Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Field testing of thin layerField testing of thin layer capping with AC and passive materials in NorwayNorwayEspen Eek1 Amy Oen1 Gijs Breedveld1Espen Eek , Amy Oen , Gijs Breedveld , Morten Schaanning2 Bjørnar A. Beylich2, Kristoffer Næs2 and Gerard Cornelissen1Kristoffer Næs and Gerard Cornelissen1Norwegian Geotechnical Institute2Norwegian Institute for Water Research2Norwegian Institute for Water Research
Google Earth
Content
• Field site• Dioxin contaminated fjord
• Capping applicationpp g pp
• Monitoring
Google Earth
Test plots I
Ormefjord30 m depth, 100 m x 100 m
3 fields3 fieldsClayClay + 2 kg/m2 AC 1-limestoneClay + 2 kg/m2 ACCrushed limestone
1 limestone
2 l3-clay+AC
+ control field 2-clay
4-reference
Test plots II
Eidangerfjord100 m depth, 200 m x 200 m
1 field1 fieldClay + 2 kg/m2 AC 6-reference
+ control field
5 cla +AC
Total capped area: 70 000 m25-clay+AC
= 750 000 ft2
Material applicationDredging and mixing materials in a hopper dredger
Application at 100m depth using a separate pump on transport platform
Material applicationpp g
Application at 30m depthby hopper dredger
transport platform
M t i l i i i h d dMaterial mixing in hopper dredger
M t i l i i i h d dMaterial mixing in hopper dredger
Material mixing in hopper dredgerMaterial mixing in hopper dredger
Monitoring
• Physical monitoring (Does it spread out and does it ?)end up on the seabed?)
• Sediment profile imaging (SPI)
• Chemical monitoring (Does the amendment reduce the bioavailability?)y )• Flux chambers • Freely dissolved in water phase 10 cm above sed water
interface• Freely dissolved in pore water
Turbidity during placement
0 0
Grenlandfjord (30 m depth)Foto: Beylich, NIVA Foto: Beylich, NIVA Foto: Beylich, NIVA
Clay Reference Clay+AC
www.opticap.no
Grenlandfjord (100 m depth)
F t B li h NIVA
Grenlandfjord (100 m depth)
Foto: Beylich, NIVAFoto: Beylich, NIVA Foto: Beylich, NIVA
Clay+AC, Oct 2009Reference Clay+AC, May 2010
www.opticap.no
Monitoring of effectiveness of the thinMonitoring of effectiveness of the thin layer capping in the field
Flux chambers with
infinite sink passive samplers
Exposed in 2 – 24 weeksp
Flux of TBT, PAHs, PCBs and dioxins from the seabed
Eek et al., Environmental Science & Technology 2010
R l f di i /f i fl h b fRelease of dioxins/furanes in flux chambers from Grenlandfjord test plots
30
35
25
30
‐2 d‐1)
15
20
D/F (p
g TEQ m
‐
10Flux
PCD
D
0
5
Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month MonthMonth 1‐7
Month 9‐14
Month 14‐20
Month 20‐23
Month 1‐7
Month 9‐14
Month 14‐20
Month 20‐23
Month 1‐7
Month 9‐14
Month 14‐20
Month 20‐23
Month 1‐7
Month 9‐14
Month 14‐20
Month 20‐23
Month 1‐7
Month 9‐14
Month 14‐20
Month 9‐14
Month 14‐20
Ormer‐Ref Ormer‐limestone Ormer‐clay Ormer‐AC Eidanger‐Ref Eidanger‐AC
Freely dissolved organic contaminants inFreely dissolved organic contaminants in overlying water
Calculation of
Chemical analysis
ExtractionCalculation of
freely dissolved
concentrations
Passive samplers made from
Organic contaminants
Dioxines dissolved
Plastic material (POM)
contaminants bound in the POM
dissolved in water
Freely dissolved Dioxins in overlyingFreely dissolved Dioxins in overlying water at Grenlandfjord test plots
160
180
120
140
160
m-3
)
80
100
120
DD
/F (p
g m
40
60
80
CW
PCD
0
20
Mnd 1- Mnd 9- Mnd Mnd 1- Mnd 9- Mnd Mnd 9- Mnd Mnd 9- Mnd Mnd 9- Mnd Mnd 9- MndMnd 1-7
Mnd 9-14
Mnd 14-20
Mnd 1-7
Mnd 9-14
Mnd 14-20
Mnd 9-14
Mnd 14-20
Mnd 9-14
Mnd 14-20
Mnd 9-14
Mnd 14-20
Mnd 9-14
Mnd 14-20
Ormer-Ref Ormer-limestone Ormer-clay Ormer-AC Eidanger-Ref Eidanger-AC
Pore water concentrations of organic t i t d i itcontaminants measured in situ
• pictures
• 5 rods POM• 2 rods PE
Vertical pore water distributions, Hunters Point 2008
POM - equilibrium PE – PRC depletion POM – PRC depletion
0
0 4 8 12
Cpw (ng/l)
0
0 4 8 12
Cpw (ng/l)
0
0 4 8 12
Cpw (ng/l)(a) (b) (c)
5
10m su
rface)
5
10
5
10
15
20er (c
m from
15
20
15
20
2-4 % AC
20
25
sive sample 20
25
20
25
30
35
tion of pass
30
35
30
35 1 % AC
40
45
Loca 40
45
40
45Oen et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4053–4059
Deeper layers have tracesof AC amendment
Conclusions
Placement of AC-mixed with clay resulted in well defined AC-layers
Trade-off between some distribution of AC-material to get homogenous layers and too much distribution and loss of material is important to consider for local conditionsmaterial is important to consider for local conditions
Important parameters like pore water concentrations sediment to water release and overlying water concentrations can bewater release and overlying water concentrations can be monitored in situ
Thin layer capping with or without AC can reduce the availabilityThin layer capping with or without AC can reduce the availability with 50 – 95 %
Both cap thickness and active material content are importantBoth cap thickness and active material content are important
PartnersPartnersTechnical:Scientific:
Financial:Materials:
Extra material
AC amendment performance -t d t d lmeasurements compared to model
Minimallymixed
Wellmixedmixed
In this study, measurements in top 15 cm (PE) showed 80% reduction in PCBs 30 months post AC-amendment
Testing thin layer cappingin the labin the lab
Using infinite sink passive samplers to measure flux of organic contaminants
(PAHs, PCBs, TBT)(PAHs, PCBs, TBT)
Method described in Eek et al 2008 Chemosphere
What effectiveness can be expected fromWhat effectiveness can be expected from thin layer capping?
Lab tests With 1 cm cap:
PCB28 PCBS2
0 .0035 0 00)
I ~
0 003 ; 0 006
I "' 0 0025 "'
0 oos e 0.002 e 0 004 .. 0 0015
.. 0 003 .a. .2-
.lil 0 001 ;Q 0 002
f 0 0005 ~ 0 00. I 0 0
T
No <liP llmuton o cop Gn<osscop tlo cop l im!sbne cap Gn<issc• p
PCB 28 PCB S2
0 0030 0 0035
:; 0 .0025 ; 0 0030 -o 0 0025 "' 0 0020 "' I; 1: 0 0020 .. 0 00! 5 .. 0 0015 .a. .a. .: 0 0010 .R 0 0010
<0,0002 <O,OOC2 ;: 0 000~ f 0 0005
00000 0 0000
no<ap susp kalkcop ACCop no cap Susp t alk cop ACcap
TBT DOT
300 35
; 150 ... 30 ... 25
~ 200 "' 150 1: 20 .. ... .. 15 100 .a.
.: ~
10 .2 50 ... 5
0 0
No cap ACcap Bi)kaikcap Nc CliP ACcop Biokalkcap
Boxcosm tests, NIVAs research station Solbergstrandstation, Solbergstrand
Water flow
SPMD
Cap
Sediment
Effectiveness of thin layer cappingEffectiveness of thin layer capping Flux in boxcosm
OCS (667 pg)
0,8
1,0 OCS (667 pg)HCB (10 121 pg)PCDD/F (91 pg)WHO-TEQ (7 pg)
Flux from reference boxes
0,6
0,2
0,4
0,00,5 cm passive
0,5cm passive/AC
3 cm passive
3 cm clay/AC
3 cm Hustad/AC
3 cm NOAH/AC 5 cm clay
OCS (667 pg) 70 % 47 % 41 % 18 % 8 % 3 % 30 %HCB (10 121 pg) 75 % 22 % 47 % 8 % 6 % 3 % 40 %PCDD/F (91 pg) 48 % 91 % 61 % 39 % 14 % 10 % 35 %
passive passive/AC passive clay/AC Hustad/AC NOAH/AC
PCDD/F (91 pg)WHO-TEQ (7 pg) 53 % 79 % 60 % 40 % 16 % 8 % 30 %
TBT-flux from ship yard sedimentTBT flux from ship yard sediment with and without capping
10000
1000
100
s (ug m‐2 d‐1)
10
TBT‐flu
ks
11Beregnet fra Cpw, sediment fra 0 ‐ 15 cm
Beregnet fra Cpw, sediment fra 0 ‐ 5 cm
Målt i lab, sediment fra 0
‐ 15 cm
Målt i felt Kalk‐feltet
Målt i felt AC‐feltet
Målt i lab Kalk‐felt
Målt i lab AC‐felt
Gjennomsnitt målt i felt Kalk‐
feltet
Gjennomsnitt målt i felt AC‐
feltet
Uten tildekking Med tildekking
Freely dissolved TBT in overlying water
14 016,0
L-
10,012,014,0
ater
(ng
4 06,08,0
on in
wa
1)
0,02,04,0
Before capping 1 mnth after 8 mnth after 12 mnth aftercent
ratio 1
Before capping 1 mnth after capping
8 mnth after capping
12 mnth after capping
TBT-
conc
fT Test field capped with 5 cm limestone slurryTest field capped with 5 cm AC-limestone slurry
• Hinia 2009 • Hinia 2010
7
6
1
0
F01 F02 F03 F04 FES FE6 Blanc
Figurt' 11. Dioxins (Slun PCDD/F-TEQ) in laboratmy blanc and in Hinia reticulata (snails) exposed in box -core satnples tl'mn experitnental fields capped with 1-4 ern thick layers of litnestone gravel (FOl), dredged clay (F02), dredged clay/AC (F03) and reference field (F04) in Onnefjorden and dredged clay/AC (FE5) and reference field (FE6) in Eidangerfjorden.
Sediment dveling organisms on the testSediment dveling organisms on the test plots
Capping with clay in Oslo Harbour
PAH 16 flux
2 500
PAH 16 flux
12 000
1 500
2 000
d-1 8 000
1
Sørenga
1 000ng m
-2 d
4 000
ng m
-2 d
-1
Grønlia 2
Grønlia 1
-
500
0Grønnlia 1 Silicone no cap Grønnlia 1 SPMD no cap-
Foto: Viktor Jæger, stopp-giftdumpingen.o
Grønnlia 1 Silicone, no cap Grønnlia 1 SPMD, no cap
Grønlia 2 SPMD, with cap 1
Grønlia 2 SPMD, no cap Grønnlia 1 Silicone, no capGrønnlia 1 SPMD, no cap Grønlia 2 SPMD, with cap
Field test in Trondheim harbour