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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices
Chapter 3
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware Components
• Central processing unit (CPU)• Primary storage (main memory; memory)• Secondary storage• Input devices• Output devices
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware Components
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware Components in Action
• Step 1: Fetch instruction• Step 2: Decode instruction• Step 3: Execute the instruction• Step 4: Store results
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware Components in Action
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Processing & Memory Devices
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Processing Characteristics and Functions
• Machine cycle time is measured in:– Microseconds (1 millionth)– Nanoseconds (1 billionth)– Picoseconds (1 trillionth)– MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per
Second)
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Processing Characteristics and Functions
• Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time– Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second– Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second– Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second
• Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Clock Speed
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Wordlength and Bus Line Width
• Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a computer
• Word: number of bits that can be processed as a unit
• Bus lines: electrical paths of data flow
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Physical Characteristics of the CPU
• Digital circuits on chips
• Electrical current flows through silicon
• Moore’s Law - transistor density of chips will double every 18 months
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Physical Characteristics of the CPU
• Superconductivity - property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance
• Optical processors - uses light waves instead of electrical current
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Moore’s Law
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computing
• Complex instruction set computing (CISC) - places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible
• Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) - involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Memory Characteristics and Functions
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Storage Capacity
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Types of Memory
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Types of RAM
• EDO (Extended Data Out) • DRAM (Dynamic RAM) • SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Types of ROM
• ROM (read-only memory)• PROM (programmable read-only memory)• EPROM (erasable programmable read-only
memory)
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Cache Memory
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Multiprocessing
• Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even thousands of processors to operate at the same time
• Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Massively Parallel Processing
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Secondary Storage
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Secondary Storage
• Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy
• Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Secondary Storage
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Access Methods
• Sequential: records must be retrieved in order– Devices used are called sequential access
storage devices (SASD)
• Direct: records can be retrieved in any order– Devices used are called direct access storage
devices (DASDs)
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Devices
• Magnetic tapes• Magnetic disks• RAID• Storage area networks (SAN)• Optical disks • Magneto-optical (MO) disks• Digital versatile disks (DVDs)
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Types of Secondary Storage
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Magnetic Disks
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Storage Area Network
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Digital Versatile Disk
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Additional Devices and Media
• Memory cards• Flash memory• Expandable storage
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Expandable Storage
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Characteristics and Functionality
• Data - can be human or machine readable• Data entry - converts human readable data into
machine-readable form• Data input - transfers machine-readable data
into the system• Source data automation - capturing and editing
data at its source
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Input and Output Devices
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Input Devices
• Personal computer input devices– Keyboard– Mouse
• Voice-recognition devices• Digital cameras• Terminals
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Digital Computer Cameras
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Output Devices
• Display monitors• Printers and plotters• Music devices• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
– Active matrix– Passive matrix
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Printers
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Computer System Types
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Computer System Types
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Standards
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Standards
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems
• Hard drive considerations • Main memory considerations• Printer considerations
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Price List
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Summary
• Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS
• Processing speed - often measured by the time it takes to complete one machine cycle
• Primary storage (memory) - provides working storage for program instructions and data
• Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk, and optical disk storage