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Principles and Practices of Integrated Pest Management

Brian A. CharltonResearch & Extension AgentOSU - KBREC

What Exactly is IPM?

IPM Combines Various ApproachesPreventionAvoidanceMonitoringMonitoringSuppression

While Minimizing RiskEconomicHealthEnvironment

What Exactly is IPM?

Combines the Aims of:Agricultural ProductivityEnvironmental SustainabilityCost EffectivenessCost Effectiveness

Enables FarmersTo make crop protection decisions in full awareness of factors operating in their agroecosystems.

Why is the Term IPM Used?

IntegratedPhilosophy of making separate parts work in concert with one another.Strategies chosen should not compromise the integrity of other components while aiding inintegrity of other components while aiding in overall management goals.

Three Main Areas of IntegrationAcross Pest SpeciesAmong StrategiesWith other Crop Production Practices

Why is the Term IPM Used?

PestIs the Target of the Management ActionAre basically biotic entities that interfere with production goalsp gWeedsPathogensInsectsOther?

Why is the Term IPM Used?

ManagementRepresents man’s interaction with the life cycles of pest species.Exclusion – prevent pests from enteringp p gAvoidance – minimize chance of outbreakManaging Pest Presence

TimingEconomics

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Why Not Use the Term Control?

Control is an ‘antiquated’ termImplies that one has command of the pestRarely true in Biological SystemsU ll E di tiUsually means Eradication

IPM Approaches - Prevention

Keeping a pest from infesting a cropFirst line of defenseWhat are typical tactics?

Certified seedCertified seedCleaning equipment between fieldsIrrigation SchedulingEliminating alternate hostsOther?

IPM Approaches - Avoidance

Pest is established but avoid impactWhat are typical tactics?

Crop rotation – non-hostResistant cultivarsResistant cultivarsTrap crops – phermone trapsCrop maturity – early vs. lateIdle areas with heavy populationOverlap with Avoidance tactics

IPM Approaches - Monitoring

Proper Pest Identification as basis for Suppression activities

Scouting – TrappingWeather MonitoringWeather MonitoringSoil Testing

Basis for Suppression Activities includingCrop Rotation SelectionEconomic ThresholdsOther Suppressive Actions

IPM Approaches – Suppression

Utilize when Prevention and Avoidance tactics are not successfulWhat are typical tactics?

CulturalCulturalPhysical SuppressionBiological SuppressionChemical Suppression

IPM Utopia?

Discipline that encompasses and integrates all pest control strategiesStrategies take all pests into account

Nematodes insects weeds mammals fungiNematodes, insects, weeds, mammals, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, viruses, parasitic plants, etc.

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IPM Reality

Strategies that truly take all pests into account are rare or non-existent in most cropping systemsTypically strategies are established for aTypically strategies are established for a specific pest group

Basic Components of IPM

ForecastingSetting Action ThresholdsMonitoring/Pest I.DP ti T tiPrevention TacticsCurative TacticsEvaluation

Disease Triangle Disease Triangle (cont.)

Host relates to factors such as genetic susceptibility, plant age, growth rate, and plant stress.Pathogen relates to factors such asPathogen relates to factors such as virulence, amount of inoculum, pathogen density, fitness, etc.Environment relates to physical parameters such as temperature, moisture, wind, light, etc.

Disease Triangle (cont.)

Disease results when the following occurs:Host is susceptibleEnvironment favors the pathogenPathogen is present, living, and activePathogen is present, living, and active

Control of Infectious Plant Diseases

ExclusionAvoidanceEradicationP t tiProtectionResistanceTolerance for Disease

Seed Certification

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Disease Diagnosis

Define the Real ProblemLook for Patterns – uniform vs non-uniformDetermine Time Development of DamageL k f Si d/ S tLook for Signs and/or Symptoms

Root, storage organs (tubers, bulbs)Seedling Disease, Leaf, Stem, Branch, TrunkFlower, Fruit

Determine Cause of Plant Disease

Disease Diagnosis (cont.)

ASK QUESTIONSVarietiesCultural PracticesIrrigation PracticesIrrigation PracticesSeed SourcePatterns, Affected Plant PartsWhen did Symptoms/Signs DevelopTake Representative Samples

ASK MORE QUESTIONS

Consult All Resources PossiblePublicationsReference BooksOSU Research & Extension CentersOSU Research & Extension CentersPrivate ConsultantsWeb-based References – BE CAREFUL

ExperienceBest Teacher

Common Symptoms of Disease

Leaf spots and blightsRingspotsMottling and mosaicsR t t & St tRoot rot & Stem rotWiltGalls & CankersAbnormal Growth – dwarfing, witch’s broomDecay of flowering structures & seeds

Leaf spots and blights

Most common foliar symptomsLeaf spots

Necrotic lesions – delimited borderDoes not continue to spread across leaf surfaceDoes not continue to spread across leaf surface

BlightsSevere witheringRapid killing of leaves, flowers, shoots, fruit, entire plant

Cucurbit – Leaf Spot (Cercospora)

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Rose – Black Spot (Diplocarpon) Late blight lesions

E l bli ht l i G ld l iEarly blight lesion Gray mold lesion

Sporulation on underside of potato leaf

fluffy white sporulation on lesion’s edge

Rose - Botrytis blight

Leaflet collapsing from late blight infection Ringspots

Chlorotic rings on leaf surface

Contain green tissue within the ring

Associated with some viral diseases

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Rhododendron Necrotic Ringspot Mottling and Mosaics

Disruptions in plant tissue pigmentsMottling

Irregular pattern of indistinct light & dark pigmentMosaicsMosaics

Intermingled patches of normal and light green or yellowish color

Most often associated with viral disease

Potato Virus Y Root Rot & Stem Rot

Root RotDecay of living root tissue (root hairs, cortex, etc)Discolored, softened, or disintegrated tissueFungi and Bacteria most common causal agentsFungi and Bacteria most common causal agents

Stem RotEssentially the same as root rotTissues affected are cambium, pith, and structural tissues

Bean – Root Rot (Fusarium) Corn –Crown Rot (Fusarium)

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Wilt

Loss of rigidity or drooping plant partsInsufficient water in plantDiseases can impact the following:

Water transport tiss es lemWater transport tissues – xylemWater retention in plants

Tomato – Fusarium Wilt

Tomato – Fusarium Wilt Cucurbit – Bacterial Wilt (Erwinia)

Galls

Abnormal swellings or overgrowths (tumors)

Can occur on roots, stems, leaves, etc.

Composed of unorganized tissue resulting from stimulus provided by infective organism

Forsythia -- Stem Gall (Phomopsis)

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Rose – Crown Gall (Agrobacterium) Cankers

Localized sunken necrotic lesions on stems, branches or twigs.

Surrounded by living tissues and growSurrounded by living tissues and grow concentrically

Colonize new tissue at their margins

Apple – Perennial Canker (Cryptosporiopsis) Fir, Douglas – Stem Canker (several fungi)

Abnormal Growth

Stunting

Dwarfing

Epinasty

Witch’s Broom

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Decay of Flowering Structures & Seeds

BuntsSmutsScabsE tErgotsBlastsSeed Rot

Smuts and Ergot

Scab Bean – Seed Rot (Rhizoctonia, Pythium, etc.)

Brief Symptom Schematic

Symptoms Bacteria Fungi Viruses Nematodes PhytoplasmaWilts X X X XLeaf Spots & Blights X X XFruit Rots X XFruit Rots X XRoot Rots X X XDamping Off XDistorted Growth X X X X X

Pest I.D. Quiz

Brian A. CharltonResearch & Extension AgentKlamath Basin R&E Center

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L kL k

BA

Leak ___Leak ___Low TemperatureLow Temperatureinjury ___injury ___Late Blight ___Late Blight ___

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