Presentation of the British Civilization: Fundamental Changes in Politics & Society after WWI

7/17/2019 Presentation of the British Civilization: Fundamental Changes in Politics & Society after WWI

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Fundamental Changesin

Politics and Society after

World War I

being

the workshop of the world

the sick man of Europe

London: the worlds capital city

Inpoli ticalterms

Incommercial terms

Inindustr ial terms

Reasons of its failure:

- costs and efforts of two world wars

- cost of keeping up the empire

- weaknesses in Britains industrial power

Nostalgia for the good old days!

"amily#aluesreigned

Neigh$ours always do a goodfor eachother

%ou couldlea#e yourfront door unlocked

&olicemen' teachers were respected

(hildrenwereo$edient

British society in )*++ was sharply di#ided along class/ genderlines

,omen were SECOND CLASS CITIZENS

Since it wasnot until 1918 that the could !ote

in "arlia#entar elections

1911 $arlia#ent Act esta$lished the supremacy

o% theelected &ouse o% Co##ons o% the'(

o!er the unelected &ouse o% Lords

)er#an

Austria*

&ungarlyIta

Tri"le

Alliance

+ussian

E#"ire

,rance

The 'nited

(ingdo#

Tri"le Entente

Colonial agree#ent

19-.

Entente

cordiale19-/

Agree#ent oncolonies 19--

Agree#ent on

Neutralit19-0

(entral &owers(entral &owers

).*).* (entral &owers(entral &owers/0ermany/0ermany--1ustria1ustria--2ungary2ungary33

)4)4 5riple 1lliance5riple 1lliance

//0erman0erman--1ustrian1ustrian--ItalianItalian33

)6)6 Romania 7oinsRomania 7oins

5riple 8ntente5riple 8ntente

)*6)*6

"rench"rench

--RussianRussian

alliancealliance/against $eing isolated3

)*+9)*+9 8ntente8ntente (ordiale(ordiale

"rench"rench-- 8nglish8nglish

alliancealliance

)*+.)*+. 8nglish8nglishRussianRussian

1lliance1lliance


2/6

&opular opinion held that

it would all 2e o!er 2 Christ#as3

in )*)9' $ut e#en less sanguine o$ser#ers

generally accepted that ad#anced western

societies could not long sustain the economic

and social strains of war /p);)3

5he De%ence o% the +eal# Act /DO+A3 was passed in the


3/6

5he I#"erial :ar Ca2inet was created $y British &rime inisterDa#id Llod )eorge in thes"ringo% 191. asa #eans o% co*

ordinating the 4ritish E#"ires #ilitar "olic during the ,irst

:orld :ar6

Llod )eorge

Air +o2ert 4orden' &rime inister of (anada

Louis 4otha' &rime inister of Aouth 1frica

4ill &ughes' &rime inister of 1ustralia

:illia# asse' &rime inister of New Eealand

@an S#uts /general' of Aouth 1frica3

the 4ritish Secretar o% State %or India and other senior ministersfrom Britain and the dominions>

Llod )eorge 5Cle#enceau 5Orlando 5 :ilson

$aris $eace Con%erence

the5reatyof Fersailles' )*)*' 4 Cune )*)*' /the 0erman 8mpirein

,eimar Repu$lic form3

the 5reatyof Aaint-0ermain' )+ Aeptem$er )*)*' /1ustria3

the 5reatyof Neuilly' 4. No#em$er )*)*' /Bulgaria3

the5reatyof 5rianon' 9 Cune )*4+' /2ungary3

the5reatyof AG#res' )+ 1ugust )*4+H su$se@uently re#ised $y the

5reaty of Lausanne' 49 Cune )*46' /ttoman 8mpire3>

5he aim of the conference to punish 0ermany and its allies

J1ustro-2ungarian (ompromise of )?.J' an agreement'

Austria * &ungar from )?. was a dualist E#"ire:ithin the Austro*&ungarian onarch5 2oth the Austrian

e#"ire and the &ungarian Bingdo# 2eca#e inde"endent stateswith se"arate legislati!e 2odies and go!ern#ents res"onsi2le

to their legislatures6

The linB 2etween the# was %urther assured 2 the co##on

a%%airs o% the Austro*&ungarian onarch> de%ence5

%oreign a%%airs and

the%inances related to these6

,rancis @ose"h5 who had 2een uncrowned u" till then5 wascrowned (ing o% &ungar in the su##er o% 18?.

three distinct elements ruled the 1ustro-2ungarian 8mpire:

common %oreign5 #ilitar and oint %inancial

"olic under

the monarch

the J1ustrianJ go#ernment

the 2ungarian go#ernment

2ungary and 1ustria maintained separate-"arlia#ents5 each with its own "ri#e #inister>

The sste# o% the dualist e#"ire

On @une 085 1915 )a!rilo $rinci" assassinated

ArchduBe ,ran; ,erdinand o% Austria>

Before entering the war' only the primeministerCount Ist!n Tis;a

hesitated' uncon#inced that it was the$est time to engage in $attle>1s soon as 0ermany promised to neutralise the =ingdom of

Romania and promised that no territories of the =ingdom of Aer$ia

would$e anneKed to 1ustria-2ungary' he then decided to supportthe war>

1fter the ultimatum sentto Aer$ia $y ,ran; @ose% I' thewar $roke

out and soon spread o#er much of 8urope and $eyond>


4/6

In No#em$er )*)' :orld :ar I ended %or Austria*&ungar with a

co#"lete #ilitar loss' e#en if at thetime of the collapse' all forceswere standing outside of $orders of )*)9>

,ith the collapse of the army' Austria*&ungar also colla"sed>

5he ethnic groups of =ingdom of 2ungary called for

inde"endent nation*states5$ut this totally disconsidered the

hungarian population and national interests

> In the dictate of 5rianon Treat o% Trianon signed on @ul 5 190-5&ungar was %orced to loose- two-thirds of its territory'- more than half of its population'

/more territory than any other country at that time/eKcluding colonies3>

- 8ight million 2ungarians left in 2ungary- more than 6 million 2ungarians were stranded outside of the

newly esta$lished $orders>New nations' such as C;echoslo!aBia5

$oland5 and(ingdo# o% Ser2s5 Croats and Slo!enes

ha#e arisen andsome already eKisting countries ha#e eKtended theirterritories /Italyand Romania3>

-5he souther part of 2ungary was gi#en tougosla!ia andrenamed Fo!odina6

-4osnia*&er;ego!ina was also gi#en tougosla!ia and-Croatia $ecame part of %ugosla#ia also' after a *++ years federationwith 2ungary>-ore than 1-6--- s7uare B#s*the whole of 8astern 2ungary and5ransyl#ania-- were awarded $y the 8ntente to +o#ania 5more than what was left for 2ungary itself9G6-G-s76B#s6* 5he northern part of 2ungary was anneKed $y the newly created

(echoslo#akia>

5he Loss of 4ritain :

$y )*) Britain had an army of o#er ; million men.;+ +++ had died

4 +++ +++ seriously wounded

artha 4eatrice :e225 Lad $ass%ield

socialist and social reformer>

5he landslide in 8ngland towards Aocial Democracy proceeds

steadily' $ut it is the whole nation that is sliding' not the oneclass of manual workers>!

5he


5/6

The "oupon election in +,+- led to the"oalition overnmentof the ./- seatsheld by the Coalition no less than &&0 wereheld bythe"onservatives!he election inaugurated nearly twenty years of "onservativehegemony

*ndrew Bonar )aw .5nown as Bonar6 17 'eptember 188 $;ctober 19/ was a British "onservative %arty statesman and%rime &inister1

2tariff reform5o co#er thecosts of the Aecond Boer ,ar' Lord Aalis$uryMssuggested

introducing import taKes ortari%%s on %oreign #etal5 %lour and grain coming

into Britain>

- Irish

Reparation payments would $egin at Pone $illion marks thefirst year'increasing to two and a half $illion marks annually after fi#e yearsJ/errill *63

5he Reichsbankwould $e reorganied under 1llied super#ision>

5he sourcesfor thereparationmoneywouldinclude transportation'

eKcise' and custom taKes> 5he Dawes &landid rely onmoney gi#en to 0ermany $y the

5he 0erman economic state wasone in which careful footing wasre@uired' and theDawesplan was of thenature that only with theunrelatedhelp of loans from the

5he plan was accepted $y 0ermany and the 5riple 8ntente and wentinto effect in Aeptem$er )*49> 1lthough 0erman $usinessre$ounded and reparation payments were made promptly' it $ecameo$#ious that 0ermany could not continue those huge annualpayments for long> 1s a result' theoung $lan was su$stituted in)*4*>

-in "e$ruary )*49 that negotiations would $egin

to negotiate a treat with the So!iet 'nion

1 settlement of relations $etween the twocountries will assist in

the re#olutioniing of the international and British proletariat not

less than a successful rising in anyof theworking districts of8ngland' as the esta$lishment of close contact $etween the British

and Russian proletariat' the eKchange of delegations and workers'etc> will make it possi$le forus to eKtend and de#elop the

propaganda of ideas of Leninism in 8ngland and the (olonies!

The da#ning docu#ent was "u2lished in the conser!ati!e

4ritish Daily Mailnews"a"er %our das 2e%ore the election6The Zino!ie! letter


6/6

1fter winning the 190/ )eneral Election 4aldwin formed his second

go#ernment'

Fotessu##ar

$o"ular !ote

Conser!ati!e 9?>.*Q

La$our 6+>?QLi$eral ).>.Q

(onstitutionalist )>).Qthers 6>;Q

Seats su##ar

$arlia#entar seatsConser!ati!e ??>**Q

La$our 49>;;QLi$eral ?>;Q

(onstitutionalist )>)9QIndependent +>9*Q

thers +>)Q

the 0eneral Atrike in 190?the 190. Trades Dis"utes Act

Second La2our go!ern#ent> @une 1909 August 19G1

5he )reat De"ression was a se#ere worldwide economic

depression in the decade preceding, orld ,ar II> 5he timing of the

0reat Depression #aried acrossnations' $ut in most countries itstarted in a$out )*4* and lasteduntil the late )*6+s or early )*9+s>

5he :all Street Crash o% 1909 /cto$er )*4*3'' was the most

de#astating stock market crash in the history of the

Documents

Presentation of the British Civilization: Fundamental Changes in Politics & Society after WWI