Upload
david-dbayu
View
226
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
1/37
Principles in map making
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
2/37
How to make sound maps
Thinking Spatially
Basics of Map making
Map Elements
Scale,
Legend,
Compass,
Title and Source
Visual considerations when Mapping
Types of visualisation
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
3/37
hinking Spatially
“The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible”
- Albert Einstein
What’s going on around you?
Source !C!M"#, $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
4/37
People who are familiar with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania canvisualize the situation. They knows where the prolematicareas are! the issues at these localities! an" the types ofpro#rams in these areas.
People who are familiar with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania canvisualize the situation. They knows where the prolematicareas are! the issues at these localities! an" the types ofpro#rams in these areas.
$e call this a mental
map that has een#enerate" from theinformation store" in thepersons min" over theyears! consciously or
unconsciously.
Source !C!M"#, $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
5/37
These mental maps are not su%cient if we want toknow aout the prolem in more "etail orcommunicate it to others an" make "ecisions.
The &enerals! planners! en#ineers an" so on' allmake use of maps an" "rawin#s to #ui"e them.
(aps help us )
* to visualize the situation* to make "ecisions* to implement the plans
Maps are powerful tools
Source !C!M"#, $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
6/37
How does this relate to GIS
&!S is a tool that can allow 'S to create maps of our data
so (E can start
THINKING SPATIALLY
(hat is &!SGeographic Information Systems
&!S can
Capture, store, retrieve, analyse and display information
)ased on their LOCATIO
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
7/37
How do Maps Help do this? ! Impro"e our #nderstanding o$ the world%
A map is a picture of a place an" #ives you etterun"erstan"in# of that place.
(ap is a two+"imensional representation of a particularplace.
(aps are ma"e for many reasons an" therefore they varyin content an" conte,t. Di-erent maps show "i-erentinformation.
Di-erent symols are use" to represent the features on
earth onto a map! which are e,plaine" in the le#en". Thele#en" in a map tells what each symol shows.
So $ell (a"e (aps can uickly an" asily #iveContent and Context
Source !C!M"#, $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
8/37
The usefulness of a map "epen"s upon thefollowin# factors.
Who is going to use them?
The map au"ience or the users will in0uences how a mapshoul" look like. A map ma"e for school chil"ren will e very"i-erent from one ma"e for scientists. Similarly! tourist
maps an" topo#raphic maps of the same area are verymuch "i-erent in their contents an" look as they are ma"efor "i-erent users.What is their purpose?
The purpose of the map "etermines what features are
inclu"e" an" how they are represente". The "i-erentpurposes such as orientation an" navi#ation! physicalplannin#! mana#ement! an" e"ucation lea" to "i-erentcate#ories of maps.
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
9/37
What is their content?
The usefulness also "epen"s upon the contents of a
map. The contents can e seen as primary content1main theme2! secon"ary content 1ase mapinformation2 an" supportive content 1le#en"s! scale!etc2.What is the scale of the map?
The map scale is the ratio etween a "istance on a mapan" the correspon"in# "istance in the terrain. Scalecontrols the amount of "etail an" e,tent of area thatcan e shown. Scale of the output map is ase" uponconsi"erations such as + the purpose of the map! nee"s
of the map user! map content! size of the area mappe"!accuracy re3uire" etc.
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
10/37
Summary- Usefulness of the map
*ow do the following influence the map+
(ho is using the Map+
(ho is making the Map+
The urpose
The Content
The Scale
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
11/37
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
12/37
Scale of a Map
(hat is scale+
!t is the 0representati"e $raction1 it states the
relationship )etween the distance on the map and
the distance on the ground
(hy is Scale so !M"2T.3T+
The scale affects the level of detail a map4&!S
dataset can show5
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
13/37
4ar#e+scale maps cover small areas! ut can inclu"e ahi#her level of "etail than small+scale maps which "epictlar#er areas at lower "etail.
There are no precise "e5nitions of lar#e+ or small+scale!ut for most map users! the followin# #eneral scalecate#ories apply6 * 4ar#e+scale6 869:; to 868!;;;
* (e"ium+scale6 868!;;; to 868;!;;;* Small+scale6 868;!;;; to 868;;!;;;* Very Small+scale6 86 8;;!;;; to aove
Map Scale
Source !C!M"#, $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
14/37
Small Scale
Large Scale
67%%,%%%
67%,%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
15/37
Scale
(here is the scale information for &!S datasets
&!S dataset do not state the scale on the map, )ecause you canchange the scale 89oom !n and "ut:5
The scale of &!S datasets can )e found in the Metadata;;;;
*ow does scale effect our use of &!S datasets
The scale effects the use of &!S dataset in two ways
*ow far we can 9oom in and out relia)ly on a dataset
(hich &!S datasets we can integrate together
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
16/37
Scale
(hat are the &eneral rules with Scale issues
#o not 9oom )elow the scale as stated for the dataset 8that is
scale at which the data was collected:
"nly integrate &!S dataset that have )een collected at the sameor at a similar scale
The ma/imum scale a dataset should )e view is appro/imately
6%% times the Scale that is stated in the Metadata5
-or E/ample #ata collected at 67%%% it should not )e viewed
a)ove 67%%%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
17/37
Legend !itle and Source
Legend 3eeds to Clearly define the category )reakdowns
Title
3eeds to define (*.T, (*E2E and (*E3 is )eenmapped;
Source
The source for )oth the &eographic data and .ttri)ute #ata
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
18/37
Title
(*.T,(*E2E
and (*E3
Legend
Clearly #efined
#ivisions
Source
Both S.T!.L and
.TT2!B'TE
sources are stated
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
19/37
Issues to "emem#er
Maps can LI$%%
Maps are
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
20/37
opulation #ensity in Tan9ania
in $%%$ )y ward
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
21/37
Practical
*ow to add
Title = (hat, (here and (hen
Legend = Clear and recise
Scale Bar
Source = Concise
Compass
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
22/37
&asic 'artographic 'oncepts
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
23/37
&asic 'artographic concepts
Map #esign
Cartographic standards
&enerali9ation
&raphic Varia)les
'se of Color
Classification of #ata
Methods of Mapping
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
24/37
(ap makin# is oth science an" art.
(aps in0uence people
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
25/37
'artographic standards
Basic Map Elements
.dministrative )oundaries
Either Black or &rey
*igher .dministrative unit the thicker the line
2oads 2ed
Tracks dashed lines 8light red4)rown:
2ivers and Lakes
Blue
Streams dashed lines light )lue
(hat do you think *ealth Centres should sym)oli9ed
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
26/37
Generalization
(aps contain a certain level of "etail"epen"in# upon its scale an" purpose.
Map Design
&eneralization is "onenormally when the map scalehas to e re"uce". However!the essence of the contents ofori#inal map shoul" emaintaine". This impliesmaintainin# #eometric an"attriute accuracy as well asthe presentation 3uality of themap.
The process of reducing the amount of detail in amap in a meaningful way is called generalization.
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
27/37
Size
Value
Texture
Colour
Orientation
Shape
Map Design
Graphic Variables The "i-erences in the #raphiccharacter of symols #ive"i-erent perceptions to themap rea"er. These #raphic
characteristics are terme" as#raphic variales which can esummarise" as size! Lightnessor grey value, Grain or texture,Colour, Orientation, and Shape
or form.
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
28/37
Use of Colour =olour perception has psycholo#ical! physiolo#ical an"
conventional aspects.
It has een note" that it is "i%cult to perceive colour insmall areas! an" more contrast is perceive" etweensome colours than etween others.
In a""ition to "istin#uishin# nominal cate#ories! colour"i-erences are also use" to show "eviations or #ra"ation.
*ue
+aturation
Intensity
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
29/37
Classication of Data The representation of "ata for mappin# will "epen" on
the measurement scale of the "ata.
ominal scale! The "i-erences in "ata are only of 3ualitativenature! e.#.! "i-erences in facility type! lan" use or #eolo#y.
"nter#al scale! >oth the hierarchy an" the e,act "istance isknown! ut it will not e possile to know the ratios! e.#.! thetemperature or the altitu"e values.
$atio scale! Data can e measure" on a ratio measurementscale! e.#.! the numer of chil"ren in a family or income.
%rdinal scale! ?nly the or"er of the attriute values is
known! such as more than or less than! @small + me"ium )lar#e or @cool + tepi" + hot.
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
30/37
&apping ðods
* stan"ar"ize" ways of applyin# #raphic variales for
ren"erin# information components* ase" on the measurement scale an" nature of the
"istriution of oBects
Chromatic maps6 Cen"ers =ate#ories ofareas with "i-erentcolours. This for
nominal scale!
Development Regions of Nepal
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
31/37
Access to safe drinking water
Choropleth maps6Values are calculate" forarea an" e,presse" assteppe" surface!showin# a series ofvalues. The or"er
etween the classes cane seen.
Isoline maps6 Isoline maps representcontinuous phenomena.
Isolines connect thepoints with an e3ualvalue an" show thetren"s.
Annual precipitation
&apping ðods
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
32/37
Nominal point data6 ominal "atarepresente" y symolsthat are "i-erent inshape! orientation orcolour.
!solute proportionalmethod6 Discreteasolute values for pointlocations or areas arerepresente" yproportional symols.
Major Airports
No. of Biogas lants
&apping ðods
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
33/37
"iagram maps6 Dia#rams are use" inthe maps to allowcomparisons etween
5#ures or to visualizetemporal tren"s.
"ot maps6 Dot maps representpoint "ata throu#hsymols. ach "ot"enote the same3uantity. #. ?ne Dot E?ne thousan" people.
opulation distribution! "##"
&apping ðods
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
34/37
#lo$line maps6
Simulate movementusin# arrow symols.Arrows in"icate routean" "irection of 0owsan" volume is shown y
the relative thickness ofthe arrow shaft.
Statistical surfaces6 Three "imensionalrepresentation of
3ualitative "ata such asuse" in choropleth an"isoline maps.
Migration trend
opulation growt$ rate
&apping ðods
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
35/37
ew pro"ucts like electronic atlases! carto#raphicanimations an" are comin# up in the 5el" of spatial
information.
New Map Output Types
$ith the a""e" potential of "i#ital computers! new ways ofvisualization an" usin# spatial information are ein#"evelope".
These "evelopments allow easy access throu#h the &IS tote,t "ocuments "escriin# a parcel of lan"! photo#raphs ofthe location! or a vi"eo clip of the lan"scape of the stu"yarea.
Source !C!M"# $%%%
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
36/37
(emonstration of Map Making
The process from >uestion to Map
#etermine what type of Map )est answers the >uestion
Set the Classification of the data
Create "utput Layout Set the Legend, Scale, Title and Source
"utput Map
8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew
37/37
Summary
'sing cartographic standards
'se of graphic sym)ols
'se of colour
'se of different mapping methods