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245 ISSN 1990-7931, Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2016, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 245–259. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2016. Original Russian Text © S.V. Stovbun, S.N. Nikol’skii, V.P. Mel’nikov, M.G. Mikhaleva, Ya.A. Litvin, A.N. Shchegolikhin, D.V. Zlenko, V.A. Tverdislov, D.S. Gerasimov, A.D. Rogozin, 2016, published in Khimicheskaya Fizika, 2016, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 20–35. Chemical Physics of Cellulose Nitration S. V. Stovbun a, *, S. N. Nikol’skii a , V. P. Mel’nikov a , M. G. Mikhaleva a , Ya. A. Litvin a , A. N. Shchegolikhin a , D. V. Zlenko a , V. A. Tverdislov a , D. S. Gerasimov b , and A. D. Rogozin b a Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia b Aleksin Chemical Plant, Aleksin, Tula oblast, Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received August 10, 2015 Abstract—The physical mechanisms responsible for the kinetics of nitration of cellulose raw materials of dif- ferent origin have been studied. It has been shown that the main nitration rate-limiting factor is the speed of untwisting of supercoiled cellulose fibers. This process limits the penetration of nitrating agents into micro- crystalline regions and, thus, the total reaction rate. The constructed physical model provides an adequate explanation of all the experimentally observed features of the cellulose nitration process, particularly as a function of cellulose origin (cotton, flax, wood) and preparation/treatment methods (sulfite, sulfate, bleached, refined with sulfurous or boric acids or acetone). The theoretical results have been tested in prac- tice. Keywords: cellulose, nitration, physical model, structure formation, hierarchical systems DOI: 10.1134/S199079311602024X INTRODUCTION Cellulose, whose annual world production is on the order of 200 million tons, is the most important and popular natural biopolymer. The major users of cellulose are the paper-making and chemical indus- tries, which convert the feedstock mostly to various cellulose esters, such as nitrates or acetates [1]. The most technologically convenient and most commonly used feedstock for chemical production is cotton cel- lulose. In the Russian Federation, cotton plant is not grown at all, while commercial cellulose of wood ori- gin is produced from domestic raw materials, particu- larly for export. At the same time, commercial wood cellulose does not meet the requirements of the GOST (State Standard) for esterification; the known esterifi- cation processes do not occur efficiently. Thus, com- mercial softwood cellulose manufactured at the Arkhangelsk and Syassky Pulp and Paper Mills (PPMs) is not nitrated to the level of nitration of cotton cellu- lose under comparable conditions; this fact has not yet been clearly explained in terms of conventional scien- tific approaches [1]. Typically, the chemistry of cellulose nitration is studied without taking into account the structural and kinetic characteristics of the reaction. In concentrated acids, the nitration reaction consists in an electro- philic attack of the OH groups of cellulose by the nitronium cation to abstract the proton and form a respective nitrate, or the S E 1 electrophilic substitution reaction. The nitronium ion content in the reaction acidic mixture (RAM) is a few tens percent. Thus, in this study, the used RAM had the following composi- tion: H 2 SO 4 , 67.4%; HNO 3 , 25.4%; and H 2 O, 7.2%, which corresponds to a 62.5% conversion of nitric acid to nitronium ions [2]. It is assumed that the nitronium cation rapidly undergoes diffusion in both the amor- phous and crystalline regions of the cellulose fiber; therefore, the reactions are formally treated as liquid- phase reactions [1]. At the same time, it is clear that cellulose (both cotton and wood) is a disordered het- erogeneous system characterized by a chaos of aniso- metric structural elements (Fig. 1); the equivalence of it to a homogeneous reaction system is not obvious. A fairly large number of studies have addressed the kinetics of cellulose nitration. The kinetics of nitration of wood cellulose in a mixture of nitric acid and dichloroethane has a pronounced two-stage pattern [3]. The first reaction stage is more rapid; it occurs about 100 times faster and takes only a few minutes; it yields a nitrocellulose (NC) with a degree of substitu- tion of about 2.0–2.2. In the slower stage, which takes a few tens of minutes, the degree of substitution achieves a value of ~2.5 [3]. Under quasi-homoge- neous conditions, nitration of cotton cellulose with aqueous solutions of nitric acid occurs much more rapidly; it takes about a minute or less and yields a nearly pure cellulose trinitrate [4]. The observed dif- ferences are evident from the dependence of the degree of heterogeneity of the final NC on the real concentration of the nitrating agent (nitronium ion) in KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS. CATALYSIS

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Page 1: Press Release Harvard Art Museums Announce 2015–16 ... · exhibitions and unveil a new commission, all showcasing modern and contemporary art and the unique ... hang from the rafters

Press Release

Harvard Art Museums Announce 2015–16 Exhibition Schedule Cambridge, MA March 25, 2015 Over the next 18 months, the Harvard Art Museums will present a series of special and temporary

exhibitions and unveil a new commission, all showcasing modern and contemporary art and the unique

role of the university teaching museum. From video and multimedia by Jesse Aron Green, to vibrant

pop art by Corita Kent, to works by Indigenous artists of Australia, including the first ever

comprehensive analysis of the materials they use—these and other upcoming exhibitions will invite

visitors to view art in new and different ways.

“While the majority of our installations and programming draw on the historic nature and concerns of

our vast permanent holdings, there is clearly a renewed emphasis on modern and contemporary art

across all media at the new Harvard Art Museums,” said Thomas W. Lentz, the Elizabeth and John

Moors Cabot Director of the Harvard Art Museums. “This reflects the unique opportunities that the art of

our time presents within the rich context of historical collections, but also the ever-evolving nature of

teaching and learning at a great university, where old and new are in constant dialogue.”

That very dialogue embodies the new commission by Mexican artist Carlos Amorales, on view in the

museums’ historic Calderwood Courtyard beginning April 17. Amorales has taken as his starting point

the traditional musical triangle and created a kinetic mobile of graduated aluminum shapes that will

hang from the rafters of the new glass roof designed by Renzo Piano Building Workshop. The sculpture

is designed to offer a new collective experience for visitors to the museums; all floors of the arcade

galleries—and their works on display—will be visible through the web formed by the hanging sculpture.

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The museums have also refreshed some current special exhibitions. Twelve works on paper in Mark Rothko’s Harvard Murals have been turned to show further relevant sketches by the artist on their

reverse, and nine new studies have also been added. Rebecca Horn: “Work in Progress” now

features three large-scale Bodylandscapes drawings by the artist, replacing her projected films. A case

with three works created during the November activation of Horn’s sculpture Flying Books under Black

Rain Painting has also been added.

Below is a partial list of upcoming special and temporary exhibitions as well as further information about

the new Amorales commission. Additional programming in the University Galleries will be announced in

the coming months. Check our website for all current and past press releases.

www.harvardartmuseums.org/about/press-media

Upcoming Exhibitions

Jesse Aron Green, Still from Ärztliche Zimmergymnastik, 2008. HD video, 80 minutes. Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Louise Haskell Daly Fund, 2014.123. © Jesse Aron Green.

Jesse Aron Green: Ärztliche Zimmergymnastik May 23–August 9, 2015 University Research Gallery, Harvard Art Museums

Jesse Aron Green’s celebrated multi-component installation Ärztliche Zimmergymnastik (Medicalized

Indoor Gymnastics) (2008) comprises an 80-minute projected video and associated sculptural and

photographic works and drawings, all of which were recently acquired by the Harvard Art Museums.

The installation takes as its point of departure a book of the same name by German physician Dr.

Daniel Gottlob Moritz Schreber (1808–1861). Schreber’s 1858 publication was a popular manual of

exercises prescribed for “the maintenance of health and vigor of body and mind.” Green’s installation

elegantly and provocatively explores cultural tropes and ideologies of the disciplined body through the

lens of modernist art—its operations and its legacies.

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Green’s video presents the 45 exercises explained in Schreber’s book, enacted by 16 male performers

on wooden platforms arranged as a 4 x 4 grid. The camera documents their movements in a 360-

degree tracking shot, which ends at the same moment the performers finish the exercises. A series of

photographs that document each of the 45 exercises, drawings, three concrete sculptures, 16 wooden

platforms, and a 24-hour backwards-moving clock in homage to Felix Gonzalez-Torres are also

included.

The installation is curated by John Hulsey, a Ph.D. candidate in Harvard’s Film and Visual Studies

Program and a curatorial intern in the Division of Modern and Contemporary Art at the Harvard Art

Museums. The exhibition is made possible by support from the Widgeon Point Charitable Foundation

and the José Soriano Fund. Modern and contemporary art programs at the Harvard Art Museums are

made possible in part by generous support from the Emily Rauh Pulitzer and Joseph Pulitzer, Jr., Fund

for Modern and Contemporary Art.

Pat Steir, Very Pretty Waterfall for Herb and Dorothy, 1996–97. Oil on canvas. Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, The Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection: Fifty Works for Fifty States, a joint initiative of the Trustees of the Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection and the National Gallery of Art, with generous support from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2008.330.14. © Pat Steir. Photo © President and Fellows of Harvard College.

The Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection: Fifty Works for Fifty States May 23–August 9, 2015 University Study Gallery and Art Study Center, Harvard Art Museums In 2008, the Harvard Art Museums were among the 50 recipients of a national gift program that

distributed 2,500 works from Dorothy and Herbert Vogel’s personal collection of contemporary art to

museums in all 50 states. The Vogel collection encompasses a broad array of works by conceptual and

minimalist artists of the 1970s and ̓80s, including several artists who were not previously represented in

the museums’ collections. This exhibition marks the first presentation of the couple’s entire gift to the

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museums. The works on display in the museums’ University Study Gallery reflect the depth and

breadth of the couple’s collection and feature works by Robert Barry, Lynda Benglis, Pat Steir, and

Richard Tuttle, and complement the works on view in the Collections Galleries. In addition to the works

displayed in the University Study Gallery, prints and drawings by Richard Tuttle will be available in the

museums’ Art Study Center, where visitors will be invited to experience the work in quiet contemplation,

examining a portfolio in sequence as a collector might. These works will be available for viewing on

Mondays from 1 to 4pm, and by appointment.

Organized by Sarah Kianovsky, Curator of the Collection for the Division of Modern and Contemporary

Art at the Harvard Art Museums. The Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection: Fifty Works for Fifty States

is a joint initiative of the Trustees of the Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection and the National Gallery

of Art, with generous support from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Institute of Museum

and Library Services. The exhibition is made possible by support from the José Soriano Fund. Modern

and contemporary art programs at the Harvard Art Museums are made possible in part by generous

support from the Emily Rauh Pulitzer and Joseph Pulitzer, Jr., Fund for Modern and Contemporary Art.

Corita Kent, the juiciest tomato of all, 1964. Screenprint. Collection of Jason Simon, New York, TL41302. © Courtesy of the Corita Art Center, Immaculate Heart Community, Los Angeles. Photo © President and Fellows of Harvard College.

Corita Kent and the Language of Pop September 3, 2015–January 3, 2016 Special Exhibitions Gallery, Harvard Art Museums Corita Kent (American, 1918–1986) was a Roman Catholic nun, an artist, and an educator. From 1936

to 1968 she lived, studied, and taught at the Immaculate Heart of Mary in Los Angeles, and headed the

art department at the college there from 1964 to 1968, developing many aspects of her signature style

while working alongside her students. The screenprints she created during the 1960s are typical

examples of pop art, embodying the vivid palette, focus on everyday subjects, and mass-produced

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quality of ephemeral objects. Corita Kent and the Language of Pop examines Kent’s screenprints as

well as her films, installations, Happenings, and her 1971 mural painted on the Boston Gas (now

National Grid) tank—a roadside landmark in Boston. The exhibition frames Kent’s work within the pop

movement while also considering other prevailing artistic, social, and religious movements of the time.

In particular, the exhibition explores how Kent’s work both responded to and advanced changes then

facing the Catholic Church, brought about by the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II). More than 60 of

Kent’s prints will appear alongside over 60 works of art by her prominent contemporaries such as Jim

Dine, Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, Ed Ruscha, and Andy Warhol.

The accompanying catalogue, published by the Harvard Art Museums and distributed by Yale

University Press, offers nearly 90 illustrated entries and 4 essays by distinguished scholars and fills a

gap in the scholarship about Kent’s work. The exhibition will travel to the San Antonio Museum of Art

(February 13 through May 8, 2016) after its time in Cambridge.

Organized by the Harvard Art Museums and curated by Susan Dackerman, consultative curator of

prints, Harvard Art Museums. The exhibition and accompanying publication are made possible by

support from the Barbara Lee Family Foundation, Jeanne and Geoff Champion, John Stuart Gordon,

and the Harvard Art Museums Mellon Publication Funds, including the Henry P. McIlhenny Fund.

Modern and contemporary art programs at the Harvard Art Museums are made possible in part by

generous support from the Emily Rauh Pulitzer and Joseph Pulitzer, Jr., Fund for Modern and

Contemporary Art.

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Tommy Watson, Wipu Rockhole, 2004. Synthetic polymer paint on canvas. Art Gallery of New South Wales.

Everywhen: The Eternal Present in Indigenous Art from Australia February 5–September 18, 2016 Special Exhibitions Gallery, Harvard Art Museums Everywhen: The Eternal Present in Indigenous Art from Australia will survey contemporary Indigenous

art from Australia, exploring the ways in which time is embedded within Indigenous artistic, social,

historical, and philosophical life. For Indigenous people, the past is understood to be part of a cyclical

and circular order known as the “everywhen”; conceptions of time rely on active encounters with both

the ancestral and natural worlds. While the exhibition focuses on the last 40 years of Indigenous art, it

also includes historical objects from the rich collections of Harvard University’s Peabody Museum of

Archaeology and Ethnology to underscore both the continuity of cultural practice and remarkable

adaptive innovations. The exhibition will showcase more than 70 works drawn from public and private

collections in Australia and the United States, and will feature many works that have never been seen

outside Australia. Large-scale works by many of the most significant Indigenous artists, including Rover

Thomas and Emily Kame Kngwarreye (both former representatives at the Venice Biennale), bark

painter John Mawurndjul, and visual and performance artist Christian Thompson, are included.

An exhibition of this scope has not been seen in the United States for more than 25 years, and it will

reflect the ways in which the art historical landscape has shifted since then. Indigenous art is no longer

positioned as “other,” but as another form of contemporary art that demands our critical attention. This

exhibition will present an opportunity to introduce audiences to the central role that Indigenous art plays

in the global narrative of contemporary art.

The analytical laboratory of the Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies at the Harvard

Art Museums, a world leader in conservation and conservation science, is also carrying out the first-

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ever large-scale technical examination of traditional Indigenous bark paintings as part of the exhibition.

Understanding the materials used by the artists will provide enormous insights into the long-standing

practices and traditions of Indigenous painting. The accompanying catalogue will contain illustrated

entries and essays from an international mix of authors across various disciplines.

Guest curated for the Harvard Art Museums by Stephen Gilchrist, Australian Studies Visiting Curator.

Lead support for the exhibition and related research has been provided by the Harvard Committee on

Australian Studies and the Harvard Art Museums Mellon Publication Funds, including the Henry P.

McIlhenny Fund. Modern and contemporary art programs at the Harvard Art Museums are made

possible in part by generous support from the Emily Rauh Pulitzer and Joseph Pulitzer, Jr., Fund for

Modern and Contemporary Art.

Special Commission, Art in Public Spaces Initiative

Rendering of Carlos Amorales’s specially commissioned sculpture for the Harvard Art Museums, 2015. © Carlos Amorales. Courtesy of the artist.

New Sculpture by Carlos Amorales On display beginning April 17, 2015 Calderwood Courtyard, Harvard Art Museums

Mexican-born artist Carlos Amorales (b. 1970) has created a new mobile sculpture for the Harvard Art

Museums’ iconic Calderwood Courtyard. The large-scale sculpture will be suspended from the specially

designed kingposts, or steel trusses, that are part of the rafters under the courtyard’s glass roof. The

sculpture joins other major works of art from the collections of the Fogg, Busch-Reisinger, and Arthur

M. Sackler Museums that have been installed around the courtyard. The placement of these works

gives visitors an opportunity to contemplate original works of art from the moment they enter the

courtyard, which is accessible without the purchase of gallery admission.

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Amorales has taken the traditional musical triangle and created a mobile of suspended aluminum

shapes over the courtyard. With 16 triangles of graduated shape and scale, the work creates a visual

idea of sound, but it can also be physically activated: on special occasions the sculpture will be played

by using a long stick. Amorales conceived of the courtyard sculpture as a means of creating a collective

experience for visitors to the museums. Through the work’s suspended forms, the museums’ interior

spaces are tied together.

Mary Schneider Enriquez, the Houghton Associate Curator of Modern and Contemporary Art at the

Harvard Art Museums, is overseeing the commission of this dynamic sculpture, which is a gift from

Leslie Cheek, Jr.

Current Exhibitions Japanese Genre Painting Through May 10, 2015 University Teaching Gallery, Harvard Art Museums A selection of seven works, comprised of folding screens and hanging scrolls from the Edo (1615–

1868) and Meiji (1868–1912) periods, showcases a variety of different subjects as well as stylistic

development over time in Japanese genre painting. This installation in the University Teaching Gallery

serves faculty and students affiliated with Harvard's Department of History of Art and Architecture

(HAA).

Rebecca Horn: “Work in Progress” Through May 10, 2015 University Research Gallery, Harvard Art Museums Rebecca Horn’s art can be understood as a “work in progress,” an oeuvre constantly building on itself

and drawing from earlier inspiration and production. This exhibition explores this aspect of her art,

drawing on recent gifts of the artist including multiples, photographs, and a three-part work that was

painted mechanically during the activation of her specially commissioned kinetic sculpture Flying Books

under Black Rain Painting (2014), which is installed inside the museums’ new Prescott Street entrance.

World’s Fairs Through May 10, 2015 University Teaching Gallery, Harvard Art Museums Featuring a range of objects drawn primarily from the museums’ collections, this installation examines

cultural display through the art and architecture of world’s fairs from the mid-19th century to the postwar

era. Beginning with the Crystal Palace in London (1851), it explores the history of fairs as artistic and

social phenomenon along with how these events were shaped by national identity, ethnicity, social

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class, race, imperialism, colonialism, and gender issues. This installation in the University Teaching

Gallery serves faculty and students affiliated with Harvard's Department of History of Art and

Architecture (HAA).

Mark Rothko’s Harvard Murals Through July 26, 2015 Special Exhibitions Gallery, Harvard Art Museums Harvard Art Museums’ new presentation of Mark Rothko’s Harvard Murals features innovative,

noninvasive digital projection as a conservation approach. The exhibition returns this mural series to

public view and scholarship while also encouraging study and debate of the technology. Featuring 38

works from 1961–62, including the murals and many of the artist’s related studies, the exhibition also

explores Rothko’s creative process.

About the Harvard Art Museums The Harvard Art Museums, among the world’s leading art institutions, comprise three museums (the

Fogg, Busch-Reisinger, and Arthur M. Sackler Museums) and four research centers (the Straus Center

for Conservation and Technical Studies, the Center for the Technical Study of Modern Art, the Harvard

Art Museums Archives, and the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis). The Fogg Museum includes

Western art from the Middle Ages to the present; the Busch-Reisinger Museum, unique among North

American museums, is dedicated to the study of all modes and periods of art from central and northern

Europe, with an emphasis on German-speaking countries; and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum is

focused on Asian, ancient, and Islamic and later Indian art. Together, the collections include

approximately 250,000 objects in all media. The Harvard Art Museums are distinguished by the range

and depth of their collections, their groundbreaking exhibitions, and the original research of their staff.

Integral to Harvard University and the wider community, the museums and research centers serve as

resources for students, scholars, and the public. For more than a century they have been the nation’s

premier training ground for museum professionals and are renowned for their seminal role in

developing the discipline of art history in the United States.

The Harvard Art Museums’ recent renovation and expansion builds on the legacies of the three

museums and unites their remarkable collections under one roof for the first time. Renzo Piano Building

Workshop’s responsive design preserved the Fogg Museum’s landmark 1927 facility, while

transforming the space to accommodate 21st-century needs. Following a six-year building project, the

museums now feature 40 percent more gallery space, an expanded Art Study Center, conservation

labs, and classrooms, and a striking new glass roof that bridges the facility’s historic and contemporary

architecture. The new Harvard Art Museums’ building is more functional, accessible, spacious, and

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above all, more transparent. The three constituent museums retain their distinct identities in this new

facility, yet their close proximity provides exciting opportunities to experience works of art in a broader

context. www.harvardartmuseums.org

Hours and Admission Daily, 10am–5pm. Closed major holidays. Admission: $15 adults, $13 seniors (65+), $10 non-Harvard

students (18+). Free for members; youth under 18; Cambridge residents; and Harvard students, faculty,

and staff (plus one guest). On Saturdays, from 10am–noon, Massachusetts residents receive free

admission. Visit our website for information about other discounts and policies.

www.harvardartmuseums.org/plan-your-visit

Exhibitions, Events, and News Our Special Exhibitions Gallery presents important new research on artists and artistic practice, and our

University Galleries are programmed in consultation with Harvard faculty to support coursework.

www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/exhibitions

Lectures, workshops, films, performances, special events, and other programs are held throughout the

year at the museums. www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/calendar

Check out Index, our multimedia magazine, to keep up with what’s happening at the Harvard Art

Museums. http://magazine.harvardartmuseums.org

The Harvard Art Museums receive support from the Massachusetts Cultural Council.

For more information, please contact: Jennifer Aubin Public Relations Manager Harvard Art Museums 617-496-5331 [email protected]