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Slow Trade Aaditya Mattoo PIIE March 2016 Based on research with Cristina Constantinescu and Michele Ruta, including World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7158

Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

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Page 1: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Slow Trade

Aaditya MattooPIIE March 2016

Based on research with Cristina Constantinescu and Michele Ruta, including World Bank Policy 

Research Working Paper No. 7158 

Page 2: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Four questions1. What is happening to global trade?

2. Why?

3. Does the trade slowdown matter?

4. Was 2015 different and what does it portend?

2

Page 3: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Main points1. The trade slowdown is explained in part by 

the maturing of manufacturing value chains

2. The slowdown may hurt growth prospects for both demand‐ and supply‐side reasons

3. But changes in China may create new opportunities and services trade may be the silver lining

3

Page 4: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

WHAT IS HAPPENING TO GLOBAL TRADE?

Question 1

4

Page 5: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Trade share in GDP levelled off before the great recession

5

Total imports (goods and services) as a share of GDP have been relatively flat, especially in China and the US), both pre‐ and post‐crisis

80

130

180

230

280

330United States

Euro Area

China

World

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook

Shares of Import Volumes in Real GDP (Index, 1990=100)

Page 6: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Trade and income:  the “long 90s” were different

6

012345678

1970-1985 1986-2000 2001-2014

Total trade volume (goods and services)

GDP in constant prices

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook (October 2015). Notes: GDP growth based on PPP rates.

Annual growth rates across selected periods

Page 7: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

WHY?

Question 2

7

Page 8: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

The trade slowdown is due to manufacturing

8

Goods slowed down rather than services…

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Goods Commercial services

percen

t

1986-2000 2001-2013

… due to a slow down in manufacturing rather than commodities 

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Machinery and Transport Equipment

Other goods

percen

t

1986-2000 2001-2013

Page 9: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Within manufacturing, trade growth and slowdown is linked to vertical fragmentation

9

In the long 1990s, fragmented sectors grow the fastest

In the 2000s, fragmented sectors slow down

Page 10: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

China’s imports of parts and components reflect changes in global value chains

10

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

3419

95

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

China’s Imports of Parts and Components as a Share of Exports ofManufactured Goods, 1992-2013 (percent)

Source: UN Comtrade databaseNote: BEC data on China in Comtrade only start in 1995.

China specializes in assembly, increasing imports of parts and components

China moves up the value chain, domestic inputs replace foreign inputs

Page 11: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

WHY DOES THE TRADE SLOWDOWN MATTER?

Question 4

11

Page 12: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

One view: it doesn’t

12

The world is as open as it ever has been and openness per se has dynamic benefits

Page 13: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

The other view: the trade slowdown may hurt growth

13

On the demand side (Keynes): • Sluggish world imports reduce export opportunities for individual countries

On the supply side (Adam Smith): • Slower pace of GVC expansion diminishes scope for productivity growth through a more efficient international division of labor and knowledge diffusion

Page 14: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

14

Productivity Growth versus Vertical Specialization, Average Country in the Sample

Supply side: the Smithian concern

Source: UNIDO (INDSTAT2), UN Comtrade, and authors’ calculations.Notes: ISIC2 industry codes are used; productivity is normalized using average industry productivity; weights are represented by value added.ISIC2 codes: 25 Manufacture of rubber and plastics products; 26 Manufacture of other non‐metallic mineral products; 28 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment; 29 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.; 30 Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery; 31 Manufacture of electrical machinery and aparatus n.e.c.; 32 Manufacture of radio,television and communication equipment and apparatus ; 33 Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches andclocks ; 34 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi‐trailers; 35 Manufacture of other transport equipment; 36 Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.

33

32

26

34

25

30

35

31

2936

28

33

3226

3425

303531

29

36

28

050

100

150

200

0 20 40 60

1986-2000 2001-2014

Pro

duct

ivity

Gro

wth

(ave

rage

by

perio

d, p

erce

nt)

Vertical specialization (world imports of parts and componentsas a share of world total exports, average 1986-2014, percent)

Page 15: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

WAS 2015 DIFFERENT AND WHAT DOES IT PORTEND?

Question 3

15

Page 16: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Two mutually reinforcing factors

• China’s transition to a new growth path (structural?)

• Decline in commodity prices (cyclical?)

16

Page 17: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Exposure to China and ExportContraction

17

USA

DEUJPN

NLD

KOR

FRAITA

RUS

CAN

GBR

BEL SGP

MEX

SAU

INDESP

ARE

AUS

MYSTHA

BRA

POLIDNCZE

AUTSWE

TUR

VNM

NOR

QAT

IRL

DNKHUN

NGAKWT

ZAF

IRN

SVK

IRQ

CHL

VEN

FIN

KAZ

ISRROU

ARG

PRT

DZA

PHL

AGO

COL

UKR

OMN

NZLPER

BHR

BLR

‐60

‐50

‐40

‐30

‐20

‐10

0

10

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Grow

th in

 total m

erchan

dise export value

s, Jan‐No

v 2015

 relative to Ja

n‐No

v 2014

Exposure to China (share of exports to China in country's total exports, percent)

Sixty largest exporters, 2015: Jan‐Nov versus 2014: Jan‐Nov

Page 18: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Reversal of fortune

18

Sources: IMF Direction of Trade and UN Comtrade.

ARG

AUS

AUT

BEL

BLR

BRA

CANCHLCZE

DEU

DNK

ESP

FIN

FRA

GBR

HUNIDN

IND

IRL

ISR

ITAJPN

KOR

MEX

MYS

NLD

NZL

PER

PHL

POL

PRT

ROU

SGPSVK

SVN

SWETHA

TUR

UKR

USA

VNM

ZAF

-40

-20

020

40

Gro

wth

in m

erch

andi

se e

xpor

t val

ues

to C

hina

,Ja

n-S

ep 2

015

vs. J

an-S

ep 2

014(

perc

ent)

0 20 40 60 80 100Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent)

weighted by total merchandise exports to Chinasixty largest world exporters excluding oil exporters, Hong Kong and Switzerland

intermediates

ARG

AUS

AUT

BEL

BLR

BRA

CANCHLCZE

DEU

DNK

ESP

FIN

FRA

GBR

HUNIDN

IND

IRL

ISR

ITAJPN

KOR

MEX

MYS

NLD

NZL

PER

PHL

POL

PRT

ROU

SGP SVK

SVN

SWETHA

TUR

UKR

USA

VNM

ZAF

-40

-20

020

40

Gro

wth

in m

erch

andi

se e

xpor

t val

ues

to C

hina

,Ja

n-S

ep 2

015

vs. J

an-S

ep 2

014(

perc

ent)

0 20 40 60 80Share of consumer goods in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent)weighted by total merchandise exports to Chinasixty largest world exporters excluding oil exporters, Hong Kong and Switzerland

consumer goods

Growth in merchandise exports to China, by share of intermediate goods and consumer goods

Page 19: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

China’s services imports begin to pull away

19

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

2011Q1

2011Q2

2011Q3

2011Q4

2012Q1

2012Q2

2012Q3

2012Q4

2013Q1

2013Q2

2013Q3

2013Q4

2014Q1

2014Q2

2014Q3

2014Q4

2015Q1

2015Q2

China: Imports of Goods and Services, bill. USD (index 2011Q1=100)

Services Imports

Goods Imports

Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

2011Q1

2011Q2

2011Q3

2011Q4

2012Q1

2012Q2

2012Q3

2012Q4

2013Q1

2013Q2

2013Q3

2013Q4

2014Q1

2014Q2

2014Q3

2014Q4

2015Q1

2015Q2

China: Share of Services in Total Imports (percent)

Indices of China’s import values of goods and services and share of services in total imports, 2011‐2015

Page 20: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

The purse‐tightening of the commodity exporters…

20

Indices of Import Volume of the Russian Federation and Turkey, 2010‐2015

…and the puzzling frugality of the commodity importers

Page 21: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Services trade has been relatively resilient

21

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

‐15

‐10

‐5

0

5

10

15

20World Import Volumes of Goods and Services

Goods: Growth rates Services: Growth rates

Goods (1993=100, RHS) Services (1993=100, RHS)

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook

It declined less during the crisis and has grown faster after the crisis ‐ due to digitization and demographics

Page 22: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

Declining pace of goods trade liberalization may have played a role in the trade slowdown

Faster trade liberalization in the 1990s relative to the 2000s22

Average applied tariffs in advanced economies and emerging and developing economies (percent)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Advanced Economies Emerging Markets and Developing Economies

Source: UNCTAD TRAINS. *Simple averages of MFN Applied and Preferential tariffsNote: The data for tariffs does not pertain to a consistent sample of countries over time.

Page 23: Presentation: Slow Trade (April 20, 2016) · Share of intermediates in merchandise exports to China, 2014 (percent) weighted by total merchandise exports to China sixty largest world

23

New Database covers 103 countries (of which 79 are developing)

Source: Borchert, Gootiiz and Mattoo (2013)

But in services scope for further liberalization –potentially boosting both services and goods trade