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Prevention through Design Practice Prevention through Design Practice and Research: A U.S. Construction and Research: A U.S. Construction
Industry PerspectiveIndustry Perspective
John A. GambateseJohn A. GambateseOregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USAOregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
T. Michael TooleT. Michael TooleBucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USABucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
Michael G. BehmMichael G. BehmEast Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USAEast Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
What is Prevention through Design What is Prevention through Design (PtD)?(PtD)?
The process of addressing construction site The process of addressing construction site safety and health in a project’s design.safety and health in a project’s design.• Construction site safety as a design criterionConstruction site safety as a design criterion• Focus on the design of the permanent facilityFocus on the design of the permanent facility• ““Safety constructability”Safety constructability”• Designing for construction safety (DfCS)Designing for construction safety (DfCS)
PtD is PtD is notnot::• Specifying means and methods of constructionSpecifying means and methods of construction• Control of, or responsibility for, safety on the Control of, or responsibility for, safety on the
construction siteconstruction site
PtD in the U.S.PtD in the U.S.
Interest in PtD is growing, but PtD is Interest in PtD is growing, but PtD is currently not part of standard practicecurrently not part of standard practice
Barriers:Barriers:• OSHA’s placement of safety responsibilityOSHA’s placement of safety responsibility• Designer education and trainingDesigner education and training• Lack of design tools, guidelines, proceduresLack of design tools, guidelines, procedures• Designer’s limited role on the project teamDesigner’s limited role on the project team• Designer’s traditional viewpoint on Designer’s traditional viewpoint on
construction worker safetyconstruction worker safety• Lack of understanding of the associated Lack of understanding of the associated
liabilityliability• Absence of legislative mandateAbsence of legislative mandate
National InitiativesNational Initiatives OSHAOSHA
• Construction Alliance Construction Alliance Roundtable DfCS WorkgroupRoundtable DfCS Workgroup
NIOSHNIOSH• NORA Construction Sector NORA Construction Sector
Council CHPtD WorkgroupCouncil CHPtD Workgroup• Prevention through Design Prevention through Design
National Workshop (July 2007)National Workshop (July 2007)
Kick-off for national PtD initiativeKick-off for national PtD initiative Gathered together leaders in PtD in all Gathered together leaders in PtD in all
industriesindustries• 225 participants225 participants
Results to form strategy for national Results to form strategy for national initiativeinitiative
Focus groups organized by:Focus groups organized by:• Industry (Construction, Manufacturing, etc.)Industry (Construction, Manufacturing, etc.)• Function (Research, Policy, Practice, Education)Function (Research, Policy, Practice, Education)
NIOSH WorkshopNIOSH Workshop
Construction Sector NeedsConstruction Sector Needs
PtD Practice:PtD Practice:• Availability of tools Availability of tools
and resourcesand resources• Address liability Address liability
exposureexposure• Increased awarenessIncreased awareness
Case studiesCase studies Link to sustainabilityLink to sustainability
Construction Sector NeedsConstruction Sector Needs
PtD Policy:PtD Policy:• Define what PtD means to constructionDefine what PtD means to construction• Modify standard contractsModify standard contracts• Regulatory changes not desiredRegulatory changes not desired
Construction Sector NeedsConstruction Sector Needs
PtD Education:PtD Education:• Continuing educationContinuing education
Offered through Offered through professional organizationsprofessional organizations
• University educationUniversity education Need to engage facultyNeed to engage faculty Industry Advisory Board Industry Advisory Board
inputinput
• Development of teaching Development of teaching and educational and educational resourcesresources
Research NeedsResearch Needs
Economic/business case for PtDEconomic/business case for PtD• Determine economic impact of PtDDetermine economic impact of PtD• Determine impact on other project Determine impact on other project
criteria:criteria: Productivity, quality, etc.Productivity, quality, etc.
• Assessments should consider human, Assessments should consider human, environmental, and social costs and environmental, and social costs and benefitsbenefits
• Development of cost-benefit modelDevelopment of cost-benefit model
Research NeedsResearch Needs
Design-related causality of Design-related causality of occupational injuries and illnessesoccupational injuries and illnesses• How to assess design-related causalityHow to assess design-related causality• Connection between specific design Connection between specific design
features and worker safety and healthfeatures and worker safety and health• Needed to conduct the research:Needed to conduct the research:
Better surveillance dataBetter surveillance data Consider both injury frequency and severityConsider both injury frequency and severity
Accidents Linked to DesignAccidents Linked to Design1,21,2
22%22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000- of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA, and CA2002 in Oregon, WA, and CA
42%42% of 224 fatalities in the U.S. between of 224 fatalities in the U.S. between 1990-20031990-2003
In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60%60% of fatal accidents resulted in part from of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before sitework began.decisions made before sitework began.
11 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005
2 2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working ConditionsEuropean Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
Research NeedsResearch Needs
Development of PtD Development of PtD devices, tools, and devices, tools, and processesprocesses• Investigate and Investigate and
develop new designsdevelop new designs• Include input from:Include input from:
WorkersWorkers ManufacturersManufacturers
Research NeedsResearch Needs
Worker, machine, structure, and Worker, machine, structure, and environment interactionenvironment interaction• How to design to account for human How to design to account for human
interaction with machines and their interaction with machines and their work environmentwork environment
• Address workplace dynamics and Address workplace dynamics and organizational cultureorganizational culture
• Can be conducted through ethnographic Can be conducted through ethnographic studiesstudies
• Investigate maintenance through Investigate maintenance through lifecyclelifecycle
Research NeedsResearch Needs
Diffusion, sustainability, and Diffusion, sustainability, and communication of design innovationscommunication of design innovations• What avenues are available for diffusionWhat avenues are available for diffusion• How to measure effectivenessHow to measure effectiveness• Determine what drives design Determine what drives design
communitycommunity• Incorporate global perspectiveIncorporate global perspective
Research NeedsResearch Needs
Methodologies for PtD researchMethodologies for PtD research• How to account for confounding factorsHow to account for confounding factors• Develop metrics and measures of Develop metrics and measures of
performanceperformance• Identify performance benchmarksIdentify performance benchmarks
Research NeedsResearch Needs
Leveraging methods and Leveraging methods and technologies from other industry technologies from other industry sectorssectors• Identify PtD practices in each industry Identify PtD practices in each industry
sectorsector• Evaluate transferabilityEvaluate transferability• Create clearinghouse of PtD informationCreate clearinghouse of PtD information
Roadmap for PtDRoadmap for PtD
Input from all affected partiesInput from all affected parties• Design, construction, clients, Design, construction, clients,
professional organizations, legal professional organizations, legal counsel, regulatory agencies, etc.counsel, regulatory agencies, etc.
Look outside construction and U.S.Look outside construction and U.S. Communication of need for PtDCommunication of need for PtD Resources to support PtDResources to support PtD Training and educationTraining and education Change in mindset/cultureChange in mindset/culture
Prevention through Design Practice and Prevention through Design Practice and Research: A U.S. Construction Industry Research: A U.S. Construction Industry
PerspectivePerspective
Questions? Comments?Questions? Comments?
For more information:For more information:• [email protected]• [email protected]• [email protected]
