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BiologyLectures – winter term 2006
1st year of Pharmacy study
Novemebr 30th, 2006
8th lecture
6. Cytology– organelles, structure, function
Animal cell
Plant cell
Components of “typical” animal cell
lysosome
mitochondrion
peroxisome
Golgiapparatus
endoplasmicreticulum
nuclearenvelope
vesicle
cytosol
plasmamembrane
nucleus
Cytoskeletonactin microtubule
Intermedialfilaments
Adapted from ECB Fig 1-20
• Network of long and thin protein fibers • Thin fibers contractile machinery • Thick fibers microtubules • movements of chromosomes• Intermedial filaments – mechanical stench of cell
• Intracellular space
• The biggest compartment of cell
• Viscous water solution (gel) of small and big molecules
• Space for biochemical reaction
Adapted from ECB Fig 1-17
Cytoplasm
Membrane organelles
Nucleus
• The high prominent organelle
• Storage of genetic information - DNA
Nucleus envelope
nucles
2 µmAdapted from ECB Fig 1-8
NucleicacidesDNA
ChromosomesNucleus of cell storages one or more molecules of DNA organised in structure of chromosomes
Human: – 22 pairs of autosomes
– 1 pair of sex chromosomes
Human karyotyp
DNAfolding
Organisation of chromatin
DNA is wrapped around histone proteins as chromatinOrganisation of chromatin
Nucleus
Freeze-fracture/freeze etch technique
Nuclear pores
Nuclear pores
Nuclear pores
Endoplasmatic reticulum is wide prides network system in whole cell space (compartment)
Endoplasmatic reticulum
Endoplasmatic reticulum
Function
• Production ofmembranes
• Rough ER⇒synthesis ofproteins
NucleusNuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum
1 µm
Endoplasmatic reticulum
• Production ofmembranes
• Metaboĺicprocessesmetabolickédeje
• Metabolism ofdrug
Endoplazmatické retikulum (ER)
Najrozsiahlejší membránový systém v eukaryotickej bunke
Funkcia: Syntéza ⎯ Uskladnenie ⎯ Transport
Endoplazmatické retikulum (ER)
Rozdeľujeme ho na drsné (s ribozómami) a hladké (metabolické)
Proteíny, ktoré končia v Golgiho aparáte, endozómoch, lyzozómoch alebo na povrchu plazmatickej membrány majú pôvod v ER
Endoplazmatické retikulum
Endoplazmatické retikulum
Vznik drsného endoplazmatického retikula
See notes page
Plug keeps the translocator closedwhen it is not beingused for co-translationalinsertion
Continue to next slide
Golgiho aparát
Na membranunaviazanévezikuly
Golgiaparát
endoplazmické retikulumObaly jadra
1 µm
• Syntéza a zbalenie molekúl sekretovaných z bunky
• Odposlanie sytetizovanýchproteínov k rôznym celulárnymkompártmentom
• Tvorba vezikúl, ktoré budúsekrétované z bunky
Golgiho aparát
Golgiho aparát
Golgiho aparát
Zbalenie a odposlanieproteínov
Obnova bunečných membrán
Spôsob sekrécie vezikúl z bunky
Figure 14-26 ECB - Exocytosis
Transport vezikúl k špecifickým kompartmentom
Figure 14-19 ECB - Vesicle budding
Cargo
Sorting receptor
adaptin
Clathrin coat
dynamin
Coated vesicle
Figure 14-18 ECB - Clathrin-coated pits and vesicles
Electron micrograph showing formation of clathrin-coated vesicle from clathrin-coated pit
Splynutie (fúzia) vezikúl
Tvorba a transport vezikúl v (z) bunky
Lyzozomálnadegradácia
Lysosomes
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
10 µm
• In all eukaryotecells
• Double membraneorganelle
• mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
• Oxidation ofmolecules ⇒ ATP -energy
• aerobicmetabolizmus
Adapted from ECB Figs 1-10,1-11 100 nm
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion / -aMitochondrion
Metabolic pathways in mitochondrion
Oxidative phosphorylation–synthesis of ATP
Structure of F1F0-ATPase
Nonmembrane organellesCytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Cilia, centriols, flagella
Microvillus
Cytoskeletonactin microtubule
Intermedialfilaments
Adapted from ECB Fig 1-20
• Network of long and thin protein fibers • Thin fibers contractile machinery • Thick fibers microtubules • movements of chromosomes• Intermedial filaments – mechanical stench of cell
Microtubules
+
-
rows =
Nonmembrane organellesCytoskelet
Ribosomes
Cilie, centriols, flagelates
Microvilli
Ribosomes
Ribosome
60% rRNA + 40% protein
Traslation & protein synthesis
bound vs free ribosomes
rRNAsecondary structure
Ribosome
Ribosome
Free and bound ribosome
Nonmembrane organellesCytoskelet
Ribosomes
Cilie, centriols, flagelates
Microvilli
Mitoticapparatus
In 9+0 array2 centrioles
Cilies - microviles
+
-
rows =
Flagellar Beating
Complex of cell flagellate
Eukaryotic flagelle (9+2 units)