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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 19The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson
Plasma (55%)
Red blood cells(45%)
Buffy coat,composed ofwhite blood cellsand platelets
(a) Appearance of centrifuged blood
White blood cells5000–10,000
Formed elements45%
Platelets150,000–400,000
Red blood cells4.8–5.4 million
Neutrophils60–70%
Lymphocytes20–25%
Monocytes3–8%
Eosinophils2–4%
Basophils0.5–1.0%
PLASMA (weight) SOLUTES
FORMED ELEMENTS(number per μL)
WHITE BLOOD CELLSVOLUMEBODY WEIGHT
Whole blood8%
Other fluidsand tissues
92%
Blood plasma55%
Proteins7%
Water91.5%
Other solutes1.5%
Albumins 54%
Electrolytes
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 7%
All others 1%
NutrientsGases
Regulatorysubstances
Waste products
(b) Components of blood
White blood cell
Platelet
Red blood cell
SEM 3500x
(a) Scanning electron micrograph
White blood cell(leukocyte—monocyte)
LM 400x
(b) Blood smear
Platelet
Red blood cell (erythrocyte)
Blood plasma
White blood cell(leukocyte—neutrophil)
Progenitor cells
Precursor cells or "blasts"
Formed elements of circulating blood
Tissue cells
Proerythroblast Megakaryoblast Eosinophilicmyeloblast
Basophilicmyeloblast
Myeloblast Monoblast Tlymphoblast
Blymphoblast
NK lymphoblast
CFU–E CFU–Meg CFU–GM
CFU–GM
CFU–Meg
CFU–E
Key:
Colony-forming unit—erythrocyte
Colony-forming unit—megakaryocyte
Colony-forming unit—granulocyte macrophage
Lymphoid stem cell
Pluripotent stem cell
Red blood cell(erythrocyte)
Platelets(thrombocytes)
Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil Monocyte T lymphocyte(T cell)
B lymphocyte(B cell)
Natural killer (NK) cell
Reticulocyte Megakaryocyte
Nucleusejected
Granular leukocytes Agranular leukocytes
Mast cell Macrophage Plasma cell
Myeloid stem cell
Key:
8μm
Surface view
Sectioned view
(a) RBC shape
Beta polypeptidechains (globins)
Heme
Iron(Fe2+)
Alphapolypeptidechains (globins)
(b) Hemoglobin molecule (c) Iron-containing heme
+
+
Circulation for about120 days
Reused forprotein synthesis
Aminoacids
Red blood celldeath andphagocytosis
Macrophage inspleen, liver, orred bone marrow
Urine
Kidney
Feces
Bacteria
Largeintestine
Smallintestine
Liver
Erythropoiesis inred bone marrow
Erythopoietin
Vitamin B12
Key:in blood
in bile
1
2
3
4 56
7
8
14
9
1011
1213
Globin
TransferrinFerritin
TransferrinFe3+
Fe3+
Fe3+Heme
BiliverdinBilirubin
Bilirubin
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Stercobilin
Globin+
Urobilin
Some stimulus disrupts homeostasis by
Oxygen delivery to kid-neys (and other tissues)
Receptors
Kidney cellsdetect lowoxygen level
Control center
Proerythroblasts inred bone marrowmature more quicklyinto reticulocytes
Effectors
Larger numberof RBCs incirculation
Increased oxygendelivery to tissues
Return to homeostasiswhen oxygen deliveryto kidneys increases tonormal
Increased erythropoietinsecreted into blood
Input
Increased erythropoietinsecreted into blood
Output
Decreasing
(a) Eosinophil (b) Basophil (c) Neutrophil (d) Lymphocyte (e) MonocyteLM all 1600x
Interstitial fluid
Neutrophil
Endothelial cell
Rolling
Sticking
Squeezing betweenendothelial cells
Key:Selectins onendothelial cells
Integrins onneutrophil
Blood flowBlood flow
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Red blood cell
Platelet
Collagen fibersand damagedendothelium
1 Platelet adhesion
Collagenfibers
Liberated ADP,serotonin, andthromboxane A2
2 Platelet release reaction
Collagenfibers
Platelet plug
3 Platelet aggregation
Platelet
Red blood cell
Fibrin threads
SEM 1445x
(a) Early stage
SEM 900x
(b) Intermediate stage
Fibrin threads
Red blood cell
SEM 3400x
(c) Late stage showing red blood cells trapped in fibrin threads
(a) Extrinsic pathway (b) Intrinsic pathway
Blood traumaTissue trauma
Damaged endothelial cells exposecollagenfibersTissue
factor(TF)
Damaged platelets
Activated XII
Activatedplatelets
Ca2+Ca2+
Plateletphospholipids
Activated X Activated X
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
PROTHROMBINASE
V V
Prothrombin(II) THROMBIN
XIII
Activated XIII
Loose fibrinthreads
Fibrinogen(I)
STRENGTHENEDFIBRIN THREADS
(c) Commonpathway
(c) Commonpathway
3
2
1
BLOOD TYPE TYPE A TYPE B TYPE AB TYPE O
A antigen B antigen Both A and B antigens NeitherA nor B antigen
Red blood cells
Plasma
Anti-Bantibody
Anti-Aantibody
Neitherantibody
Both anti-A andanti-B antibodies
Rh–
mother
Placenta
FirstRh+
fetus
Rh+
antigens
Anti-Rhantibodies Second
Rh+
fetus
(a) First pregnancy
(b) Between pregnancies
(c) Second pregnancy
Anti-A serum Anti-B serum
Untreated bloodTreated withanti-A serum
Treated withanti-B serum
Blood type
A
B
AB
O
CrenatedNormalSickled
SEM 1665xRed blood cells