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PREPARING A SUCCESSFUL PROJECT PROPOSAL
Environmental Aspects
TEN-T 2012 Calls Info Day29.11.2012
Anastasios NYCHAS DG.ENV.A3, Cohesion Policy and EIA/SEA
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Environmental Aspects for TEN-T
General scope: High level of Protection of the environment Integration of environmental aspects into the TEN
operations
Legal Obligations: EU law on environment, mainly environmental impact
assessment, nature protection and water protection
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Environmental legislation most relative to TENs
Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment (SEA Directive)
Directive 2011/92/EC (old 85/337/EC) on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, as amended (EIA Directive)
Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive)
Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds (Birds Directive)
Directive 2000/60/EC (Water Framework Directive)
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Terminology
Strategic Environmental Assessment = SEA - Plans & programmes
Environmental Impact assessment = EIA Projects
Both directives concern the assessment of the effects on the environment
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Environmental Assessment
Policies Not Covered by
legislation
Plans & Programmes
covered by SEA Directive (2001/42/EC)
Projects
covered by EIA Directive
(2011/92/EU)
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Environmental Assessment
Policies Not Covered by
legislation
Plans & Programmes
covered by SEA Directive (2001/42)
Projects (public - private)
covered by EIA Directive (2011/92/EU)
Habitats and Birds Directives
Water Framework Directive
Floods Directive
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Environmental Assessment process not a document
Elaboration of a project/plan
Request for development consent/Adoption procedure-draft plan
Information on environmental impact (Env.Impact Statement-EIS/Study)-Non technical summary
Consultations –both with ENV Authorities+Public
Decision (justification)
Approval of Project/Plan
Information on decision made public
Beginning of process
End of process
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SEA Directive and the planning process (Art.4)
The environmental assessment must be carried out:
during preparation of the plan or programme
before adoption of the plan or programme
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SEA Directive When is it mandatory?
For plans and programmes:
a) prepared for agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy, industry, transport, waste/ water management, telecommunications, tourism, town & country planning or land use
AND
which set the framework for future development consent of projects listed in the EIA Directive
OR
b) that require an assessment under Article 6 or 7 of the Habitats Directive
(Art. 3)
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EIA DIRECTIVE:General objective, main characteristics
What does the EIA Directive apply to? projects likely to have significant effects on the
environment (by virtue, inter alia, of their nature, size and location) Physical works
What are these projects subject to? a requirement for development consent an assessment of their effects on the environment so
that environment is protected
When? before consent is given
(Art. 2.1)
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EIA DIRECTIVE:What assessment?
The EIA must identify, describe, assess all
likely direct and indirect environmental effects of activities on
human beings,
fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climate, landscape,
material assets, cultural heritage
the interaction between those factors
(Art. 3)
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EIA Directive: What projects?
Annex I projects
Annex II projects
Mandatory
EIA
“Screening” by Competent authorities to
decide if an
EIA is needed or not
(Art. 4)
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EIA Directive: Transport Sector: Annex I-Points 7 and 8
7(a) Construction of lines for long-distance railway traffic and of airports with a basic runway length of 2 100 m or more;
7(b) Construction of motorways and express roads; 7(c) Construction of a new road of four or more lanes, or
realignment and/or widening of an existing road of two lanes or less so as to provide four or more lanes, where such new road, or realigned and/or widened section of road would be 10 km or more in a continuous length.
8(a) Inland waterways and ports for inland-waterway traffic which permit the passage of vessels of over 1 350 tonnes;
8(b) Trading ports, piers for loading and unloading connected to land and outside ports (excluding ferry piers) which can take vessels of over 1 350 tonnes.
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EIA: Annex II-Point 10: Infrastructure projects
(c) Construction of railways and intermodal transhipment facilities, and of intermodal terminals (projects not included in Annex I);
(d) Construction of airfields (projects not included in Annex I);
(e) Construction of roads, harbours and port installations, including fishing harbours (projects not included in Annex I);
(f) Inland-waterway construction not included in Annex I, canalization and flood-relief works;
(h) Tramways, elevated and underground railways, suspended lines or similar lines of a particular type, used exclusively or mainly for passenger transport;
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EIA DIRECTIVE: Important for the purpose of screening!
Annex II, point 13:
Any change or extension of projects listed in Annex I or Annex II, already authorized, executed or in the process of being executed, which may have significant adverse effects on the environment (change or extension not included in Annex I).
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Projects in the Transport Sector not covered by the EIA Directive-no physical works:
River Information Systems (RIS) and European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) projects are, in principle, out of the scope of the EIA Directive-No physical works?
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Nature Directives(Birds and Habitats)
Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds ("Birds" Directive) - Special Protection Areas (SPAs)
Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora ("Habitats" Directive) - Special Areas of Conservation (SACs)
SPAs and SACs constitute the European network of Natura 2000
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Habitats Directive
Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive, which applies to all Natura 2000 sites, provides for an appropriate assessment-AA- of development proposals- PLANS/PROJECTS- which are likely to have a significant impact on Natura 2000 sites
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Dealing with plans and projects(Art. 6.3/4 Habitats Directive, simplified)
Likely negative impact on Natura 2000 site?
Appropriate Assessment
yes
If negative impact
Overriding public interest? If yes
Compensatory measures
Alternatives? If no
Step-by-step assessment of plans and projectsaffecting Natura 2000 sites (Art 6.3 & 6.4)
If priority habitat/species
Commission Opinion required
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Water Framework Directive
Directive 2000/60/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council establishing a
framework for the Community action in the
field of water policy
Aims at maintaining and improving the aquatic environment in the Community (mainly with the quality of the waters).
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Water Framework Directive
Article 4.7 describes the conditions under which "new activities“, such as infrastructures or works downgrading the status of water bodies can be accepted.
Article 4.7 requires mitigation measures (to minimise adverse effects)
If action causes deterioration to water status, steps taken to mitigate adverse effects and existence of their means to achieve objectives of the project are to be explained
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Application Form for 2012 Proposals
Contribution to environmental policy objectives and Polluter pays principle
Consultation of environmental authorities
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA Directive)
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA Directive)
Impact of the Action on Natura 2000 sites
Additional environmental integration measures (audit, monitoring etc)
Water Framework Directive (article 4.7)
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A MAJOR ISSUE TO AVOID COMMON PROBLEMS:
Consultation with environmental authorities
X Authority Y Authority
Environmental Authority
TEN Authority
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What to check in practice:
Contribution to environmental policy objectives and polluter pays principle:
Check general issues, like GHG, energy savings; biodiversity etc, as well as charges, tolls etc
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA Directive):
Check if Annex I or II; if Annex I an EIA has to be carried out.
If Annex II check if an EIA has been carried out or a formal screening (public) concludes no need for EIA
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What to check in practice
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA Directive): If an EIA has been carried out make sure you have the
following:
1. A non-technical summary
2. Information (if not in the final decision) about consultations with the public and specialized competent authorities (nature, water etc)-Check nature/water/other clearance
3. The final decision (Development Consent) justifying the project approved with eventually compensation, mitigation or other measures as a result of the EIA process
MATURE PROJECT
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What to check in practice
Elaboration of a project/plan
Request for development consent/Adoption procedure-draft plan
1.Information on env.impact (EIS/Study)-Non technical summary
1.Information on env.impact (EIS/Study)-Non technical summary
2.Consultations – with ENV Authorities+Public
Decision (justification)
Approval of Project/Plan
3.Information on decision3.Information on decision3.Information on decision3.Information on decision
Beginning of process
End of process
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What to check in practice:
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA Directive):
Check if an SEA has been carried out which includes the project in question-report accordingly-see relevance
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What to check in practice:
Elaboration of a project/plan
Request for development consent/Adoption procedure-draft plan
1.Information on env.impact (EIS/Study)-Non technical summary
1.Information on env.impact (EIS/Study)-Non technical summary
2.Consultations –with ENV Authorities+Public
Decision (justification)
Approval of Project/Plan
3.Information on decision3.Information on decision3.Information on decision3.Information on decision
Beginning of process
End of process
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What to check in practice: Nature Protection Directives:
If during the EIA process or otherwise questions relating to nature protection are raised (Habitats and/or species):
An Appropriate Assessment (AA-Article 6 of Habitats Directive) was required:
It has to be carried out before the final approval decision as to take into account any mitigation/compensation measures
Provide summary and necessary certificates from competent authorities (no significant impact or significant impact associated with measures etc)
COMPENSATION/MITIGATION=PART OF THE PROJECT
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What to check in practice:
Nature Protection Directives:
If during the EIA process or otherwise questions relating to nature protection are not important (Habitats and/or species) or no nature issues become apparent:
No Appropriate Assessment (AA-Article 6 of Habitats Directive) is required:
Provide necessary certificate from competent authorities (no significant impact or certain measures etc)
COMPENSATION/MITIGATION=PART OF THE PROJECT
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What to check in practice
WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE:
If during the EIA process or otherwise questions relating to WFD are raised
Is there a risk for deterioration of water status?
If NO: Appropriate declaration (authority?)
If YES: Explain, mitigation measures etc and appropriate declaration
COMPENSATION/MITIGATION=PART OF THE PROJECT
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What to check in practice
MATURE PROJECT (Where applicable)
SEA Completed
EIA completed;
Nature assessments completed
Water Framework Directive Assessments completed
Final "Development Consent" issued eventually including mitigation/compensation measures
MITIGATION/COMPENSATION/OTHER MEASURES=PART OF THE PROJECT
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European Court of Justice – Case law
The interpretation of the EIA Directive is not static, but it is subject to interpretation by the ECJ.
Infringements procedure initiated by the Commission (Art.226 EC Treaty) or references by national courts (Art.234 EC Treaty).
Considerable body of case law, but need to apply judgments carefully.
ECJ rulings mainly concern the EIA but are also relevant for the SEA.
European Court of Justice – Case law
The EIA Directive has “a wide scope and a broad purpose”.
Member States’ discretion is limited.
Consistent emphasis on the fundamental purpose of the Directive: projects likely to have significant environmental effects must undergo an EIA (you cannot simply say that "it is not likely"-need to justify.
Exemptions to be interpreted narrowly.
Transport projects-main problems
“Salami slicing” (splitting projects into sub-sections so that they fall below screening thresholds).
Project splitting and/or dividing projects up to reduce alternatives.
Modifications of existing projects (roads, railways, ports…).
Spain – C-227/01 (doubling of tracks)
Annex I.7 must be understood to include the doubling of an existing track – this is not a mere modification under Annex II.
That the case concerned a short section of a long distance route is not relevant.
The new track would obviously create significant new nuisances, so no need to prove the existence of concrete negative effects – likelihood is sufficient.
Abraham – C-2/07 (Liège airport) An agreement between public authorities and a private
undertaking is not itself a “project”. The national authorities must determine whether such an agreement constitutes a development consent. Two issues should be considered in that context:
whether that consent forms part of a procedure carried out in several stages involving a principal decision and implementing decisions and
whether account is to be taken of the cumulative effects of several projects whose impact on the environment must be assessed globally; projects may not be split in order to avoid EIA
Modifications to the infrastructure of an airport are a modification of the airport itself and is subject to a screening.
Projected increases in airport activity must be examined among the effects of modifications to its infrastructure.
References
EIA Guidance: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eia-support.htm
SEA Guidance: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/sea-support.htm
Nature 2000 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/index_en.htm
WFD: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
WFD Article 4.7 http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/wfd/library?l=/framework_directive/guidance_documents/documentn20_mars09pdf/_EN_1.0_&a=d
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