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PRINSIP PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
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7/21/2019 PRINSIP PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
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PRINSIP PENGENDALIANHAYATI
Oleh : Aries Pratomo, SP, MSc
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Hama-penyakit
tanaman
Musuh alami
Keseimbangan alam
dunia pertanian
Produksi optimal
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Pengendalian Hayati
Definisi - Pengertian :
“The use of living organisms to suppress the population of
a specific pest organism, making it less abundant or less
damaging than it would otherwise be”
(Eilenberg et al., 2001)
Penggunaan organisme hidup untuk menekan populasi
serangga hama - patogen, agar tidak berkembang atau
bahkan tidak menimbulkan gejala kerusakan pada
tanaman sehingga tanaman bisa tumbuh seperti apa
adanya …..
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Biological Control
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Predator : Pemangsa
• Memangsa semua jenis stadia serangga hamasasaran
• Memangsa lebih dari satu jenis
serangga hama
• Hidupnya tergantung pada
keberadaan serangga hamaSasarannya
Contoh : laba-laba, capung
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We have predators in almost every single species order. However, the majority of
predator species used in agriculture are coleopterans. Remember than 60% of
insects are coleopterans so the fact that a lot of predators are found in that order is
not that surprising.
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And as we saw in the previous lecture. Predators can feed on other predators.
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Beware of the parasitoid….. This character (in the movie Alien) was created inspired by
an hymenopteran parasitoid life cycle.
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Parasitoid
• Umumnya hidup di dalam tubuh serangga baik padasaat telur atau pada serangga dewasanya
• Bersifat rakus tetapi menguntungkan petani
• Tidak merusak tanaman
• Mencari hama sasaran dengan sendirinya
• Contoh : Trichogramma pada telur hama penggerekbatang
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They can be ectoparasitoids. That is, parasitoids which larvae occur on the external part
of the host body.
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Parasitoids can also be
endoparasitoids. That
is, parasitoids whichlarvae are placed inside
their host bodies.
Parasitoids that oviposit
and let the host keep
feeding and functioning
quasi-normally arereferred as koinobionts
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Not all parasitoids are from the order Hymenoptera. Tachinids (Diptera) are important
parasitoids in agro-ecosystems.
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Parasitoid dapat mempengaruhi
perilaku serangga hama ….
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Parasitoid dapat mempengaruhi
perilaku serangga hama ….
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Hosts have defenses against parasitoids. The
host immune system is one of the first obstaclesparasitoids find in their attempt to take over their
hosts physiologies. Encapsulation is a kind of
immune response by the host that consists of
isolating the parasitoid egg or larvae inside their
host bodies blocking oxygen as well as nutrient
supply. A lot of parasitoids have evolved ways to
impair their hosts immune responses by injectingspecial substances when ovipositing.
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Pengendali hayati beragam
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Agen hayati:
• Bakteri
• Jamur
• Virus
• Nematoda
• Protozoa
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• Mampu bertahan hidup di
alam, meskipun tidak
bersifat efektif…..
• Bersifat sebagai agens
pengendali hayati terhadap
hama - penyakit
Agens hayati :
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Berupa bakteri
• 1921: dilaporkan diJepang
• 1940s : dijual
secara komersial diPrancis
• 39% dari total
pestisida hayati
• Mampu membunuhserangga hamaberupa ulat….
Bacillus thurigiensis
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Virus
• Jenis virus yang berguna:
-Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)
-Granulosis visus (GV)
-Citoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus (CPV)
• Bersifat sangat spesifik inang
• Diperlukan campur tangan manusia agar
• bisa berkembang
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Jamur
• Menembus kulit serangga
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Nematoda
• Ada 3 jenis nematodaberguna:
- Steinernematidae
- Heterorhabditidae- Mermithidae
• Berguna untuk menekanserangga hama tanah
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Pengendalian
hayati
sangat
beragam
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Pengendalian hayati belum tentu
dapat berguna di waktu singkat
Low Economic Injury Levels
PERLU DIBERDAYAKAN ……
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Pengendalian hayati Cara Lama
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Metode Pemberdayaannya:
• Mengenal lingkungan……
• Pemberdayaan musuh alami- skala kecil
- besar-besaran
• Konservasi alam secara menyeluruh….
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BUDIDAYA TANAMAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN PENGENDALIAN OPT
BERDASARKAN PHT
PHT MENERAPKAN BERBAGAI JENIS PENGENDALIAN OPT YANG RAMAH
LINGKUNGAN (salah satu upaya diantaranya adalah
mengetahui – identifikasi jenis OPT penting)
IDENTIFIKASI OPT
1. Cara sederhana (melihat dan membandingkannya dengan
buku pedoman)
2. Cara Isolasi
3. Cara Mikroskopis (mikroskop biasa dan mikroskop
elektron)
4. Cara Modern - Molekuler (ELISA dan PCR)
PCR selama ini sudah digunakan untuk deteksi OPT
(terutama berupa patogen) dan telah dipublikasikan secara
internasional.
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DETEKSI PATOGEN PENYEBAB
PENYAKIT TANAMAN
=PCR=POLIMERASE CHAIN REACTION
PERINGATAN DINI TERHADAP LEDAKAN OPT
PENTING
PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGENDALIAN RAMAH
LINGKUNGAN
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Penemu PCR (Kary B. Mullis)
• Resmi ditemukantahun 1983.
• PublikasiInternasionalpertama kalitahun 1985.
• PenerimapenghargaanNobel bidangKimia tahun 1993.
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APA ITU PCR.....
• Alat untuk memperbanyak DNA dalam
waktu singkat.
DNA....... ? Bagian terkecil & terpenting dari
makhluk hidup ........ Forensik.......
• Alat ini bekerja seperti mesin fotocopy
untuk memperbanyak DNA TARGETyang sesuai dengan aslinya .....
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TERIMA KASIH
INFORMASI TENTANG PCR LEBIH DETAIL BISA DI AKSES DI
INTERNET ……….