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Preventive behaviors can reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke.
noncommunicable disease
cardiovascular disease
hypertension
arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
angina pectoris
arrhythmias
stroke
Cardiovascular Disease
The heart, blood, and blood vessels are at risk for a number of potentially serious diseases.
Cardiovascular Disease
Noncommunicable diseases are not infectious.
Noncommunicable diseaseA disease that is not transmitted by another person, a vector, or the environment
Cardiovascular Disease
One of the most common noncommunicable diseases is cardiovascular disease.
Cardiovascular diseaseA disease that affects the heart or blood vessels
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
There are many different types of CVDs.
As you read about these cardiovascular diseases, think about how each one is caused and what you can do to reduce your risk.
Hypertension
Hypertension can damage the heart, blood vessels, and other body organs if it continues over a long period of time.
HypertensionHigh blood pressure
Hypertension
Because hypertension often has no symptoms in its early stages, it is sometimes called a “silent killer.”
To treat hypertension, patients should manage their weight, get adequate physical activity, and eat a nutritious diet.
Atherosclerosis
If you smoke, have high blood pressure, or have high cholesterol levels, you may have atherosclerosis.
AtherosclerosisA disease characterized by the accumulation of plaque on artery walls
Atherosclerosis
People with atherosclerosis have a condition called arteriosclerosis, which can cause a heart attack or stroke.
ArteriosclerosisHardened arteries with reduced elasticity
Atherosclerosis
The artery on the far left is healthy, while the other arteries show evidence of atherosclerosis.
Diseases of the Heart
When the blood supply to the heart is restricted, the heart does not get the oxygen it needs, and a heart attack can occur.
The result can be heart muscle damage or even sudden death due to cardiac arrest.
Diseases of the Heart
Heart attack occurs due to insufficient blood supply to the heart.
Cardiac arrest, in which the heart stops beating in a rhythmic way, occurs due to an electrical problem with the heart.
Diseases of the Heart
In many cases, sudden cardiac arrest can be reversed if CPR or electric shock using a defibrillator is applied.
Diseases of the Heart
Diagnostic Tools
Electrocardiogram
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Angiography
CT Scan
Produces graph of heart’s electrical activity
Produces images that show heart damage
Detects vessel obstructions with dye and x-rays
Creates heart images that show artery blockage
Diseases of the Heart
Treatment Options
Coronary Bypass
Angioplasty
Pacemaker
Laser Intervention
Healthy vein from another area implanted to create detour around blocked artery.
Balloon inserted inside artery then inflated, deflated, and removed.
Chest implant sends electrical impulses to heart to make it beat regularly.
Laser fiber inserted into blocked artery vaporizes the blockage, restoring blood flow.
Angina Pectoris
Angina pectoris, which usually lasts from a few seconds to minutes, is usually caused by atherosclerosis and should be taken very seriously.
Angina pectorisChest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen
Arrhythmias
Arrhythmias happen when the heart skips a beat or beats very fast or very slowly.
ArrhythmiasIrregular heartbeats
Arrhythmias
In one type of arrhythmia, called ventricular fibrillation, the electrical impulses that regulate heart rhythm become rapid or irregular.
This is the most common cause of cardiac arrest.
Heart Attack
A heart attack occurs when a reduced or blocked blood supply damages the heart muscle.
Many heart attacks are sudden and cause intense chest pain, but about 25 percent produce no symptoms.
Heart Attack
Anyone who experiences the following warning signs of heart attack should call 911 immediately:
Pressure, fullness, squeezing, or aching in chest area
Pain spreading to arms, neck, jaw, abdomen, or back
Chest discomfort, with shortness of breath, lightheaded feeling, sweating, nausea, or vomiting
Congestive Heart Failure
This occurs when the heart gradually weakens and can no longer maintain its regular pumping rate and force.
Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure cannot be cured, but it can improve through continuous treatment, such as medication and practicing healthy lifestyle behaviors.
Stroke
Sometimes an artery supplying blood to the brain becomes blocked or bursts, resulting in a stroke.
StrokeAn acute injury in which blood flow to the brain is interrupted
Stroke
A stroke that occurs because of a burst blood vessel is called a cerebral hemorrhage.
Stroke can cause problems such as paralysis.
Stroke
Warning Signs of Stroke
Severe headache
Numbness on one side of the body
Confusion
Trouble walking
Dizziness
Trouble seeing out of one or both eyes
What Teens Need to Know
CVD can begin during the teen years.
A teen with damaged blood vessels may not experience any symptoms until later in adulthood, but the danger is already there.
What Teens Need to Know
CVD Risk Factors You Can Control
Tobacco Use
High Blood Pressure
High Cholesterol
Physical Inactivity
Excess Weight
Stress
Alcohol and Drug Use
Risk Factors
Unavoidable Risk Factors
Heredity Gender Age
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
A disease that affects the heart or blood vessels
1. Define cardiovascular disease.
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
2. What can happen if hypertension continues over a long period?
It can damage the heart, blood vessels, and other body organs.
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
3. What is a stroke?
An acute injury in which blood flow to the brain is interrupted