of conception and reduction to practice of the invention, but also the reasonable diligence of one who was first to conceive and last to reduce to practice, from a time prior to conception by the other.

Brown v. Barbacid

• Interference: Priority Contest

• This case: issued patent (Barbacid) v. pending application (Brown et al.)

35 USC §135

(a) Whenever an application is made for a patent which, in the opinion of the Director, would interfere with any pending application, or with any unexpired patent, an interference may be declared …The Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences shall determine questions of priority of the inventions and may determine questions of patentability. . . .

Section 135(b) Time Limits

(1) A claim which is the same as, or for the same or substantially the same subject matter as, a claim of an issued patent may not be made in any application unless such a claim is made prior to one year from the date on which the patent was granted.

(2) [Published apps: claim] may be made in an application filed after the application is published only if the claim is made before 1 year after the date on which the application is published.

35 U.S.C. 291 Interfering patents.

The owner of an interfering patent may have relief against the owner of another by civil action, and the court may adjudge the question of validity of any of the interfering patents, in whole or in part. The provisions of the second paragraph of section 146 of this title shall apply to actions brought under this section.

35 USC § 102(g)(1) and (2)

• Interferences – (g)(1)

• Anticipation – (g)(2)

• Common priority rule – stated in (g)(2)

35 USC 102(g)(1)

during the course of an interference conducted under section 135 or section 291, another inventor involved therein establishes, to the extent permitted in section 104, that before such person's invention thereof the invention was made by such other inventor and not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed,

35 USC 102(g)(1)

during the course of an interference conducted under section 135 or section 291, another inventor involved therein establishes, to the extent permitted in section 104, that before such person's invention thereof the invention was made by such other inventor and not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed,

ConceptionR to P

FilingIssuance

Some basic nomenclature

• “Senior party” = first to file

• “Count” = (roughly) claim

• Board of appeals and interferences = PTO administrative court (see chap. 1)

What happened at the Board in Brown v Barbacid?

What happened at the Board in Brown v Barbacid?

• Brown was the senior party; priority awarded to Barbacid

– Barbacid reduced to practice on March 6, 1990

– PREDATED Brown’s filing date of April 18, 1990

Brown: Board Decision

Barbacid

Filing: 4/18/1990

R to P: 3/6/1990

Filing: 5/8/1990

Issued: 2/9/1993

Brown – argument on appeal

Barbacid

Filing: 4/18/1990

R to P: 3/6/1990

Filing: 5/8/1990

R to P: 9/1989 - ?

Michael Brown Joseph Goldstein

Farnesyl Transferase

Ras Protein

Autoradiographs

Authentication and corroboration issue: Dr Reiss

• Sept 20 v Sept 25 data

• Corroboration rule: why?

• Standard for corroboration: “rule of reason”/all evidence – p. 445

                                                                                                      

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Alexander Graham Bell – Lab Notebook

Conception of the “count”

• Definition of conception: p. 445

• All limitations (elements) of count?

• Sept 25 v Sept 20 . . .

ARE THE U.S. PATENT PRIORITY RULES REALLY NECESSARY?

Mark A. Lemley Colleen V. Chien

Hastings Law Journal July, 2003

54 Hastings L.J. 1299

Of the 100 cases in our population that have final outcomes, junior parties won 33 (or 33%). More significantly, in the 76 cases that are actually resolved on priority grounds, junior parties won 33 times (or 43%). Thus, it seems that when priority is actually adjudicated, the first to invent is quite frequently not the first to file.

Markman v. Lehman, 987 F.Supp. 25 (DDC 1997)

-- affirmed 178 F.3d 1306 (Fed. Cir. 1998)

“To establish an actual reduction to practice, an inventor must provide independent corroborating evidence in addition to his or her own statements and documents, such as testimony of a witness other than the inventor or evidence of surrounding facts and circumstances independent of information received from the inventor. The purpose of this rule is to prevent fraud.” – at 30

Gordon Gould, Laser Inventor

Gould: I used a Fabry-Perot resonator and became familiar with the tools of optical spectroscopy. Years later I went to Columbia, which was big on microwave spectroscopy. To think of the Fabry-Perot as a resonator for a laser oscillator I had to have both those kinds of experience. It just clicked that one exciting night, about one in the morning , and I jumped up and started writing , and wrote that whole first notebook in one weekend . Then I had it notarized on Monday.

In re Scott E. Johnston, No. 05-1321 (Fed. Cir. January 30, 2006)

The Board had held that the notebooks of a junior scientist in the senior party’s laboratory were insufficient to collaborate the assertion of continuous diligence, because they did not specifically explain the purpose of the experiments performed and how they led to the completion of the invention. The Federal Circuit rejected this reasoning, holding that “a laboratory notebook recording daily experimentation, reasonably considered from the viewpoint of persons experienced in the field, need not reproduce on each page a statement of the larger research purpose,” and can be supplemented with a declaration to demonstrate that purpose. Thus, the Court held that the Board erred in failing to consider the corroborating evidence, and remanded the case to the Board.

Peeler v MillerPeeler et al. rely only

on Filing Date:

1.4.1968

4.27.1970

Miller Filing Date

March, 1966: Miller R to P

3.14.1966

Miller Conception

Peeler et al. (Chevron Researchers) Related Patent: 3,583,920 (1971)

§ 102(g) “Abandoned, Suppressed, or Concealed”

R to PFiling Date

Peeler points

• “Counts” are basically claims– Special interference lingo

• “Abandoned experiment” argument – basically, enablement– See Rosaire case

Peeler points cont’d

• P 458: “Which of the rival inventors has the greater right to a patent?”– Classic Judge Rich approach to invention priority

issue– See also Paulik, p. 461

• “In our opinion, a four year delay from [R to P] to [filing] is prima facie unreasonably long . . .”

A

ONLY B’s diligence matters

ConceptionReduction to practice

Conception

Compare to Diligence -- §102(g)(2)

R to P

• The party alleging suppression or concealment has the burden of proof. Young, 489 F.2d at 1279, 180 USPQ at 390 See also 37 CFR § 1.632, which requires a party to give notice that it intends to argue that its opponent suppressed or concealed, thereby giving the opponent an opportunity to present evidence to negate any inference of intent to suppress or conceal.

• A 17 month delay was found not to be unreasonable in Fujikawa v. Wattanasin, 93 F.3d 1559, 39 USPQ2d 1895 (Fed Cir 1996)

– See specific facts!

• A 22 month delay was found to be unreasonable by the board in Smith v. Crivello, Smith v. Crivello , 215 USPQ 446

More Cases!• 1) Palmer v. Dudzik , 481 F.2d 1377, 178 USPQ 608• (2) Young v. Dworkin , 489 F.2d 1277, 180 USPQ 388• (3) Peeler v. Miller , 535 F.2d 647, 190 USPQ 117• (4) Horwath v. Lee , 564 F.2d 948, 195 USPQ 701• (5) Shindelar v. Holdeman , 628 F.2d 1337, 207 USPQ 112• (6) Smith v. Crivello , 215 USPQ 446• (7) Correge v. Murphy , 705 F.2d 1326, 217 USPQ 753• (8) Paulik v. Rizkalla , 760 F.2d 1270, 226 USPQ 224• (9) Holmwood v. Cherpeck , 2 USPQ2d 1942• (10) Lutzker v. Plet , 843 F.2d 1364, 6 USPQ2d 1370• (11) Fujikawa v. Wattanasin , 93 F.3d 1559, 39 USPQ2d 1895

35 USC 104

• Proof of inventive acts

• Progression

– Originally, US-only (“home court advantage” in interferences)

– Then, NAFTA members only– Finally, 1995, all World Trade Organization Members

• Truly international interferences today

Current 37 CFR 1.131

Prior invention may not be established under this section in any country other than the United States, a NAFTA country, or a WTO member country. Prior invention may not be established under this section before December 8, 1993, in a NAFTA country other than the United States, or before January 1, 1996, in a WTO member country other than a NAFTA country.

• 2006 WL 2523579, *2 (Bd.Pat.App & Interf. 2006)

• Statutory bars cannot be antedated

EX PARTE MARTIN KELLY JONESAppeal No. 2000-0872

Application No. 08/852,119September 25, 2003

Exhibit C is a record of Mr. Horstemeyer's billing for the work done for appellant. The billing record indicates that revisions were made May 5th, 7th, 10th, and 11th of 1993. Exhibit D, a letter from Mr. Horstemeyer to appellant, states that the final draft of the application was mailed to appellant for signature on May 12, 1993. The billing records show no further amendments after May 12, 1993, thereby establishing conception prior to May 14, 1993. Mr. Horstemeyer indicates in the Declaration that May 15th and 16th were a Saturday and Sunday, respectively. The records show that he billed for reviewing the formality documents and formal drawings of the application on May 17, 1993, and then he filed the application on May 18, 1993. We find these records to be sufficient evidence of conception prior to May 14, 1993 and due diligence up to the filing of the application on May 18, 1993. Accordingly, we must reverse the rejections under 35 U.S.C. §§ 102(e) and 103, as the Ross patents no longer qualify as prior art against appellant.

102(g)(2)

(2) before such person's invention thereof, the invention was made in this country by another inventor who had not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed it. In determining priority of invention under this subsection, there shall be considered not only the respective dates of conception and reduction to practice of the invention, but also the reasonable diligence of one who was first to conceive and last to reduce to practice, from a time prior to conception by the other.

102(g)(2): Common Priority Rule for 102(g)

(2) before such person's invention thereof, the invention was made in this country by another inventor who had not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed it. In determining priority of invention under this subsection, there shall be considered not only the respective dates of conception and reduction to practice of the invention, but also the reasonable diligence of one who was first to conceive and last to reduce to practice, from a time prior to conception by the other.

Interferences – some fine points

• Administrative §135 : USPTO Bd Pat Int & App.; appeal to Fed Cir under §134, 141

• OR district court, District of Columbia appeal under §§ 145/146

The party alleging suppression or concealment has the burden of proof. Young, 489 F.2d at 1279, 180 USPQ at 390 See also 37 CFR § 1.632, which requires a party to give notice that it intends to argue that its opponent suppressed or concealed, thereby giving the opponent an opportunity to present evidence to negate any inference of intent to suppress or conceal.

• A 17 month delay was found not to be unreasonable in Fujikawa v. Wattanasin, 93 F.3d 1559, 39 USPQ2d 1895 (Fed Cir 1996)

– See specific facts!

A 22 month delay was found to be unreasonable by the board in Smith v. Crivello, Smith v. Crivello , 215 USPQ 446

More Cases!• (1) Palmer v. Dudzik , 481 F.2d 1377, 178 USPQ 608• (2) Young v. Dworkin , 489 F.2d 1277, 180 USPQ 388• (3) Peeler v. Miller , 535 F.2d 647, 190 USPQ 117• (4) Horwath v. Lee , 564 F.2d 948, 195 USPQ 701• (5) Shindelar v. Holdeman , 628 F.2d 1337, 207 USPQ 112• (6) Smith v. Crivello , 215 USPQ 446• (7) Correge v. Murphy , 705 F.2d 1326, 217 USPQ 753• (8) Paulik v. Rizkalla , 760 F.2d 1270, 226 USPQ 224• (9) Holmwood v. Cherpeck , 2 USPQ2d 1942• (10) Lutzker v. Plet , 843 F.2d 1364, 6 USPQ2d 1370• (11) Fujikawa v. Wattanasin , 93 F.3d 1559, 39 USPQ2d 1895

35 USC 102(g)(1)

during the course of an interference conducted under section 135 or section 291, another inventor involved therein establishes, to the extent permitted in section 104, that before such person's invention thereof the invention was made by such other inventor and not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed,

102(g)(2)

(2) before such person's invention thereof, the invention was made in this country by another inventor who had not abandoned, suppressed, or concealed it.

In determining priority of invention under this subsection, there shall be considered not only the respective dates of conception and reduction to practice of the invention, but also the reasonable diligence of one who was first to conceive and last to reduce to practice, from a time prior to conception by the other.

Dow v Astro-Valcour

Dow Chemical Co. v. Astro-Valcour, Inc., 267 F.3d 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2001)

Good example of “prior art” use of section 102(g)

Current owner of AVI

Dow: Key Facts

• Why no interference?

• Dow’s inventive “milestones”

• AVI’s evidence of its employees’ activities

• Why no interference?

“It never occurred to us . . .” to file our own patent application – Astro-Valcour

Miyamoto patent license

Why not a 102(a) case?

• Miyamoto ‘300 (1968) patent: broad genus – “Non-CFC blowing agents”

• Dow patents– Species claims– Isobutane– NB: Miyamoto patent cited in ‘933 patent

reexam

Park - Dow

C: late August, 1984

R to P: 9/13/1984

AVI Employees

March 3, 1984: R to P (C?)

Doctrinal Wrinkles

• “Third party” versus “second party” issues

• Corroboration

• “Appreciation” issues

Abandonment?

• Interference vs. 102(g)(2) prior art situations

– Commercialization vs. filing application

• Compare Peeler: convinced?

Thomson S.A. v. Quixote Corp., 166 F.3d 1172, 49 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1530 (Fed. Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 2395 (1999): uncorroborated oral testimony by non- interested individuals may be sufficient to satisfy the clear and convincing standard of proof for invalidity based on anticipation under § 102(g).