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Principles of Principles of Virtual Reality in Virtual Reality in Surgical Training Surgical Training and Practiceand Practice
ByDr S. Sanyal
ContentsContentsDefinition and classificationTechnical aspectsAngled laparoscope simulationSimulated cholecystectomySimulated gynecological surgeryVirtual endoscopy / angiographyAugmented reality imaging – NeurosurgeryVisible Human Project – NLMSummaryReferences and URLs
DefinitionDefinition
VR 1st coined by Jaron Lanier, head of VPL Research Inc. California
2nd of 3 types of CyberspaceSystem that provides realistic sense of being
immersed in an environment.Computer-generated visual, auditory and
tactile multimedia experience.Teledildonics: Virtual sex (or e-sex!!??)
ClassificationClassification
Augmented reality Augmented reality systemssystems
Technical aspects of VRTechnical aspects of VRVR surrounds human body with artificial
sensorium of sight, sound and touch.
– Stereo headphones
– ‘Eyephones’: Head mounted stereo TV goggles – able to simulate 3-D
– ‘Datagloves’: Wired gauntlets
– ‘Datasuits’: Computerized clothing
Technical aspects of VR in Technical aspects of VR in medicinemedicine
3-D computer graphics: Texture mappingInteraction devices and trackersTactile feedbackForce (haptic) feedback: Reverse robotic
unitsOther sensory feedback: Auditory, olfactory
etc
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
Spatial reasoning is required to focus objective lens in line with narrow cavity.
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
Virtual environment through a Virtual Laparoscopic Interface:
All 4 corners of 6 targets have to be viewed in sequence.
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
After viewing all 4 corners of 1st target, hit a button:
Next object comes into view
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
Go through the whole sequence for all targets.
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
Angled laparoscope training Angled laparoscope training simulatorsimulator
Automatic timer records the time taken
Virtual cholecystectomyVirtual cholecystectomy
Occluding tissue is dissected
Virtual cholecystectomyVirtual cholecystectomy
Lateral traction is placed on gallbladder and cystic duct is clipped
Virtual cholecystectomyVirtual cholecystectomy
Virtual cholecystectomyVirtual cholecystectomy
Cystic duct is successfully cut
Simulated gynecological Simulated gynecological surgerysurgery
Endoscopic Surgery Simulation: Perform surgical tasks on elasto-dynamic objects in virtual surgery scene in real time; grasping, cutting and setting of clips
Simulated gynecological Simulated gynecological surgerysurgery
Concept of ADO has been introduced for modeling organ motility
Simulated gynecological Simulated gynecological surgerysurgery
© Dr. H. Cakmak, Institut für Angewandte Informatik, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
Simulation of pulsatile bleeding, irrigation, suction, animation of coagulation smoke, causing steaming of endoscope lens…
Virtual endoscopyVirtual endoscopy
Virtual bronchoscopyVirtual bronchoscopy
Virtual colonoscopyVirtual colonoscopy
Virtual arthroscopyVirtual arthroscopy
Virtual angiographyVirtual angiography
Augmented reality imagingAugmented reality imaging
Augmented reality imagingAugmented reality imaging
Augmented reality imagingAugmented reality imaging
Augmented reality imagingAugmented reality imaging
Visible Human Project – NLMVisible Human Project – NLM
Visible Human Male Database
Visible Human Female Database
Visible Human Project – NLMVisible Human Project – NLM
Visible Human Project – NLMVisible Human Project – NLM
Virtual scalpel incisionVirtual scalpel incision
Knecutsm.mpg
SummarySummaryVR is an immersive and interactive
simulation of an environment
VR applications are playing a great role in teaching, training and testing of medical students and graduates
Computer simulated 3-D reconstruction of radiological c-sections are important diagnostic tools
SummarySummaryComputer assisted pre-operative planning
and outcome prediction are on the horizon
Integration of hybrid (real and imaginary) systems in augmented reality play a role in image-guided surgery
VR also plays a role in telemedine and telesurgery
References and URLsReferences and URLsEdelman V. Touch goes high-tech.
http://cms.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19960101-000031.html
Boulos MNK. University of Plymouth. Virtual reality in medicine
Tendick F. University of California San Francisco. http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~frankt/vesta.html
Cakmak HK. Institut für Angewandte Informatik, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. http://www-kismet.iai.fzk.de/VRTRAIN/phD_main.html
References and URLsReferences and URLsThe Visible Human Project, NLM, NIH:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
University of Colorado, Center of Human Simulation: http://www.uchsc.edu/sm/chs/browse/browse_m.html
http://www.uchsc.edu/sm/chs/browse/browse_f.html
NHSIA. Virtual Reality System Predicts Surgical Outcomes. http://www.informatics.nhs.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=1206 Feb-2005