Presentation

MS Marketing 2nd

Institute of Business & Management Science,

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

Aaqib Shahbaz

Butt2014-ag-

9086

MuhammadShahid Ayub 2014-ag-9413

Today’s Presenters

Courteous Thanks to

Dr. Abdul GhaforAssistant Professor

Institute of Business & Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

AuthorsPatrick M. Kreiser, Louis D. Marino, Pat Dickson & K. Mark Weaver

Cultural Influences on Entrepreneurial Orientation: The

Impact of National Culture on Risk Taking and Proactiveness in SMEs

Entrepreneurial Orientation

1. Risk-taking: Acting to projects with uncertain

outcomes.

2. Proactiveness: Those actions to anticipate

future opportunities.

Entrepreneurial orientation is usually defined

as a multidimensional construct, applied at the

organizational level.




National CultureCulture is a system of collective values that

distinguishes the members of one group from another.

1.Uncertainty Avoidance: Tolerance level

for uncertainty.

2.Individualism: Individual & Collectivity

culture in organization.

3.Masculinity: Masculine & Famine culture of

organization

4.Power Distance: Hierarchy distance among

employees.

Uncertainty Avoidance: Individualism:

Masculinity: Power Distance:

Culture




Risk Taking

• The concept of risk taking has frequently

been associated with entrepreneurial behavior.

• The commitment to venturing and

receptivity to the idea of starting a venture.




Proactiveness

• Acting Advance for a future issue and taking

control on future.

• Effectuation theory who belief that If I can control

the future, I do not need to predict it




OUTLINES OF PRESENTATION

Abstract IntroductionTheory and Hypotheses

Purpose of Study

Overview of Study

Route of Study

Methodology

So the point is…

Game Zone

Credits

Random Sampling

Data Collection

Method

Usable Sample

Relationship Between Culture Dimension with Risk Taking.

Relationship between Culture Dimensions & Proactiveness

Relationship of Institutional variable with Risk Taking & Proactiveness.

Theoretical Framework.ConclusionFindings

Summary of Study

Introduction to

Variables

Direction of Study

Multivariate

Regression.

Summary of Results

Rejection & Selection of

Hypotheses.

Abstract

Abstract This study examines the impact of cultural values on two key

dimensions of entrepreneurship: risk taking and

proactiveness.

Expected relationships between four cultural dimensions and

risk taking & proactiveness within SMEs that creates 8 Hypotheses.

This study explore between-country differences in the

relationship between risk taking and proactiveness that creates 2

Hypotheses.

This study utilizes data from 1,048 firms that are owned by

single owner or real entrepreneurs in different six countries.



Purpose of Study

Overview of Study

Route of Study

Methodology

So the point is…

Game Zone

Credits

Random Sampling

Data Collection

Method

Usable Sample





Summary of Study

Introduction to

Variables

Direction of Study

Multivariate

Regression.

Summary of Results


Hypotheses.

Introduction

Introduction The primary purpose of this study is to assess national

culture plays a significant role in determining

the level of risk taking and proactive firm

behaviors displayed by small- to medium-sized enterprises

(SMEs).

To understand the cultural impacts on

entrepreneurial behavior particularly in Risk Taking

& Proactiveness.

While previously no any empirical research

conducted to examining the relationship between

national culture and the other two dimensions of EO.

Hypotheses that are used in this study are generated by the

relationship of Risk taking, Proactiveness,

Culture, Institutions behavior.



Purpose of Study

Overview of Study

Route of Study

Methodology

So the point is…

Game Zone

Credits

Random Sampling

Data Collection

Method

Usable Sample





Summary of Study

Introduction to

Variables

Direction of Study

Multivariate

Regression.

Summary of Results


Hypotheses.

Theory and Hypotheses

Hypothesis 4: The level of

power distance in a culture will be

negatively associated

with organizational

risk taking.

1. Relationship Between Risk

Taking and Culture Values

Risk Taking and

Uncertainty Avoidance

Risk Taking and

Individualism

Risk Taking and

Masculinity

Risk Taking and Power Distance

Theory and Hypotheses

Hypothesis 1: Uncertainty

avoidance in a culture will be


with organizational

risk taking.


individualism in a culture

will be positively associated

with organizational

risk taking.


masculinity in a culture will be positively associated

with organizational

risk taking.

Hypothesis 8: The level of power distance in a

culture will be negatively associated with proactive

firm behaviors.

2. Relationship

Between Proactiveness & Culture

Values

Proactiveness and

Uncertainty Avoidance

Proactiveness and

Individualism

Proactiveness and

Masculinity

Proactiveness and Power

Distance

Hypothesis 5: The level of uncertainty avoidance in a culture will be negatively associated with proactive

firm behaviors.Hypothesis 6: The level of individualism in a culture

will be negatively associated with proactive

firm behaviors.Hypothesis 7: The level of masculinity in a culture

will be positively associated with proactive

firm behaviors.

Theory and Hypotheses Cont…

The Impact of Institutions

Hypothesis 10: Institutional variables will be significant predictors of

between country

differences in levels of

proactive firm behaviors.

3. CountryDifferen

ces

Proactive

Risk Taking

Hypothesis 9: Institutional variables will be significant

predictors of between country differences in

levels of organizational risk taking.

Theory and Hypotheses Cont…

Risk Taking

Proactiveness

Cultural Dimensi

ons

Uncertainty

Avoidance

Individualism

Masculinity

Power Distan

ce

CountryDifferences

GDP Facto

rs

Technology

Dependent

Variables

Independent

Variables

Theoretical Frame Work & Variable



Purpose of Study

Overview of Study

Route of Study

Methodology

So the point is…

Game Zone

Credits

Random Sampling

Data Collection

Method

Usable Sample





Summary of Study

Introduction to

Variables

Direction of Study

Multivariate

Regression.

Summary of Results


Hypotheses.

Methodology

Methodology Sample collected from independently owned

SMEs who are the real entrepreneur and running

solely business.

On this topic samples consisted of six countries

(Australia, Costa Rica, and Indonesia, Norway,

Sweden, and Netherlands.

Selected countries sample representing of

cultural attributes.

Make a lists of SMEs of six countries were

established through the use of national

databases, membership lists of trade

associations, and business directories.

Methodology cont…A stratified random sampling process

was utilized with the stratification based on industry.

Firms were randomly selected from fourteen industries.

A two-wave mailing process was utilized. Surveys were first mailed to all of the firms

randomly.Second time mailings to those who don’t

responded first wave.The survey instrument employed in this study was

developed in English and then underwent a double back-translation process.

Items were translated into major language of each non-English

Once the translation process was completed, pilot tests were conducted to ensure the accuracy of the survey translation.

Items Australia

Costa

Indonesia

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

Total

Surveys

Returned

206 87 285 131 433 180 1322

Surveys

Sent

973 435 890 300 2465 600 5663

Response

Rate

21.2% 20.0%

32.0% 43.7% 17.6% 30.0% 23.3%

Usable Respon

se

84 63 246 116 380 34.82 47.87

Methodology cont…Finding Usable Response from sample



Purpose of Study

Overview of Study

Route of Study

Methodology

So the point is…

Game Zone

Credits

Random Sampling

Data Collection

Method

Usable Sample





Summary of Study

Introduction to

Variables

Direction of Study

Multivariate

Regression.

Summary of Results


Hypotheses.

Findings

• Multivariate regression model is used for testing

the impact of cultural values on both risk taking and

proactive behavior.

• There are 2 dependent variable and more than 2

independent variables.

• With help of Multivariate regression model

we can check the significance relationship between the

all variables of study.

Results


power distance in a culture will be


with organizational

risk taking.

Hypothesis 1: Uncertainty

avoidance in a culture will be


with organizational

risk taking.


individualism in a culture

will be positively associated

with organizational

risk taking.


masculinity in a culture will be positively associated

with organizational

risk taking.

NOT SUPPORTI

VE

NOT SUPPORTI

VE

Mod

era

te Le

ss

Sign

ifica

nt

Model Risk Taking

Independent Variables

Coefficient

Standard Error

Uncertainty avoidance

-.02** .01

Individualism .01 .01

Masculinity .01 .01

Power distance -.03* .01

Multivariate Regression Results

* Less Significant

** Significant ***

Model Proactiveness

Independent Variables

Coefficient

Standard Error

Uncertainty avoidance

-.02* .01

Individualism -.02** .01

Masculinity .02 .01

Power distance -.08** .02

Hypothesis 8: The level of power distance in a

culture will be negatively associated with proactive

firm behaviors.

Hypothesis 5: The level of uncertainty avoidance in a culture will be negatively associated with proactive

firm behaviors.

Hypothesis 6: The level of individualism in a culture

will be negatively associated with proactive

firm behaviors.

Hypothesis 7: The level of masculinity in a culture

will be positively associated with proactive

firm behaviors.

Less

Significant

Modera

te

Modera

te

NOT SUPPORTI

VE

Multivariate Regression

Results

The Influence of National Culture on Organizational Risk Taking and

ProactivenessHypothesis

Independent

Variable

Dependent

Variable

Hypothesized

Relationship

Result

1 Uncertainty avoidance

Risk taking Negative Supported

2 Individualism Risk taking Positive Not supported

3 Masculinity Risk taking Positive Not supported

4 Power distance Risk taking Negative Supported

5 Uncertainty avoidance

Proactiveness

Negative Supported

6 Individualism Proactiveness

Negative Supported

7 Masculinity Proactiveness

Positive Not supported

8 Power distance Proactiveness

Negative Supported

9 Institutions Risk taking N/A Supported

10 Institutions Proactiveness

N/A Supported



Purpose of Study

Overview of Study

Route of Study

Methodology

So the point is…

Game Zone

Credits

Random Sampling

Data Collection

Method

Usable Sample





Summary of Study

Introduction to

Variables

Direction of Study

Multivariate

Regression.

Summary of Results


Hypotheses.

Conclusion

Conclusion This research has suggested an important link

between culture and entrepreneurial

activity.

This study has developed framework for

relationship between cultural values, the

institutions and two key dimensions of EO.

Uncertainty avoidance and power distance were

both found to have a significant and negative

influence on risk-taking.

Uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and power

distance were found to negatively influence

proactive firm behaviors.

Let's play a GAME

?

Rs. 10,000,000/- PKR

What type of impact is examined in this research paper on Entrepreneurial

Orientation Dimensions?

?

Rs. 10,000,000/- PKR



A. Impact of Entrepreneurship on

Risk Taking and Proactiveness ?

Rs. 10,000,000/- PKR




Risk Taking and Proactiveness

B. Impact of literature on Risk Taking and

Proactiveness

?

Rs. 10,000,000/- PKR






Proactiveness

C. Impact of Culture on Risk Taking and

Proactiveness

?

Rs. 10,000,000/- PKR





D. Impact of Innovations on Risk

Taking and Proactiveness


Proactiveness


Proactiveness

?

Rs. 10,000,000/- PKR








Proactiveness


Proactiveness

?

Rs. 10,000,000/- PKR








Proactiveness


Proactiveness

?

Rs. 10,000,000/- PKR

Problem Definition & Research Proposal

Presenter Aaqib Shahbaz Butt

(B.B.A in Banking & Finance from GCUF; Lecturer of Commerce)

Shahid Ayub (BS in Commerce from GCUF; Own Business)

Presenting to Dr. Abdul Ghafor (Assistant Professor at UAF)

Class of MS Marketing 2nd & 3rd

Research Paper Cultural Influences on Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Impact of National Culture on Risk Taking

and Proactiveness in SMEs

AcknowledgementA Special thanks to Sir. Abdul Ghafor for supporting us and giving guide line in beautiful

environment, thanks Sir.A Big thanks to my Teacher, Class Fellow & Friend Mr. Izhar ul Haq

Dedication

We dedicate this presentation to our beloved parents.

Technologies

Try to presenting in android technology, Creating Hyperlinks, generating back end slides for important topics.

ANY QUESTIONS

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