PRIMATES CONSERVATIONPRIMATES CONSERVATION

“Introduction”“Introduction”

ANI MARDIASTUTIANI MARDIASTUTI

DEPARTMENT OF FOREST CONSERVATIONDEPARTMENT OF FOREST CONSERVATION

FACULTY OF FORESTRYFACULTY OF FORESTRY

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYBOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

SUSTAINABLE USE

PRESERVATION PROTECTION

CONSERVATIONCONSERVATIONCONSERVATIONCONSERVATION

Primate Conservation: ScopePrimate Conservation: Scope

�������� Protecting of the full diversity of natural ecosystemProtecting of the full diversity of natural ecosystem

�������� The management of disturbes habitats for The management of disturbes habitats for

sustained yields of plant and animal productssustained yields of plant and animal products

�������� The rescue of primates made homeless by habitat The rescue of primates made homeless by habitat

clearance for agriculture, for translocation and for clearance for agriculture, for translocation and for

captive breeding for research and for captive breeding for research and for

reintroduction to semireintroduction to semi--natural habitats for natural habitats for

education and researcheducation and research

Threats to Primate Population Threats to Primate Population

in the Wildin the Wild

A. Habitat destructionA. Habitat destruction

B. Hunting for food and other purposesB. Hunting for food and other purposesB. Hunting for food and other purposesB. Hunting for food and other purposes

C. Live capture for export or local tradeC. Live capture for export or local trade

A. Habitat DestructionA. Habitat Destruction

�������� Single most important factor Single most important factor

contributing to the decline of contributing to the decline of

primate populations on a global primate populations on a global

basicbasic

�������� 90% all primate species occur in 90% all primate species occur in

the forest of Asia, Africa, the forest of Asia, Africa,

South America, Central Amierica, South America, Central Amierica,

where forest are exploited where forest are exploited and and

disappeardisappear

Why Tropical Forest Are Destroyed?Why Tropical Forest Are Destroyed?

�� Conversion and use of land for agriculture and Conversion and use of land for agriculture and

pasturepasture

Fuelwood gatheringFuelwood gathering�� Fuelwood gatheringFuelwood gathering

�� Poorly managed industrial loggingPoorly managed industrial logging

�� Massive hydroelectric projectMassive hydroelectric project

B. Hunting for Food B. Hunting for Food and and

Other PurposesOther Purposes

�������� Major threat in Amazonian Major threat in Amazonian region, West Africa, region, West Africa, Central AfricaCentral Africa

�������� Hunting:Hunting:

-- For meatFor meat

-- Body parts for medicinal Body parts for medicinal purposes, clothing andpurposes, clothing andornamentation ornamentation

�������� Conflict with agriculture (act and Conflict with agriculture (act and pest) pest) �������� lead to killing by lead to killing by local local peoplepeople

Black and white colobus monkey Black and white colobus monkey ((Colobus guerezaColobus guereza) rugs for sale ) rugs for sale in a Nairobi tourist shop in 1973in a Nairobi tourist shop in 1973

C. Live Capture PrimatesC. Live Capture Primates

a. For export or local marketa. For export or local market

b. To be used in biomedical b. To be used in biomedical

research, as pets and for research, as pets and for zooszoos

�������� Discussion on trade will be Discussion on trade will be

given in another lecturegiven in another lecture

Spider monkey Spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth (Ateles belzebuth belzebuthbelzebuth) shot for food in ) shot for food in ColombiaColombia

Asian PrimatesAsian Primates

�� 30% of all Asian species are endangered 30% of all Asian species are endangered

�� Species priority for conservation in Asia:Species priority for conservation in Asia:

�������� Species endemic to islandSpecies endemic to island

�������� Orang utanOrang utan�������� Orang utanOrang utan

�������� GibbonsGibbons

�� Most important country in Asia: Indonesia Most important country in Asia: Indonesia

(due to the highest primate diversity)(due to the highest primate diversity)

Indonesia’s Most Endangered PrimatesIndonesia’s Most Endangered Primates

CategoryCategory Scientific nameScientific nameCommon Common

namenameDistributionDistribution PopulationPopulation

Endangered Endangered Monotypic Monotypic generagenera

Simias concolorSimias concolor SimakobuSimakobu Mentawai IslandsMentawai Islands

Species Species numbering in numbering in the law the law thousandsthousands

Macaca pagensisMacaca pagensisPresbytis potenzianiPresbytis potenzianiHylobates klossiiHylobates klossiiHylobates molochHylobates molochPongo pygmaeus Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abeliiand Pongo abelii

BokkoiBokkoiJojaJojaBilouBilouOwa JawaOwa JawaOrang utanOrang utan

Mentawai IslandsMentawai IslandsMentawai IslandsMentawai IslandsMentawai IslandsMentawai IslandsWest JavaWest JavaKalimantan and Kalimantan and SumateraSumatera

39,000 ind. left39,000 ind. left46,000 ind. left46,000 ind. left36,000 ind. left36,000 ind. left2,5002,500--8,000 ind. Left8,000 ind. Left5,0005,000--15,000 ind. left for 15,000 ind. left for Sumatera, no estimate Sumatera, no estimate for Kalimantanfor Kalimantan

Species for Species for which which population population estimates not estimates not availableavailable

Presbytis aygulaPresbytis aygula SuriliSurili West javaWest java

Range Loss for Some Indonesian Primates of Their Or iginal Range Loss for Some Indonesian Primates of Their Or iginal Habitat Now ProtectedHabitat Now Protected

Common name Scientific name Original range (x 1000 ha)

Remaining range (x 1000 ha)

Percent of range lost

Percent now protected

Orang utan Pongo pygmaeus 55,300 20,700 63 2.1

Siamang Symphalangus syndactylus 46,511 16,980 63 6.8Siamang Symphalangus syndactylus 46,511 16,980 63 6.8

Bornean gibbon Hylobates muelleri 39,500 25,300 36 5.1

Mentawai gibbon Hylobates klossiiHylobates klossii 650 450 31 22.9

Long-tailed macaque

Macaca fascicularis 38,318 12,332 68 3.4

Proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus 2,969 1,775 40 4.1

Javan lutong Presbytis cristata 4,327 161 96 1.6

Pongo pygmaeusPongo pygmaeus (Orang utan)(Orang utan) Hylobates molochHylobates moloch (Owa Jawa)(Owa Jawa)Hylobates klossiiHylobates klossii (Bilou)(Bilou)

Presbytis potenzianiPresbytis potenziani(Joja)(Joja)

Macaca pagensis Macaca pagensis (Bokoi)(Bokoi)Macaca pagensis Macaca pagensis (Bokoi)(Bokoi)

Presbytis aygula Presbytis aygula (Surili)(Surili)

Mentawai IslandsMentawai Islands