SCAN THE HEAVENS WITH HUBBLE

Presented by

Nayan Raj J(1MJ05TE03

2)

Introduction Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is located in space.

Cooperative program of ESA & NASA.

Takes amazing pictures of our universe which are not seen from ground based telescope

Destination of the Mission

Gather information for teams of scientists studying virtually all the constituents of our universe, including planets, stars, starforming regions of the Milky Way galaxy, distant galaxies and quasars, and the tenuous hydrogen gas lying between the galaxies.

Image of Hubble in space.

Time Line of Mission

National Academy of Sciences gave its approval for the Large Space Telescope (LST) project

Congress approves funding for The HST.

NASA names its largest, most complex, and capable orbiting telescope in honor of Edwin Hubble.

Operations begin in Baltimore Maryland

April 24th HST Deployed

Service Mission 1 COSTAR corrective optics installed, replacing HSP

Service Mission 2 Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph

HST Orbital Systems Test

Service Mission 3A Replacement of RSU (Rate Sensing Units containing gyroscopes). Installation of new computer.

Service Mission 3B Installed Advanced Camera for Surveys

1969 1977 1981 1990 1993 1997 1998 1999 2002

Configuration of HST

What does HST see??

How image gets to Earth?

HST receives the starlight

This data is transferred to TDRS

TDRS sends the data to its companion ground station at White Sands, NM

How image gets to Earth? (cont..)

GSFC formats the data for delivery to STScI

STScI is responsible for calibrating the data and providing them to the astronomer who requested the observations

Hubble takes amazing images...

Current and planned science instruments

Wide Field Planetary Camera 2.Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph.Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object

Spectrometer.Advanced Camera for SurveysFine Guidance Sensors.Cosmic Origins Spectrograph.Wide Field Camera 3

Wide Field Planetary camera 2 (WFPC2)

WFPC2 is basically 4 cameras

Consists of L-shaped wide field sensors

Most of pic available today is taken by this camera

WFPC2 will be replaced by WFC3 in 2009

Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)

SITS used to spread the lights

Spreading allows to determine properties of celestial objects

Uses 3 detectors

Capability for 2 dimensional spectroscopy

Near Infrared camera & Multi-object spectrometer (NICMOS)

Mainly used for infrared imaging

Infrared detectors are HgCdTe arrays

NICMOS must operate at very cold temp, hence it is kept inside dewar

Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)

Provides deep, wide- field survey capability in visible, IR & UV regions

Designed to achieve a factor of 10 in DE improvement compared to WFPC2

Detectors used in ACS is Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)

Most heavily used Hubble instrument

Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS)

It is a integral part of HST’s Pointing control System (PCS)

Has 2 observing mode

i. Position mode ii. Transfer mode

Cosmic Origin Spectrograph (COS)

To be installed on HST during 2009 servicing mission

Used for observing faint source ultraviolet light

Has far & near UV channel

Wide Field Camera 3(WFC3)

Will be installed in HST during 2009 service mission

WFC3 has 2 camera channels

i. UVIS channelii. IR channel

Previously Flown Instruments

Faint Object Spectrograph.Goddard High Resolution

Spectrograph.Corrective Optics Space Telescope

Axial Replacement.Faint Object Camera.High Speed Photometer.

Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)

Replaced by NICMOS in 1997

Uses 512 element Digicon sensors

There are 2 mode of operation:

i. Low resolution.ii. High resolution.

Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS)

Replaced by STIS.

Uses 521 element Digicon sensors

Has 3 modes of operation:

i. Low resolution.ii. Medium resolution.iii. High resolution.

Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement

(COSTAR) Costar is not a science

instrument

Designed to optically correct the effects of primary mirror’s aberration on FOC, HRS,& FOS

It is no longer needed

Faint Object Camera (FOC)

Developed by ESA

Uses 2 detectors

FOC offered 3 diff focal ratios: f/48, f/96, f/288.

The Science of HubbleIt is not even remotely possible to cover all the science that Hubble has done in a single presentation. Tens of thousands of papers and hundreds of books

have been written based on HST data, and every day generates 20 GB of data. Astronomers will be mining this resource for generations to come.

Hubble’s greatest achievements

Dark EnergyAge of the UniverseBaby galaxiesChemical makeup of

extra-solar planetsBlack holes in

galaxies

Powerful stellar explosions

Source of quasar light

Forming PlanetsComet impact on

JupiterDeaths of stars

Beginning with Dark

Energy

What is the Universe made of?Ordinary matter is only part of the story…

96% of the Universe is something else

The universe is expanding faster today than it did in early times

This expansion cannot be caused by ordinary or dark matter, which slows expansion.

The acceleration suggests a new repulsive force (anti-gravity) acting on very large scales

The Universe is speeding up!

Dark energy accounts for 73% of the content of the universe

Dark matter accounts for 23%The content we’re familiar with is only 4%

The New Force Is Called “Dark Energy”

We don’t know

What is Dark Energy?

Identifying what dark energy is requires bigger

telescopes and new techniques

Planets around other stars

Ground-based telescopes find planets Hubble can measure their chemical makeup

sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in the atmosphere of a Jupiter-sized planet

Does life exist on extra-solar planets? Hubble also measured the masses of two distant

worlds One is the oldest known planet - 13 billion years

Monster Black Holes

The centers of galaxies contain black holes with masses millions to billions times that of our Sun.

Big galaxies contain big black holes, small galaxies have small black holes.

Black holes may grow with their galaxies, feasting on gas and stars swirling around the hearts of those galaxies.

Biggest Booms

Hubble showed that these brief, bright flashes come from distant galaxies forming stars at enormously high rates

The "bursts“ are the collapse of massive stars A nearby gamma ray burst would burn away the

ozone in Earth's atmosphere

Gamma ray bursts are the most powerful explosions in the universe

The Age of the

Universe

One of Hubble's key observations Age is found using 2 independent methods Hubble narrowed the age to 13 - 14 billion years

Quasar Light

Hubble tracked down the "homes" of quasars, proving that these dynamos reside in the centers of galaxies

Quasars are massive black holes swallowing stars and has from their host galaxies

Quasars are no larger than our solar system but outshine galaxies of hundreds of billions of stars.

Stellar Deaths

Planetary Nebulae: A Sun-like star's death is a colorful event. Such stars die gracefully by ejecting their outer gaseous layers into space. The outer layers glow in vibrant colors of red, blue, and green. Hubble revealed the details of this process, showing that the shapes of planetary nebulae are quite complex.

Supernovae: Massive stars end in glorious explosions. Hubble found three mysterious rings of material

encircling a doomed star that exploded as a supernova in 1987.

During the years since the eruption, Hubble spied brightened spots on the

middle ring caused by material ejected from the explosion slamming

into it.

Estimated Cost of the Mission

Initially Hubble cost $1.5 billion to build and put into orbit.

Hubble's total budget in one year is in the range $230-250 million. That money does more than simply keep Hubble operating on a daily basis. In addition to operational costs, the total dollar figure includes funds for scientific data analysis, as well as for the development of future hardware and its associated software.

The concept of servicing Hubble to upgrade its instruments rather than launching a whole new telescope has saved billions of dollars.

Conclusion Hubble is one of NASA's most successful and long-lasting science missions.

It has beamed hundreds of thousands of images back to Earth, shedding light on many of the great mysteries of astronomy. Its gaze has helped determine the age of the universe, the identity of quasars, and the existence of dark energy.

Eventually, Hubble's time will end. In the years after servicing mission, Hubble's components will slowly degrade to the point at which the telescope stops working.

When that happens, Hubble will continue to orbit the Earth until its orbit

decays, allowing it to spiral toward Earth. Astronauts or a robotic mission could either bring Hubble back to Earth or crash it safely into the ocean.

But Hubble's legacy — its discoveries, its trailblazing design, its success in showing us the universe in unparalleled detail — will live on. Scientists will rely on Hubble's revelations for years as they continue in their quest to understand the cosmos — a quest that has attained clarity, focus, and triumph through Hubble's rich existence.

Thank You